Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira magetsi kana ichiiswa mukushushikana kwemechani uye vice-versa. Izwi rinobva muchiGiriki piezo rinoreva kumanikidzwa, uye magetsi. Yakatanga kuwanikwa muna 1880, asi pfungwa yacho yave ichizivikanwa kwenguva refu.
Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa wepiezoelectricity ndeye quartz, asi zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoratidzawo chiitiko ichi. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity ndiko kugadzirwa kwe ultrasound.
Muchinyorwa chino, ini ndichakurukura kuti piezoelectricity chii, kuti inoshanda sei, uye zvimwe zvezvakawanda zvinoshanda zvechiitiko ichi chinoshamisa.
Chii chinonzi piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira chaji yemagetsi mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Iyo mutsara wemagetsi kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune yekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira yakakwira voltage magetsi, wachi jenareta, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa maassemblies.
Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinosanganisira makristasi, mamwe maceramics, biological matter senge bhonzo neDNA, uye mapuroteni. Kana simba rinoshandiswa kune piezoelectric zvinhu, rinobudisa mutero wemagetsi. Kuchaja uku kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi kana kugadzira voltage.
Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira:
• Kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi
• Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda
• Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi
• Majenareta ewachi
• Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
• Microbalances
• Dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine inotarisa magungano emaziso
• Mifananidzo zvemagitare akawedzerwa nemagetsi
• Zvikonzero zvemazuva ano madhiramu emagetsi
• Kugadzirwa kwepfarivari yekubatidza gasi
• Kubika uye kudziyisa michina
• Tochi nezvibatiso zvefodya.
Ndeipi nhoroondo yepiezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity yakawanikwa muna 1880 neFrench fizikisi Jacques naPierre Curie. Ichaji yemagetsi inounganidza mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, senge makristasi, ceramics uye biological matter, mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti 'piezein', rinoreva 'kusvinwa' kana 'kudzvanya', uye 'elektron', zvichireva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi mamiriro ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa.
Iyo Curies 'ruzivo rwakasanganiswa rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwepasi pekristaro zvimiro zvakapa fungidziro yepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe uye Rochelle munyu.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie.
Piezoelectricity yakashandiswa kune akawanda anobatsira maapplication, anosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi akakwira, majenareta ewachi nemidziyo yemagetsi, ma microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, ultrafine yakatarisana nemagungano emaziso, uye mafomu hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu.
Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese, akadai sekugadzira sparks ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, matochi, marambi efodya, uye pyroelectric effect, apo chinhu chinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha.
Kuvandudzwa kwesonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I kwakaona kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric crystals yakagadzirwa neBell Telephone Laboratories. Izvi zvakabvumira mauto eAllied air kurwisa kwakarongeka achishandisa redhiyo yendege. Kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric uye zvinhu muUnited States kwakachengeta makambani mukuvandudza kwekutanga kwehondo mumunda wezvido, kuchengetedza mapeneti ane pundutso ezvigadzirwa zvitsva.
Japan yakaona mashandisirwo matsva uye kukura kweiyo United States piezoelectric indasitiri uye yakakurumidza kugadzira yavo. Vakagovana ruzivo nekukurumidza uye vakagadzira barium titanate uye vakazotungamira zirconate titanate zvinhu zvine chaiwo zvivakwa kune mamwe maapplication.
Piezoelectricity yakauya kure kubva payakawanikwa muna 1880, uye ikozvino inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemazuva ese. Yakashandiswawo kufambisira mberi mukutsvaga kwezvinhu, senge ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, iyo inotumira ultrasonic pulse kuburikidza nechinhu kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuwana zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Iyo Piezoelectricity Inoshanda sei
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichiongorora kuti piezoelectricity inoshanda sei. Ini ndichave ndakatarisa kuunganidzwa kwemagetsi kuchaja mune zvakaomesesa, iyo mutsara electromechanical kupindirana, uye inodzoreredzwa maitiro anoumba chiitiko ichi. Ini ndichave ndichikurukura nezve nhoroondo yepiezoelectricity uye mashandisiro ayo.
Magetsi Charge Kuunganidza mu Solids
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Iri mhinduro kune kumanikidzwa kwemagetsi, uye zita rayo rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti "piezein" (kusvina kana kudzvanya) uye "ēlektron" (amber).
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi enzvimbo mune zvekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, uko mukati mekugadzirwa kwemechini kukonzeresa kubva kune yakashandiswa magetsi. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa inosanganisira lead zirconate titanate crystals.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Yakave ichishandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi se microbalances. uye dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles ye ultrafine inotarisisa ye optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, uye zvinokonzeresa zvemazuva ano zvigubhu zvemagetsi.
Piezoelectricity inowana mashandisirwo emazuva ese mukugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi, mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, matochi, marambi efodya, uye pyroelectric effect, apo chinhu chinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Izvi zvakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemagetsi uye magetsi. Miedzo yakaratidza kusakwana.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie compensator muHunterian Museum muScotland chiratidzo cheiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari. Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakabatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwepasi pekristal structures, izvo zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity. Vakakwanisa kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro uye vakaratidza mhedzisiro mumakristasi akadai setourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric dhisiki inogadzira voltage kana yakaremara, uye shanduko yechimiro inowedzeredzwa zvakanyanya mukuratidzira kweCuries.
Vakanga vakwanisa kufanotaura converse piezoelectric effect, uye converse effect yakaitwa mathematically naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. The Curies yakabva yasimbisa kuvapo kweiyo converse effect, uye yakaenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzoka kwakakwana kwe electro-elasto- mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hungwaru ongororo yepiezoelectric kuburikidza netendonelectric constants. Uku ndiko kwaiva kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric device, uye sonar yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector.
Iyo detector yaisanganisira a transducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi akaonda equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumahwendefa esimbi, uye hydrophone kuona iyo yakadzoserwa echo. Nokubudisa yakakwirira maitikiro kupomba kubva patransducer uye kuyera nguva yainotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga nhambwe kuenda kuchinhu. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar ibudirire, uye chirongwa ichi chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric. Kwemakumi emakore, zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye zvitsva zvekushandisa zvakaongororwa uye zvakagadziriswa, uye piezoelectric michina yakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Ceramic phonograph cartridges yakareruka dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa uye yakaringana rekodhi vatambi vaive nemutengo wakaderera kuchengetedza uye nyore kuvaka.
Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers kunobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu.
Linear Electromechanical Kudyidzana
Piezoelectricity kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira kuchaji yemagetsi kana yaiswa mukushushikana kwemagetsi. Shoko iri rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvichireva kuti “kusvina kana kudzvanya” uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva kuti “amber”, raimbove tsime remagetsi echaji.
Piezoelectricity yakawanikwa muna 1880 neFrench fizikisi Jacques naPierre Curie. Iyo yakavakirwa pamutsara wemagetsi emagetsi kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidzawo reverse piezoelectric effect, apo chizvarwa chemukati chemechani dhiri rinobuda kubva panzvimbo yemagetsi inoshandiswa. Mienzaniso yezvishandiso zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana yakaremara kubva kune yavo static chimiro zvinosanganisira lead zirconate titanate crystals. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect uye inoshandiswa mukugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Piezoelectricity yakashandiswa kushandiswa kwakasiyana siyana kwekushandisa, senge:
• Kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi
• Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda
• Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi
• Clock jenareta
• Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
• Microbalances
• Dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine inotarisa magungano emaziso
• Inoumba hwaro hwekuongorora mamaikorosikopu kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu
• Pickups mumagitare akawedzerwa emagetsi
• Zvinokonzera mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano
• Kugadzira pfarivari yekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina
• Tochi nezvibatiso zvefodya
Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese muiyo pyroelectric effect, chiri chinhu chinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Izvi zvakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemagetsi uye magetsi. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo.
Kutarisa piezo crystal muCurie compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland chiratidzo cheyakananga piezoelectric effect. Raiva basa rehama Pierre naJacques Curie vakaongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvairatidza piezoelectricity, zvichizoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hukasha mapiezoelectric constants kuburikidza netensor ongororo, zvichitungamira mukushandiswa kunoshanda kwepiezoelectric zvishandiso.
Sonar yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, apo Paul Langevin wekuFrance nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyi detector yaisanganisira transducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz crystals yakanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona iyo yakadzoserwa echo mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse kubva kune transducer. Nekuyera nguva inotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga chinhambwe chechinhu, vachishandisa piezoelectricity. Kubudirira kwechirongwa ichi kwakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric kwemakumi emakore, paine zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye mashandisirwo matsva ezvishandiso izvi zviri kuongororwa nekuvandudzwa. Midziyo yePiezoelectric yakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakawanda, senge ceramic giramufomu katuji, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa uye yakaringana rekodhi vatambi, uye yakachipa uye nyore kuvaka nekuchengetedza.
Kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers kwakabvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kweiyo viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, mapoka akazvimirira ekutsvakurudza muUnited States, Russia, neJapan akawana kirasi itsva yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira inonzi ferroelectrics, iyo yairatidza ma<em>piezoelectric constants akakwirira kakawanda kupfuura zvinhu zvakasikwa. Izvi zvakakonzera kutsvagisa kwakanyanya kugadzira barium titanate, uye gare gare kutungamirira zirconate titanate, zvinhu zvine chaiwo zvivakwa zvezvimwe zvikumbiro.
Muenzaniso unokosha wekushandiswa kwepiezoelectric crystals yakagadzirwa neBell Telephone Laboratories mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Frederick R. Lack, achishanda mudhipatimendi reredhiyo telephony engineering,
Reversible Process
Piezoelectricity ichaji yemagetsi inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Ndiyo mhinduro yezvinhu izvi kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti 'piezein' anoreva 'kusvina' kana 'press' uye 'ēlektron' zvichireva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi mamiriro ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa inosanganisira lead zirconate titanate crystals. Kana iyo static chimiro chemakristasi aya chakaremara, ivo vanodzokera kune yavo yepakutanga dimension, uye zvakasiyana, kana yekunze munda wemagetsi ikaiswa, vanoshandura static dimension yavo, vachigadzira masaisai e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Yakave ichishandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenereta ewachi, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, microbalances, dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese, sekugadzira sparks ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, umo chinhu chinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, naRené Haüy pakati pezana ramakore re18, vachitora paruzivo rweamber. Antoine César Becquerel akaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemagetsi uye kuchaja yemagetsi, asi zviedzo zvakaratidza kusakwana.
Vashanyi kuHunterian Museum muGlasgow vanogona kuona iyo Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, ratidziro yeyakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwe pyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwezvimiro zvekristaro zvakakonzera kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz zvakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Shanduko iyi yechimiro yakawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya neCuries kufanotaura iyo converse piezoelectric effect. Mhedzisiro yekutaurirana yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akanyatso kutsanangura piezoelectric constants vachishandisa tensor ongororo.
Kushandiswa kunoshanda kwemichina yepiezoelectric, yakadai sesonar, yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Detector iyi yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi matete equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona maungira adzoka. Nekuburitsa ruzha rwepamusoro kubva kune transducer uye kuyera nguva inotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga chinhambwe chechinhu. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar iyi ibudirire. Iyi purojekiti yakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric, uye kwemakumi emakore zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye mashandisirwo matsva ezvishandiso izvi zvakaongororwa nekuvandudzwa. Piezoelectric zvishandiso
Chii Chinokonzera Piezoelectricity?
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichiongorora kwakabva piezoelectricity uye zvakasiyana siyana zvinoratidza chiitiko ichi. Ndichange ndakatarisa paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti 'piezein', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi, uye pyroelectricity effect. Ini ndichave ndichikurukura zvakare zvakawanikwa naPierre naJacques Curie uye kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric muzana ramakore rechi20.
Shoko rechiGiriki Piezein
Piezoelectricity ndiko kuunganidzwa kwechaji yemagetsi mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Inokonzerwa nekupindura kwezvinhu izvi kune kushandiswa kwema mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti piezoelectricity rinobva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "piezein", rinoreva "kusvina kana kudzvanya", uye "ēlektron", zvinoreva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi mamiriro ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemechani kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect uye ndiko kugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Iyo piezoelectric effect yakashandiswa kune akawanda anobatsira maapplication, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kwekurira, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta wachi, uye midziyo yemagetsi senge microbalances. , dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inowana mashandisirwo emazuva ese, akadai sekugadzira sparks yekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova chizvarwa chekugona kwemagetsi mukupindura kushanduka kwekushisa, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo rwaRené Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX. mechanical stress uye electric charge. Miedzo yakaratidza kusakwana.
Pamusamuziyamu muScotland, vashanyi vanogona kuona piezo crystal Curie compensator, kuratidzwa kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwepasi pekristaro zvimiro zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi senge tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz kubva kuRochelle munyu inoratidzwa piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk inogadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Kuchinja kwechimiro uku kwakawedzeredzwa mukuratidzira kweCuries.
Iwo maCuries akaenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvakasimba piezoelectric constants kuburikidza netensor analysis.
Uku kushandiswa kunoshanda kwepiezoelectricity kwakatungamirira kukugadzirwa kwesonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyo detector yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz makristasi akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, anonzi hydrophone, kuona iyo echo yakadzoserwa mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse. Transducer yakayera nguva yaitora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achirovera pachinhu kuti averenge nhambwe yechinhu. Kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity mu sonar kwakabudirira, uye chirongwa chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric kwemakumi emakore.
Zvishandiso zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye mashandisirwo matsva ezvishandiso izvi zvakaongororwa uye zvakagadziridzwa, uye piezoelectric zvishandiso zvakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakawanda, senge ceramic giramufomu cartridges, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye kugadzira yakachipa, yakanyatso rekodhi vatambi vaive nemutengo wakaderera kuchengetedza uye nyore. kuvaka. The development
Chitubu Chekare cheMagetsi Charge
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Inokonzerwa nemhinduro yezvinyorwa kune kushandiswa kwema mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti 'piezein', rinoreva 'kusvina kana kudzvanya', uye izwi rekuti 'elektron', iro rinoreva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi mamiriro ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemechani kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, makristasi anoshandura dhizaini yavo yakamira mune inverse piezoelectric athari, ichigadzira masaisai e ultrasound.
Iyo piezoelectric effect yakawanikwa muna 1880 neFrench fizikisi Jacques naPierre Curie. Inoshandiswa kune akasiyana siyana anobatsira maapplication, anosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kucherechedzwa kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi akakwira, majenareta ewachi, uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi senge microbalances uye kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles ye Ultrafine inotarisisa yemaziso maassemblies. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inowana mashandisirwo emazuva ese mukugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, mazhenje, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel avo vakaisa hukama pakati pemakina. kushushikana uye kubhadharisa magetsi. Zvisinei, kuedza kwavo kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo uye Curie compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland anoratidza yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro. Raiva basa rehama Pierre naJacques Curie vakaongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvairatidza piezoelectricity, zvichizoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvakasimba piezoelectric constants kuburikidza netensor analysis, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kunoshanda kwepiezoelectric zvishandiso.
Sonar yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I naPaul Langevin wekuFrance nevamwe vaaishanda navo, vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyo detector yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi matete equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona maungira akadzoka. Nekuburitsa ruzha rwepamusoro kubva kune transducer uye kuyera nguva inotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga nhambwe kuenda kuchinhu. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar iyi ibudirire. Iyo purojekiti yakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mune piezoelectric zvishandiso kwemakumi emakore.
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Iyo mutsara wemagetsi emagetsi kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Izwi rekuti "piezoelectricity" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki "piezein", rinoreva "kusvina kana kudzvanya", uye rechiGiriki rekuti "ēlektron", iro rinoreva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchaja yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric effect yakawanikwa neFrench physicists Jacques naPierre Curie muna 1880. Iri reversible process, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric effect zvinoratidzawo reverse piezoelectric effect, inova chizvarwa chemukati che mechanical strain inokonzerwa nemagetsi akaiswa. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa inosanganisira lead zirconate titanate crystals. Kana chimiro che static chikakanganiswa, chinodzokera kune chepakutanga dimension. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inverse piezoelectric effect inogadzirwa, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoshandiswa kune akawanda anobatsira maapplication, anosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kucherechedzwa kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi akakwira, majenareta ewachi, uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi senge microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa maassemblies. Ndiwo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero cheatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, uye zvinokonzeresa zvemazuva ano zvigubhu zvemagetsi.
Piezoelectricity inowana mashandisirwo emazuva ese, akadai sekugadzira sparks yekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi mukupindura kushanduka kwekushisa, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo rwaRené Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakanga vaita hukama. pakati pe mechanical stress uye electric charge. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo paCurie Compensator Museum muScotland chiratidzo cheiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari. Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakabatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwavo kwepasi pekristal zvivakwa kuti vape kunzwisisa kwepyroelectricity uye kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz zvakawanikwa zvichiratidza piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Izvi zvakawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya neCuries kufanotaura iyo converse piezoelectric athari. Mhedzisiro yekutaurirana yakagadziriswa nemasvomhu neakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics).
Kuvandudzwa kwesonar kwakabudirira, uye purojekiti yakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye zvikumbiro zvitsva zvezvinhu izvi zvakaongororwa nekuvandudzwa. Midziyo yePiezoelectric yakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakawanda, senge ceramic giramufomu katuriji, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa yakachipa, yakaringana rekodhi vatambi vaichipa kuchengetedza uye nyore kuvaka. Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers anobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, mapoka akazvimirira etsvakurudzo muUnited States, Russia, neJapan akawana kirasi itsva yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvinonzi ferroelectrics, izvo zvairatidzira piezoelectric constants
Piezoelectric Zvishandiso
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichikurukura nezvezvishandiso zvinoratidzira piezoelectric effect, iko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza electric charge nekuda kwekushandiswa kwe mechanical stress. Ini ndichatarisa makristasi, ceramics, biological matter, bone, DNA uye mapuroteni, uye kuti vese vanopindura sei kune piezoelectric effect.
Crystals
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Izwi rekuti piezoelectricity rinobva pamazwi eChigiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvichireva kuti 'kusvina' kana 'press' uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinosanganisira makristasi, ceramics, biological matter, bone, DNA, uye mapuroteni.
Piezoelectricity ndeye mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune crystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidza zvakare reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Mienzaniso yezvigadzirwa zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa inosanganisira lead zirconate titanate crystals, iyo inogona kuremara kune yayo yepakutanga dimension kana neimwe nzira, kushandura static dimension yavo kana yekunze yemagetsi yaiswa. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect, uye inoshandiswa kugadzira masaisai e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Iyo piezoelectric effect yakashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakadai. se microbalances, dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectric pickups anoshandiswawo mumagitare akawedzerwa emagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa mumadhiramu emazuva ano emagetsi.
Piezoelectricity inowana kushandiswa kwemazuva ese mukugadzira tsungiriro dzekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa midziyo, pamwe nemarambi nezvibatiso zvefodya. Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova chizvarwa chekugona kwemagetsi mukupindura shanduko yekushisa, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, uyo akaisa hukama pakati pemakina. kushushikana uye kubhadharisa magetsi. Miedzo yekuratidza dzidziso iyi yakanga isina chokwadi.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland chiratidzo cheiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari. Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakabatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwepasi pekristal zvivakwa kuti vape kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity. Vakakwanisa kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro uye vakaratidza mhedzisiro mumakristasi akadai setourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity. A piezoelectric disk inogadzira voltage kana yakaremara; shanduko yechimiro yakawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya mukuratidzira kweCuries.
Vakakwanisawo kufanotaura kutaurirana kwepiezoelectric mhedzisiro uye nemasvomhu kuburitsa iyo yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo dziri kumashure kwayo. Gabriel Lippmann akaita izvi muna 1881. The Curies pakarepo yakasimbisa kuvapo kweiyo converse effect, uye yakaenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekugadziriswa kwakakwana kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora uye kutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hungwaru ongororo yepiezoelectric inogara ichishandiswa.
Kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric zvishandiso mu sonar kwakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iri detector raive netransducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi matete equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumaplate esimbi, anonzi hydrophone, kuona maungira akadzoka mushure mekubudisa ruzha rwepamusoro. Nekuyera nguva inotora kuti vanzwe maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga nhambwe kuenda kuchinhu chacho. Uku kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity mu sonar kwakabudirira, uye chirongwa chakagadzira budiriro yakakura uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric kwemakumi emakore.
Ceramics
Piezoelectric zvinhu zvimedu zvinounganidzira chaji yemagetsi mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Piezoelectricity rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvichireva kuti 'kusvina' kana 'press' uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva kuti 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kwekurira, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi.
Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinowanikwa mumakristasi, ceramics, biological matter, bone, DNA, uye mapuroteni. Ceramics ndiyo yakajairika piezoelectric zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukushandisa kwemazuva ese. Ceramics inogadzirwa kubva musanganiswa wesimbi oxides, senge lead zirconate titanate (PZT), iyo inopisa kusvika kune yakanyanya tembiricha kuita yakasimba. Ceramics inogara yakasimba uye inogona kumira zvakanyanya tembiricha uye kumanikidza.
Piezoelectric ceramics ine akasiyana ekushandisa, kusanganisira:
• Kugadzira pfarivari yekubatidza gasi yekubikisa nekudziisa, semarambi nezvibatiso zvefodya.
• Kugadzira ultrasound masaisai ekurapa imaging.
• Kugadzira magetsi emagetsi emagetsi ewachi nemidziyo yemagetsi.
• Kugadzira microbalances kuti ishandiswe mukuyera chaiko.
• Kutyaira ma ultrasonic nozzles kune ultrafine inotarisisa ye optical assemblies.
• Kugadzira hwaro hwekuongorora mamaikorosikopu, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu.
• Pickups yemagitare akawedzerwa emagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvemadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano.
Piezoelectric ceramics inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemashandisirwo, kubva kune zvemagetsi zvevatengi kusvika kune yekurapa imaging. Izvo zvinogara zvakanyanya uye zvinogona kumira zvakanyanya tembiricha uye kumanikidza, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka kushandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana.
Biological Matter
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Rinobva paizwi reChigiriki rekuti 'piezein', rinoreva 'kusvina kana kudzvanya', uye 'ēlektron', zvinoreva 'amber', tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Biological nyaya yakadai sebhonzo, DNA, uye mapuroteni zviri pakati pezvinhu zvinoratidza piezoelectricity. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidza zvakare reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Mienzaniso yezvishandiso izvi zvinosanganisira lead zirconate titanate makristasi, ayo anoburitsa piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chayo chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, makristasi anoshandura dhizaini yavo, achigadzira masaisai e ultrasound kuburikidza neinverse piezoelectric effect.
Kuwanikwa kwepiezoelectricity kwakaitwa neFrench physicist Jacques naPierre Curie muna 1880. Yakave ichishandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, zvakadai se:
• Kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi
• Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda
• Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi
• Clock jenareta
• Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
• Microbalances
• Dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine inotarisa magungano emaziso
• Inoumba hwaro hwekuongorora maikorosikopu
• Gadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu
• Pickups mumagitare akawedzerwa emagetsi
• Zvinokonzera mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo muzvinhu zvemazuva ese sekubika gasi nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, iyo inogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura kushanduka kwekushisa, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18. Vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemakanika uye kuchaja yemagetsi, asi kuedza kwavo kwakaratidza kusagutsikana.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie Compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland chiratidzo cheiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari. Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakabatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwavo kwepasi pekristal zvivakwa kuti vape kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz zvakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Mhedzisiro iyi yakawedzera kuwedzeredzwa neCuries kufanotaura iyo converse piezoelectric athari. Mhedzisiro yekutaurirana yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekutsikiswa kweWoldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Bone
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Bone chimwe chinhu chakadaro chinoratidza chiitiko ichi.
Bone rudzi rwezvinhu zvipenyu izvo zvinoumbwa nemapuroteni nemaminerari, kusanganisira collagen, calcium, uye phosphorus. Ndiyo yakanyanya piezoelectric yezvese biological zvinhu, uye inokwanisa kugadzira voltage kana yaiswa mukushushikana kwemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric effect mubhonzo inokonzerwa neyakasiyana chimiro. Iyo inoumbwa netiweki ye collagen fibers yakamisikidzwa mune matrix yemaminerari. Kana bhonzo richiiswa mukushushikana kwemagetsi, iyo collagen fibers inofamba, zvichiita kuti zvicherwa zvive polarized uye kuunza kubhadharisa kwemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric effect mubhonzo ine akati wandei anoshanda maapplication. Inoshandiswa mukufungidzira kwekurapa, senge ultrasound uye X-ray imaging, kuona kutyoka kwebhonzo uye zvimwe zvisiri izvo. Inoshandiswawo mubhonzo conduction kunzwa aids, iyo inoshandisa piezoelectric effect kushandura masaisai enzwi kuva zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinotumirwa zvakananga kune nzeve yemukati.
Iyo piezoelectric effect mubhonzo inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemapfupa, senge majoini ekugadzira uye nhengo dzeprosthetic. Iwo ma implant anoshandisa piezoelectric kushandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi, rinobva rashandiswa kusimbisa mudziyo.
Pamusoro pezvo, piezoelectric effect iri mubhonzo iri kuongororwa kuti ishandiswe mukugadzirwa kwemishonga mitsva yekurapa. Semuyenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vari kuongorora kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity kukurudzira kukura kwemapfupa uye kugadzirisa matishu akakuvadzwa.
Pakazere, iyo piezoelectric athari mubhonzo chinhu chinonakidza chine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa. Iri kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa uye tekinoroji, uye iri kuongororwa kuti ishandiswe mukugadzirwa kwemishonga mitsva.
DNA
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. DNA chimwe chezvinhu zvakadaro zvinoratidza izvi. DNA imorekuru rebhayoloji rinowanikwa muzvisikwa zvese zvipenyu uye rinoumbwa nemabhesi mana emanucleotide: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uye thymine (T).
DNA imorekuru rakaoma iro rinogona kushandiswa kugadzira electric charge kana iri pasi pekunetseka kwemagetsi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mamorekuru eDNA anoumbwa netambo mbiri dzemanucleotides dzakabatanidzwa nemabhondi ehydrogen. Kana zvisungo izvi zvaputswa, electric charge inogadzirwa.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yeDNA yakashandiswa mune akasiyana maapplication, kusanganisira:
• Kugadzira magetsi ezvigadziriso zvekurapa
• Kuona uye kuyera ma mechanical masimba mumasero
• Kugadzira nanoscale sensors
• Kugadzira ma biosensors ekutevedzana kweDNA
• Kugadzira mafungu e ultrasound ekufungidzira
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yeDNA iri kuongororwa zvakare kuti inogona kushandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, se nanowires uye nanotubes. Zvishandiso izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kune akasiyana maapplication, kusanganisira kuchengetedza simba uye kunzwa.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yeDNA yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya uye yakawanikwa iine hanya zvakanyanya nekushushikana kwemagetsi. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive chishandiso chakakosha chevaongorori uye mainjiniya ari kutsvaga kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye matekinoroji.
Mukupedzisa, DNA chinhu chinoratidza piezoelectric mhedzisiro, iko kugona kuunganidza magetsi emagetsi mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Mhedzisiro iyi yakashandiswa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa, kusanganisira zvekurapa, nanoscale sensors, uye DNA sequencing. Iri kutariswa zvakare kuitira kushandiswa kwayo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, se nanowires uye nanotubes.
MaProteins
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Piezoelectric zvinhu, senge mapuroteni, makristasi, ceramics, uye biological nyaya senge bhonzo neDNA, inoratidza mhedzisiro iyi. Mapuroteni, kunyanya, akasarudzika epiezoelectric zvinhu, sezvo akaumbwa nechimiro chakaoma chemaamino acids anogona kukanganiswa kugadzira magetsi emagetsi.
Mapuroteni ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda emhando yepiezoelectric zvinhu, uye anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. Anogona kuwanikwa ari muchimiro chema enzymes, mahormone, uye masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, pamwe chete nechimiro chechimiro cheprotein senge collagen uye keratin. Mapuroteni anowanikwawo muchimiro chemhasuru mapuroteni, ayo ane basa rekutambisa tsandanyama uye kuzorora.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yemapuroteni imhaka yekuti ivo vanoumbwa neyakaomesesa chimiro cheamino acids. Kana aya amino acids akaremara, anoburitsa electric charge. Iyi electric charge inogona kubva yashandiswa kupa masimba akasiyana siyana, senge masensor uye actuators.
Mapuroteni anoshandiswawo mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurapa. Semuenzaniso, anoshandiswa kuona kuvepo kwemamwe mapuroteni mumuviri, anogona kushandiswa kuongorora zvirwere. Izvo zvinoshandiswawo kuona kuvepo kwemamwe mabhakitiriya uye mavhairasi, ayo anogona kushandiswa kuongorora hutachiona.
Mapuroteni anoshandiswawo mumhando dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri ekushandisa. Semuenzaniso, iwo anoshandiswa kugadzira masensa uye actuators kune akasiyana maindasitiri maitiro. Izvo zvinoshandiswawo kugadzira zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mukuvaka ndege uye dzimwe mota.
Mukupedzisa, mapuroteni ndeye yakasarudzika piezoelectric zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa. Iwo anoumbwa neakaomesesa chimiro chemaamino acids anogona kukanganiswa kugadzira magetsi echaji, uye anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa nemaindasitiri.
Kukohwa Kwesimba nePiezoelectricity
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichikurukura kuti piezoelectricity ingashandiswa sei kukohwa simba. Ini ndichatarisa kune akasiyana mashandisirwo epiezoelectricity, kubva piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda kusvika kumajenareta wachi uye microbalances. Ini zvakare ndichaongorora nhoroondo yepiezoelectricity, kubva pakuwanikwa kwayo naPierre Curie kusvika pakushandiswa kwayo muHondo Yenyika II. Chekupedzisira, ndichave ndichikurukura nezve mamiriro azvino eindasitiri yepiezoelectric uye mukana wekuwedzera kukura.
Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira chaji yemagetsi mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti 'piezein' (kusvina kana kudzvanya) uye 'elektron' (amber), kwainobva kare kwekuchaja kwemagetsi. Piezoelectric zvinhu, senge makristasi, ceramics, uye biological matter senge bhonzo neDNA, zvinoshandiswa mukushandisa kwakasiyana.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswa kugadzira yakakwira voltage magetsi, sewachi jenareta, mumidziyo yemagetsi, uye mune ma microbalances. Iyo inoshandiswawo kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles uye ultrafine inotarisa optical magungano. Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda chinhu chakakurumbira kushandiswa kweiyi tekinoroji. Iyi imhando yekudhinda inoshandisa piezoelectric crystals kugadzira kuzunguzika kwepamusoro-soro, iyo inoshandiswa kuburitsa madonhwe einki papeji.
Kuwanikwa kwepiezoelectricity kunotanga muna 1880, apo nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzeFrance Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana mhedzisiro yacho. Kubva ipapo, piezoelectric effect yakashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswa muzvinhu zvemazuva ese sekubika gasi nekudziisa, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, uye mapikicha mumagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mukutsvaga kwesainzi. Ndiwo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Iyo inoshandiswawo mu ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, iyo inotumira ultrasonic pulses muchinhu uye kuyera maratidziro ekuona discontinuities uye kuwana zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu.
Kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric uye zvinhu kwave kuchifambiswa nekudiwa kwekuita zvirinani uye nyore kugadzira maitiro. MuUnited States, kugadzirwa kwemakristasi equartz ekushandiswa kwekutengeserana kwave kuri chinhu chikuru mukukura kweindasitiri yepiezoelectric. Kusiyana neizvi, vagadziri veJapan vakakwanisa kukurumidza kugovera ruzivo uye kugadzira maapplication matsva, zvichikonzera kukurumidza kukura mumusika weJapan.
Piezoelectricity yakasandura mashandisiro atinoita simba, kubva kuzvinhu zvemazuva ese semarembi kuenda kutsvakiridzo yesainzi yepamusoro. Iyo tekinoroji inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana yakaita kuti tikwanise kuongorora nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva nemashandisirwo, uye icharamba iri chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwedu kwemakore anotevera.
Chizvarwa cheHigh Voltage Magetsi
Piezoelectricity iko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba kuunganidza electric charge mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti 'piezein' anoreva 'kusvina' kana 'press' uye 'ēlektron' zvinoreva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi. Piezoelectricity ndeye mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune crystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry.
Iyo piezoelectric effect inzira inogadziriswa; zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidzawo reverse piezoelectric effect, chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemagetsi kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakashandiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikashandiswa, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Iyo piezoelectric effect inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira uye kuona ruzha, mupiezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, mumajenareta wachi, mumidziyo yemagetsi, muma microbalances, mune drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye mune ultrafine inotarisisa maassemblies.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumashandisirwo emazuva ese, akadai sekugadzira sparks kubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, mumatochi, marambi efodya, uye pyroelectric effect zvinhu, izvo zvinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Mhedzisiro iyi yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemagetsi nechaji yemagetsi, kunyangwe kuedza kwavo kusingaite.
Ruzivo rwakabatanidzwa rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisiswa kwezvimiro zvekristaro zviri pasi zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Izvi zvakawedzeredzwa mukuratidzira kweCuries kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari.
Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakaenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora uye kutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hungwaru ongororo yepiezoelectric inogara ichishandiswa.
Kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric device kwakatanga nekugadzirwa kwesonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyo detector yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa kubva mutete quartz crystals yakanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone kuona maungira adzoka. Nekuburitsa ruzha rwepamusoro kubva kune transducer uye kuyera nguva inotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga chinhambwe chechinhu. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar ibudirire, uye chirongwa ichi chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric mumakumi emakore akatevera.
Zvishandiso zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye zvikumbiro zvitsva zvezvinhu izvi zvakaongororwa uye zvakagadziridzwa. Midziyo yePiezoelectric yakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, senge ceramic giramufomu katuriji, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa, yakanyatsojeka marekodhi vatambi vaive nemutengo wakaderera kuchengetedza uye nyore kuvaka. Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers kunobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Hondo Yenyika II yakaona mapoka akazvimiririra ekutsvagisa muUnited States, Russia, neJapan achiwana kirasi itsva yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvinonzi fer.
Clock Generator
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Ichi chiitiko chakashandiswa kugadzira akati wandei anobatsira maapplication, kusanganisira wachi jenareta. Majenareta ewachi midziyo inoshandisa piezoelectricity kugadzira masaini emagetsi ane nguva chaiyo.
Majenareta ewachi anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, senge mumakomputa, kufambiswa kwemashoko, uye masisitimu emotokari. Izvo zvinoshandiswawo mumidziyo yekurapa, senge pacemaker, kuve nechokwadi chenguva chaiyo yemasaini emagetsi. Majenareta ewachi anoshandiswawo muindasitiri otomatiki uye marobhoti, uko kwakakosha nguva chaiyo.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yakavakirwa pamutsara wemagetsi emagetsi kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune ekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzorereka, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinogona zvakare kuburitsa dhizaini kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yaiswa. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect uye inoshandiswa kugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Majenareta ewachi anoshandisa iyi inverse piezoelectric effect kugadzira masaini emagetsi ane nguva chaiyo. Iyo piezoelectric material yakakanganiswa nendima yemagetsi, izvo zvinoita kuti izununguke pane imwe frequency. Kudengenyeka uku kunozoshandurwa kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi, icho chinoshandiswa kugadzira chiratidzo chenguva chaiyo.
Majenareta ewachi anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kubva kumidziyo yekurapa kuenda kumaindasitiri otomatiki. Iwo akavimbika, akarurama, uye ari nyore kushandisa, achivaita sarudzo yakakurumbira kune akawanda maapplication. Piezoelectricity chikamu chakakosha chetekinoroji yemazuva ano, uye majenareta wachi ingori imwe yezvakawanda zvekushandisa kwechiitiko ichi.
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
Piezoelectricity iko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba kuunganidza electric charge mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Chiitiko ichi, chinozivikanwa sepiezoelectric athari, chinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo yemagetsi, kubva pamapikicha mumagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi kusvika kune zvinokonzeresa mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inotorwa kubva kumazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvinoreva kuti "kusvina" kana "kudzvanya" uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi. Piezoelectric zvinhu makristasi, ceramics, uye biological nyaya senge bhonzo neDNA mapuroteni, ayo anoratidza piezoelectric mhedzisiro.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro ndeye mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune yekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric athari zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemechani dhiri rinobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikashandiswa, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Kuwanikwa kwepiezoelectricity kunonzi kuFrench physicists Pierre naJacques Curie, avo vakaratidza zvakananga piezoelectric effect muna 1880. Ruzivo rwavo rwakabatanidzwa rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwezvinyorwa zvekristaro zvakakonzera kufanotaura kwepyroelectric effect, uye kukwanisa kufanotaura. hunhu hwekristaro hwakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai setourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu.
Piezoelectricity yakashandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemazuva ese, senge kugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, mazhenje, zvibatiso zvefodya, uye pyroelectric effect zvinhu zvinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Izvi zvakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana remakore rechi18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemagetsi uye magetsi. Zviyedzo zvakaratidza kusakwana, zvisinei, kudzamara kuona kwekiristaro yepiezo paCurie compensator museum muScotland kwakaratidza yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama dzeCurie.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo yemagetsi, kubva pamapikicha mumagitare akakwidziridzwa kusvika kune zvinokonzeresa mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano. Inoshandiswawo mukugadzira uye kuona kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi akakwira magetsi, majenareta wachi, ma microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa magungano ekuona. Piezoelectricity ndiyo zvakare hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero cheatomu.
Microbalances
Piezoelectricity iko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba kuunganidza electric charge mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechaji kusagadzikana. Piezoelectricity inotorwa kubva kumazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein), zvinoreva kuti "kusvina" kana "kudzvanya", uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), zvichireva kuti "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemazuva ese, senge kugadzira moto unobatidza gasi rekubikisa nekudziisa michina, matochi, marambi efodya, nezvimwe. Inoshandiswawo mukugadzira uye kuona ruzha, uye mu piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo kugadzira magetsi emagetsi akakwira, uye ndiyo hwaro hwemajenareta ewachi nemidziyo yemagetsi senge microbalances. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles uye ultrafine inotarisa optical magungano.
Kuwanikwa kwepiezoelectricity kunonzi kuFrench physicists Jacques naPierre Curie muna 1880. Hama dzeCurie dzakabatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwavo kwemaitiro ekristal epasi kuti ape pfungwa yepiezoelectricity. Vakakwanisa kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro uye vakaratidza mhedzisiro mumakristasi akadai setourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yakashandiswa kune anobatsira maapplication, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kwekurira. Kuvandudzwa kwesonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I kwaive kubudirira kukuru mukushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, mapoka akazvimirira ekutsvakurudza muUnited States, Russia, uye Japan akawana kirasi itsva yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvinonzi ferroelectrics, iyo yairatidza ma<em>piezoelectric constants akakwirira zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura zvinhu zvakasikwa.
Izvi zvakakonzera kutsvagisa kwakanyanya uye kusimudzira kwebarium titanate uye gare gare kutungamirira zirconate titanate zvinhu, izvo zvaive nehunhu hwezvimwe zvekushandisa. Muenzaniso wakakosha wekushandiswa kwepiezoelectric crystals wakagadzirwa paBell Telephone Laboratories zvichitevera Hondo Yenyika II.
Frederick R. Lack, achishanda mudhipatimendi redhiyo redhiyo reinjiniya redhiyo, akagadzira kristaro yakachekwa yaishanda pane dzakasiyana siyana tembiricha. Lack's crystal yaisada zvinorema zvemakristasi apfuura, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe mundege. Kubudirira uku kwakabvumira mauto eAllied air forces kuti aite kurwisa kwevanhu vakawanda vachishandisa aviation radio.
Kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric uye zvinhu muUnited States kwakachengeta makambani akati wandei mubhizinesi, uye kugadzirwa kwemakristasi equartz kwakashandiswa kutengeserana. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvave zvichishandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira yekurapa imaging, ultrasonic kuchenesa, nezvimwe.
Dhiraivha Ultrasonic Nozzle
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Iri mhinduro kusimba remagetsi rinoshandiswa uye rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti 'piezein', zvinoreva 'kusvinwa' kana 'kudzvanya', uye 'elektron', zvichireva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro ndeye mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, inova yemukati chizvarwa chemechani dhiri rinobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Muenzaniso weiyi lead zirconate titanate makristasi, ayo anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chayo chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, makristasi anoshandura dhizaini yavo, zvichikonzera inverse piezoelectric effect, inova kugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880 uye kubvira ipapo yakashandiswa kushandiswa kwakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira kugadzira uye kuona ruzha. Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese, sekugadzira sparks ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe.
Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova zvinhu zvinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, uye pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18 kudhirowa ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemagetsi uye. electric charge. Miedzo yekuratidza izvi yakanga isina kukwana.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie Compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland kuratidzwa kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa zviri pasi pekristaro zvimiro zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye zvakavabvumira kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz zvakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Izvi zvakawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya neveCuries kufanotaura mhedzisiro yepiezoelectric, iyo yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie mubasa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura makristasi zvimiro zvairatidza piezoelectricity. Izvi zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hungwaru mapiezoelectric constants kuburikidza nekuongorora tensor.
Kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric zvishandiso kwakatanga ne sonar, iyo yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyo detector yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz makristasi akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, anonzi hydrophone, kuona iyo echo yakadzoserwa mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse. Nekuyera nguva yainotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vaigona kuverenga daro rechinhu chacho. Uku kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity mu sonar kwakabudirira, uye chirongwa chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric kwemakumi emakore.
Zvishandiso zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye mashandisirwo matsva ezvishandiso izvi zvakaongororwa uye kugadzirwa, uye piezoelectric zvishandiso zvakawana dzimba muminda yakadai seceramic phonograph cartridges, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yemutambi uye kugadzira yakachipa, yakanyatso rekodhi vatambi vaive nemutengo wakaderera kuchengetedza uye nyore kuvaka. . Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers kunobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse kuburikidza nechinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu.
Ultrafine Inotarisa Optical Assemblies
Piezoelectricity ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kuunganidza magetsi echaji kana yaiswa mukushushikana kwemagetsi. Iyo mutsara wemagetsi emagetsi kupindirana pakati pemagetsi uye mekiniki nyika dzekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemagetsi kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa.
Piezoelectricity yakashandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kwekurira, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mukudhinda inkjet, majenareta ewachi, midziyo yemagetsi, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisa maassemblies.
Piezoelectricity yakawanikwa muna 1880 neFrench fizikisi Jacques naPierre Curie. Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo anobatsira, sekugadzira uye kuona kwekurira, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi. Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda kunoshandiswawo, pamwe newachi jenareta, midziyo yemagetsi, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisa maziso magungano.
Piezoelectricity yakawana nzira yayo mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva, sekugadzira sparks yekubatidza gasi yekubikira nekudziisa zvishandiso, mazhenje, zvibatiso zvefodya, uye pyroelectric effect zvinhu zvinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Mhedzisiro iyi yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemagetsi uye kuchaja kwemagetsi. Miedzo yakaratidza kusakwana.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie Compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland kuratidzwa kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Zvakasanganiswa neruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwavo kwepasi pekristaro zvimiro, vakapa fungidziro yepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu.
Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, uye quartz neRochelle munyu zvakaratidza piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage payakaremara, kunyangwe shanduko yechimiro yakawedzera zvakanyanya. The Curies akafanotaura converse piezoelectric effect, uye converse effect yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic musimboti naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. The Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kuzere kwe electro- elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa kuita piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hukasha mapiezoelectric constants achishandisa tensor ongororo yekushanda kwekushandisa kwepiezoelectric zvishandiso.
Kuvandudzwa kwesonar kwaive purojekiti yekubudirira iyo yakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric. Makumi emakore gare gare, zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye kushandiswa kutsva kwezvinhu izvi zvakaongororwa nekugadzirwa. Midziyo yePiezoelectric yakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, senge ceramic giramufomu katuriji, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye kuita kuti vatambi verekodhi vadhure uye kuve nyore kuchengetedza nekuvaka. Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers anobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Mavambo emunda we piezoelectricity zvido akachengetedzwa nemvumo yemvumo yezvigadzirwa zvitsva zvakagadzirwa kubva kumakristasi equartz, ayo aishandiswa kutengeswa sechinhu chepiezoelectric. Masayendisiti akatsvaga epamusoro ekuita zvinhu, uye kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwezvinhu uye kugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira, musika weUnited States hauna kukura nekukurumidza. Kusiyana neizvi, vagadziri veJapan vakagovana ruzivo nekukurumidza uye zvikumbiro zvitsva zvekukura muindasitiri yepiezoelectric yeUnited States zvakatambura zvakasiyana nevagadziri veJapan.
Piezoelectric Motors
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichitaura nezve mashandisirwo epiezoelectricity muhunyanzvi hwazvino. Kubva pakuongorora mamicroscopes anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero cheatomu kuenda kupikicha yemagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvemadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano, piezoelectricity yave chikamu chakakosha chemidziyo yakawanda. Ini ndichaongorora nhoroondo yepiezoelectricity uye kuti yakashandiswa sei mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa.
Mafomu Hwaro hweKuongorora Probe Maikorosikopu
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Ndiyo mhinduro kune kushandiswa kwe mechanical stress, uye izwi rekuti piezoelectricity rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki πιέζειν (piezein) rinoreva "kusvina" kana "kudzvanya" uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva kuti "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Piezoelectric motors zvishandiso zvinoshandisa piezoelectric effect kugadzira kufamba. Iyi mhedzisiro ndiyo mutsara wemagetsi ekudyidzana pakati pemakanika uye emagetsi nyika mune zvekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric athari zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemechani dhiri rinobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Mienzaniso yezvigadzirwa zvinogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa ndeye lead zirconate titanate crystals.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo anobatsira, sekugadzira uye kutariswa kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi akakwira, majenareta ewachi, uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi senge microbalances uye kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles kune Ultrafine inotarisisa maassemblies. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu.
Piezoelectricity yakawanikwa muna 1880 neFrench fizikisi Jacques naPierre Curie. Maonero ekristaro yepiezo uye Curie compensator anogona kuonekwa paHunterian Museum muScotland, inova chiratidzo cheyakananga piezoelectric effect nehama Pierre naJacques Curie.
Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwavo kwezvimiro zvekristaro zvakakonzera kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity, izvo zvakavabvumira kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, uye quartz neRochelle munyu zvakaratidza piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage payakaremara, kunyangwe izvi zvakawedzeredzwa neCuries.
Vakafanotaurawo converse piezoelectric effect, uye izvi zvakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic musimboti naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. The Curies yakabva yasimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kuzere kwe electro-elasto- mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity yakaguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hungwaru ongororo yepiezoelectric uye gumi.
Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekushandiswa kunoshanda kwemichina yepiezoelectric, yakadai sesonar, yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyi detector yaisanganisira transducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz crystals yakanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona iyo yakadzoserwa echo mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse kubva kune transducer. Nekuyera nguva inotora kuti vanzwe maungira emasaisai eruzha achirovera pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga nhambwe yechinhu chacho. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar iyi ibudirire, uye chirongwa ichi chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric kwemakumi emakore.
Zvishandiso zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye mashandisirwo matsva ezvishandiso izvi zvakaongororwa uye zvakagadziridzwa, uye piezoelectric zvishandiso zvakawana dzimba muminda yakawanda, senge ceramic giramufomu cartridges, iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa uye yakaringana rekodhi vatambi vaive nemutengo wakaderera kuchengetedza uye nyore. kuvaka. Iko kuvandudzwa kwema ultrasonic transducers kunobvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura uye yakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, mapoka akazvimirira ekutsvakurudza muUnited States
Gadzirisa Mifananidzo paChikero cheAtomu
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Iri davidzo kukushandiswa kwe mechanical stress uye rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rokuti 'piezein', rinoreva kusvina kana kudzvanya. Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune yecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry.
Piezoelectricity inzira inodzoreredzwa, uye zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemagetsi kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Mienzaniso yeiyi inosanganisira lead zirconate titanate makristasi, ayo anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chayo chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anochinja iwo static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect uye inoshandiswa mukugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Iyo piezoelectric effect yakashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakadai. microbalances uye kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu.
Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumashandisirwo emazuva ese, senge kugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, matochi, marambi efodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, inova zvinhu zvinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura kushanduka kwetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pe18th century. Vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Haüy naAntoine César Becquerel, vakaisa hukama pakati pekunetseka kwemakanika uye kuchaja yemagetsi, asi kuedza kwavo kwakaratidza kusagutsikana.
Vashanyi kuHunterian Museum muGlasgow vanogona kuona piezo crystal Curie compensator, ratidziro yeyakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Zvakasanganiswa neruzivo rwavo rwe pyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwezviri pasi pekristaro zvimiro, ivo vakapa fungidziro ye pyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, uye quartz neRochelle munyu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk inogadzira voltage kana yaremara, kunyangwe shanduko yechimiro ichiwedzeredzwa. The Curies vakakwanisa kufanotaura kutaurirana piezoelectric mhedzisiro, uye kutaurirana kwakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvairatidza piezoelectricity rakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics).
Pickups Electronically Amplified Guitars
Piezoelectric mota mota dzemagetsi dzinoshandisa piezoelectric kushandura simba remagetsi kuita magetsi emagetsi. Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro iko kugona kwezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira yemagetsi kuchaja kana yaiswa mukushushikana kwemagetsi. Piezoelectric mota dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kubva pakugonesa midziyo midiki yakaita sewachi newachi kusvika pakusimbisa michina mikuru yakaita semarobhoti nemidziyo yekurapa.
Piezoelectric mota dzinoshandiswa mumapikicha emagetsi magitare. Aya mapikicha anoshandisa piezoelectric effect kushandura kutenheka kwetambo dzegitare kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi. Chiratidzo ichi chinobva chawedzerwa uye chinotumirwa kune amplifier, iyo inobudisa ruzha rwegitare. Piezoelectric pickups anoshandiswawo mumadhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano, kwaanoshandiswa kuona kudengenyeka kwemisoro yedhiramu uye kuashandura kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi.
Piezoelectric motors anoshandiswawo pakuongorora ma microscopes, ayo anoshandisa piezoelectric effect kufambisa diki probe pamusoro pepamusoro. Izvi zvinobvumira maikorosikopu kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectric motors anoshandiswawo mumaprinta einkjet, kwaanoshandiswa kufambisa musoro wekudhinda uchidzoka nekumberi pane peji.
Piezoelectric motors anoshandiswa mune akasiyana mamwe maapplication, anosanganisira ezvokurapa, zvinhu zvemotokari, uye zvemagetsi zvevatengi. Iwo anoshandiswawo mumaindasitiri ekushandisa, senge mukugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakaringana uye mukuungana kwezvikamu zvakaoma. Iyo piezoelectric effect inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound, ayo anoshandiswa mukufungidzira kwekurapa uye mukuona zvikanganiso muzvinhu.
Pakazere, mota dzepiezoelectric dzinoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa, kubva pakugonesa midziyo midiki kusvika pakusimbisa michina mikuru. Iwo anoshandiswa mupikicha magitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, madhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano, kuongorora maikorosikopu, inkjet printer, midziyo yekurapa, zvinhu zvemotokari, uye zvemagetsi zvevatengi. Iyo piezoelectric effect inoshandiswawo mukugadzira mafungu e ultrasound uye mukuona zvikanganiso mumidziyo.
Zvinokonzera Mazuvano Electronic Drums
Piezoelectricity ndiyo electrical charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Ndiyo mhinduro yezvinhu izvi kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti piezoelectricity rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekuti "piezein", rinoreva "kusvina kana kudzvanya", uye izwi rekuti "elektron", zvinoreva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchaja magetsi.
Piezoelectric motors zvishandiso zvinoshandisa piezoelectric effect kugadzira kufamba. Mhedzisiro iyi inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo inzira inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoratidza reverse piezoelectric athari, inova yemukati chizvarwa chemechani dhiri rinobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Muenzaniso weiyi lead zirconate titanate makristasi, ayo anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chayo chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, makristasi anoshandura dhizaini yavo, achigadzira masaisai e ultrasound.
Piezoelectric mota dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemazuva ese, senge:
• Kugadzira pfarivari yekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina
• Matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, uye pyroelectric effect materials
• Kugadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura kushanduka kwekushisa
• Kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi
• Piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda
• Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi
• Clock jenareta uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
• Microbalances
• Dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles uye ultrafine inotarisisa maassemblies emaziso
• Inoumba hwaro hwekuongorora maikorosikopu
• Gadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu
• Pickups emagetsi amplified magitare
• Inomutsa madhiramu emagetsi emazuva ano.
Electromechanical Modelling yePiezoelectric Transducers
Muchikamu chino, ndichave ndichiongorora iyo electromechanical modeling yepiezoelectric transducers. Ndichange ndichitarisa nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kwepiezoelectricity, zviedzo zvakaratidza kuvepo kwayo, uye kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric nezvinhu. Ndichange ndichikurukurawo nezvemipiro yenyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus, Rene Hauy naAntoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, naWoldemar Voigt.
French Physicist Pierre naJacques Curie
Piezoelectricity chiitiko chemagetsi apo kuchaja kwemagetsi kunoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba semakristasi, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Kuchaja uku kunogadzirwa mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti 'piezein', rinoreva 'kusvina kana kudzvanya', uye 'elektron', zvichireva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric athari zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, uko mukati mechizvarwa chemechani dhizaini inogadzirwa mukupindura kune yakashandiswa magetsi. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, makristasi anoshandura dhizaini yavo, achigadzira mafungu e ultrasound mukuita kunozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect.
Muna 1880, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie vakawana piezoelectric effect uye yakabva yashandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa nekuonekwa kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta wachi, uye zvemagetsi. zvishandiso zvakadai sema microbalances uye kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles kune ultrafine inotarisisa magungano ekuona. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese, sekugadzira sparks ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, matochi, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, apo chinhu chinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Hauy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati. mechanical stress uye magetsi ekubhadhara, kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwavo kwakaratidza kusagutsikana.
Nekubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwepasi pekristaro zvimiro, maCuries akakwanisa kupa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kufanotaura maitiro emakristasi. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric dhisiki inogadzira voltage kana yakaremara, kunyangwe izvi zvakawedzeredzwa mukuratidzira kweCuries. Ivo vakakwanisa zvakare kufanotaura kutaurirana piezoelectric mhedzisiro uye nemasvomhu vanoiburitsa kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekutsikiswa kweWoldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Miedzo Yakaratidza Kusakwana
Piezoelectricity chinhu chinonzi electromechanical phenomenon umo magetsi echaji anoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Ndiyo mhinduro kune kushandiswa kwe mechanical stress, uye izwi rekuti 'piezoelectricity' rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki okuti 'piezein', zvichireva kuti 'kusvina kana kudzvanya', uye 'ēlektron', zvichireva 'amber', nzvimbo yekare yekuchajisa magetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi mamiriro ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Iyo nzira inodzoreredzwa; zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric mhedzisiro inoratidzawo reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemagetsi kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Yakave ichishandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi se microbalances. , dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, uye zvinokonzeresa zvemazuva ano zvigubhu zvemagetsi.
Piezoelectricity inowana mashandisirwo emazuva ese mukugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, mazhenje, zvinobatidza fodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, umo chinhu chinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Hauy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama. pakati pe mechanical stress uye electric charge. Miedzo yakaratidza kusakwana.
Ruzivo rwakabatanidzwa rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisiswa kwezvimiro zvekristaro zviri pasi zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro emakristasi. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Izvi zvakawedzeredzwa mukuratidzira kweCuries kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric athari.
Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakafanotaura nezvepiezoelectric effect, uye converse effect yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic musimboti naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. The Curies yakabva yasimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hweiyo yakazara. reversibility ye electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, asi yaive chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akanyatso kutsanangura piezoelectric constants vachishandisa tensor ongororo. Iyi ndiyo yaiva yekutanga kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric transducers, uye sonar yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector.
Carl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus
Piezoelectricity chinhu che electromechanical phenomenon umo electric charge inoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba semakristasi, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Kuchaja uku kunogadzirwa mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rekuti piezoelectricity rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvichireva kuti "kusvina kana kudzvanya" uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva "amber", kwainobva kare kwekuchajisa magetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidza zvakare reverse piezoelectric athari, inova chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi kunetsa kunobva kumunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, inozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect uye inoshandiswa mukugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Muna 1880, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana piezoelectric mhedzisiro uye yave kushandiswa kune akawanda anobatsira maapplication, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta wachi, midziyo yemagetsi, ma microbalances. , dhiraivha ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
Piezoelectricity inowanikwawo mumashandisirwo emazuva ese, senge kugadzira sparks yekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa zvishandiso, matochi, marambi efodya, uye pyroelectric effect, inova iyo chinhu chinoburitsa simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha. Mhedzisiro iyi yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna René Hauy naAntoine César Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemagetsi nechaji yemagetsi, kunyangwe kuedza kwavo kusingaite.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland kuratidzwa kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwepasi pekristaro zvimiro zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz kubva kuRochelle munyu inoratidzwa piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk inogadzira voltage kana yaremara, kunyangwe izvi zvakawedzeredzwa mukuratidzira kweCuries.
Kufanotaura kweiyo converse piezoelectric effect uye kuderedzwa kwayo kwemasvomhu kubva kumisimboti yethermodynamic yakaitwa naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. The Curies yakabva yasimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kuzere kwe electro-elasto- mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yave chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie, vakaishandisa kuongorora nekutsanangura makristasi zvimiro zvairatidza piezoelectricity. Izvi zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hudzamu mapiezoelectric constants achishandisa tensor analysis.
Uku kushandiswa kunoshanda kwepiezoelectric transducers kwakatungamirira mukugadzirwa kwe sonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyo detector yaisanganisira transducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz makristasi akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona iyo yakadzoserwa echo mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse kubva kune transducer. Nekuyera nguva yainotora kuti vanzwe maungira emasaisai eruzha achirovera pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga kureba kwechinhu chacho. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar iyi ibudirire, uye chirongwa ichi chakagadzira kukura kwakanyanya uye kufarira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric.
Rene Hauy naAntoine Cesar Becquerel
Piezoelectricity chiitiko che electromechanical chinoitika kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, senge makristasi, ceramics, uye biological matter senge bhonzo neDNA, zvinounganidza electric charge nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemakanika kushushikana. Piezoelectricity rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti 'piezein', rinoreva kuti 'kusvina kana kudzvanya', uye 'elektron', zvinoreva 'amber', kwainobva kare kwechaji yemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi enzvimbo mune zvekristaro zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectric athari zvakare zvinoratidzira reverse piezoelectric athari, kana chizvarwa chemukati chemagetsi dhiri rinobva mundima yemagetsi yakashandiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikaiswa, zvichikonzera inverse piezoelectric effect uye kugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie vakawana piezoelectric effect muna 1880. Izvi zvakashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kwezwi, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. senge microbalances, kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles, uye ultrafine inotarisa optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Piezoelectricity inoshandiswawo mumapikicha emagitare akakwidziridzwa nemagetsi, uye zvinokonzeresa zvemazuva ano zvigubhu zvemagetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yakatanga kudzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, zvichitora ruzivo kubva kuna Rene Hauy naAntoine Cesar Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemagetsi nechaji yemagetsi. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo. Yakasanganiswa neruzivo rwe pyroelectricity, uye kunzwisisa kwezviri pasi pekristaro zvimiro, izvi zvakapa kufanotaura kwe pyroelectricity, uye kugona kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukuita kwemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz yakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Mhedzisiro iyi yakawedzerwa zvakanyanya mukuratidzira kweCuries paMuseum yeScotland, iyo yakaratidza yakananga piezoelectric athari.
Hama Pierre naJacques Curie vakaenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, kudzamara yave chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Iri basa rakaongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvairatidza piezoelectricity, zvichizoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics).
Iwo Curies akabva angosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye akaenderera mberi nekutora masvomhu iwo akakosha thermodynamic misimboti yekutaurirana maitiro. Izvi zvakaitwa naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881. Piezoelectricity yakabva yashandiswa kugadzira sonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Detector iyi yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi matete equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona maungira adzoka. Kuburikidza nekuburitsa mhepo yakawanda kubva kune transducer uye kuyera nguva inotora kuti unzwe maungira emasaisai eruzha achirovera pachinhu, vaigona kuverenga nhambwe kuenda kuchinhu.
Kushandiswa kwepiezoelectric makristasi kwakagadziridzwa zvakare neBell Telephone Laboratories zvichitevera Hondo Yenyika II. Frederick R. Lack, achishanda mudhipatimendi redhiyo redhiyo reinjiniya, akagadzira kristaro yakachekwa iyo inogona kushanda pane dzakasiyana siyana tembiricha. Lack's crystal yaisada zvinorema zvemakristasi apfuura, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe mundege. Kubudirira uku kwakabvumira mauto eAllied air forces kuti aite kurwisana kwevanhu vakawanda, vachishandisa nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo. Kuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric uye zvinhu muUnited States kwakachengeta makambani mukuvandudza kwekutanga kwehondo mumunda, uye kufarira mukuwana purofiti patent yezvinhu zvitsva zvakagadzirwa. Makristasi eQuartz akashandiswa kutengeswa sechinhu chepiezoelectric, uye masayendisiti akatsvaga zvekushandisa zvepamusoro. Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwezvinhu uye kugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira, United States
Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity chinhu chinonzi electromechanical phenomenon umo magetsi echaji anoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Icho mhedzisiro yekudyidzana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu mune zvigadzirwa zvine inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity yakatanga kuwanikwa neFrench physicist Pierre naJacques Curie muna 1880.
Piezoelectricity yakashandiswa kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kunobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuona ruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi. Piezoelectricity inotorwa kubva kumazwi echiGiriki anoti πιέζειν (piezein) zvinoreva kuti "kusvina kana kudzvanya" uye ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) zvichireva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inodzoreredzwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidza zvakare reverse piezoelectric athari, umo chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemechini kunobva mukushandiswa kwenzvimbo yemagetsi. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana yekunze yemagetsi yaiswa, maitiro anozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect. Iyi nzira inogona kushandiswa kugadzira mafungu e ultrasound.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro yakadzidzwa kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, apo Carl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus, vachitora paruzivo rwaRené Hauy naAntoine César Becquerel, vakaisa hukama pakati pekushushikana kwemechini nekuchaja kwemagetsi. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina maturo. Yakanga isati yasvika kusvikira ruzivo rwakabatanidzwa rwepyroelectricity uye kunzwisisa kwepasi pekristal zvimiro zvakapa kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity iyo vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kufanotaura maitiro ekristal. Izvi zvakaratidzwa nemhedzisiro yemakristasi akadai se tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu.
Gabriel Lippmann, muna 1881, akaburitsa masvomhu iwo akakosha thermodynamic misimboti yekutaurirana piezoelectric athari. Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.
Kwemakumi emakore, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva kudzamara yava chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre naMarie Curie. Basa ravo rekuongorora nekutsanangura zvimiro zvekristaro zvakaratidza piezoelectricity zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Bhuku Rezvinyorwa zveCrystal Physics). Izvi zvakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvakasimba piezoelectric constants ine tensor ongororo.
Iko kushandiswa kunoshanda kwemidziyo yepiezoelectric yakatanga nekugadzirwa kwesonar munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Detector iyi yaive netransducer yakagadzirwa nemakristasi matete equartz akanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona maungira adzoka. Nekuburitsa ruzha rwepamusoro kubva kune transducer uye kuyera nguva inotora kunzwa maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vakakwanisa kuverenga nhambwe kuenda kuchinhu. Uku kushandiswa kwepiezoelectricity ye sonar kwakabudirira, uye chirongwa ichi chakagadzira kufarira kukuru kwekusimudzira mumidziyo yepiezoelectric. Kwemakumi emakore, zvinhu zvitsva zvepiezoelectric uye zvishandiso zvitsva zvezvinhu izvi zvakaongororwa uye zvakagadziridzwa. Piezoelectric zvishandiso zvakawana dzimba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kubva kuceramic phonograph cartridges iyo yakarerutsa dhizaini yevatambi uye yakachipa, yakaringana rekodhi vatambi yakachipa kuchengetedza uye nyore kuvaka, mukuvandudza kwema ultrasonic transducers ayo aibvumira kuyerwa kuri nyore kwe viscosity uye elasticity yemvura. uye zvakasimba, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvakurudza kwezvinhu. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers inotumira ultrasonic pulse muchinhu uye kuyera kuratidzwa uye discontinuities kuti uwane zvikanganiso mukati mesimbi yakakandwa nematombo zvinhu, kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, mapoka akazvimirira etsvakurudzo muUnited States, Russia, uye Japan akawana kirasi itsva yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvinonzi ferroelectrics zvairatidza piezoelectric zvinogara zvakakwirira zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura zvinhu zvakasikwa. Izvi zvakakonzera kutsvagisa kwakanyanya kugadzira barium titanate, uye gare gare kutungamirira zirconate titanate, zvinhu zvine chaiwo zvivakwa zvezvimwe zvikumbiro. Muenzaniso unokosha wekushandiswa kwepiezoelectric crystals yakagadzirwa
Woldemar Voigt
Piezoelectricity chinhu chinonzi electromechanical phenomenon umo magetsi echaji anoungana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, zvakaita sekristaro, ceramics, uye biological matter sebhonzo neDNA. Kuchaja uku kunogadzirwa mukupindura kune yakashandiswa mechanical stress. Izwi rokuti piezoelectricity rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti "piezein", rinoreva "kusvina kana kudzvanya", uye "elektron", zvinoreva "amber", tsime rekare rekuchajisa magetsi.
Iyo piezoelectric mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kubva kune mutsara electromechanical kupindirana pakati pemakanika uye magetsi ematunhu ecrystalline zvinhu zvine inversion symmetry. Mhedzisiro iyi inodzokororwa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinoratidzira piezoelectricity zvinoratidzawo reverse piezoelectric athari, uko chizvarwa chemukati chekunetsekana kwemechini kunobva pamunda wemagetsi wakaiswa. Semuyenzaniso, lead zirconate titanate makristasi anogadzira piezoelectricity inoyerwa kana chimiro chavo chakamira chakaremara kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga. Sezvineiwo, makristasi anogona kushandura static dimension kana nzvimbo yemagetsi yekunze ikashandiswa, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se inverse piezoelectric effect, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemafungu e ultrasound.
Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzechiFrench Pierre naJacques Curie vakawana piezoelectricity muna 1880. Iyo piezoelectric effect yakabva yashandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira, kusanganisira kugadzirwa uye kuonekwa kweruzha, piezoelectric inkjet kudhinda, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta ewachi, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. senge ma microbalances uye kutyaira ultrasonic nozzles ye ultrafine inotarisisa ye optical magungano. Inoumbawo hwaro hwekuongorora mamicroscopes, ayo anogona kugadzirisa mifananidzo pachiyero chemaatomu. Pamusoro pezvo, mapikicha mumagitare akawedzerwa emagetsi uye zvinokonzeresa mumadhiramu emazuva ano emagetsi anoshandisa piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectricity inowanawo mashandisirwo emazuva ese mukugadzira maspark ekubatidza gasi mukubika nekudziisa michina, mumatochi, marambi efodya, nezvimwe. Iyo pyroelectric effect, apo chinhu chinogadzira simba remagetsi mukupindura shanduko yetembiricha, yakadzidzwa naCarl Linnaeus naFranz Aepinus pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, vachitora ruzivo kubva kuna Rene Hauy naAntoine Cesar Becquerel, avo vakaisa hukama pakati pemakanika. kushushikana uye kubhadharisa magetsi. Kuedza kuratidza hukama uhwu kwakaratidza kusakwana.
Maonero ekristaro yepiezo muCurie compensator paHunterian Museum muScotland kuratidzwa kweiyo yakananga piezoelectric mhedzisiro nehama Pierre naJacques Curie. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwavo rwepyroelectricity nekunzwisisa kwezvimiro zvekristaro zvakakonzera kufanotaura kwepyroelectricity, izvo zvakavabvumira kufanotaura maitiro ekristaro avakaratidzira mumhedzisiro yemakristaro akadai setourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga yenzimbe, uye Rochelle munyu. . Sodium ne potassium tartrate tetrahydrate uye quartz zvakaratidzawo piezoelectricity, uye piezoelectric disk yakashandiswa kugadzira voltage kana yakaremara. Shanduko yechimiro iyi yakawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya mukuratidzira kweCuries, uye vakaenderera mberi nekufanotaura nezvepiezoelectric athari. Mhedzisiro yekutaurirana yakatorwa nemasvomhu kubva kune yakakosha thermodynamic nheyo naGabriel Lippmann muna 1881.
Iyo Curies yakabva yangosimbisa kuvepo kweiyo converse effect, uye ndokuenderera mberi nekuwana humbowo hwehuwandu hwekudzokororwa kwakazara kwe electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, piezoelectricity yakaramba iri murabhoritari kuda kuziva, kudzamara yazova chishandiso chakakosha mukuwanikwa kwepolonium uye radium naPierre Marie Curie, uyo akaishandisa kuongorora nekutsanangura makristasi zvimiro zvairatidza piezoelectricity. Izvi zvakazoguma nekuburitswa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Chinyorwa cheCrystal Physics), iyo yakatsanangura makirasi ekristaro echisikigo anokwanisa piezoelectricity uye akatsanangura zvine hudzamu mapiezoelectric constants achishandisa tensor analysis.
Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekushandiswa kunoshanda kwemichina yepiezoelectric, yakadai sesonar, yakagadzirwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. MuFrance, Paul Langevin nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakagadzira ultrasonic submarine detector. Iyi detector yaisanganisira transducer yakagadzirwa neatete quartz crystals yakanyatsonamirwa kumarata esimbi, uye hydrophone yekuona iyo yakadzoserwa echo mushure mekubudisa yakakwira frequency pulse kubva kune transducer. Nekuyera nguva yainotora kuti tinzwe maungira emasaisai eruzha achibhururuka kubva pachinhu, vaigona kuverenga daro rechinhu chacho. Vakashandisa piezoelectricity kuita kuti sonar iyi ibudirire, uye chirongwa chakagadzira kusimudzira kwakanyanya uye kufarira.
Hukama hwakakosha
- Piezoelectric Actuators: Piezoelectric actuators zvigadziriso zvinoshandura simba remagetsi kuita mechaniki kufamba. Iwo anowanzo shandiswa mumarobhoti, zvigadziriso zvekurapa, uye zvimwe zvikumbiro panodiwa kudzora mafambiro chaiko.
- Piezoelectric Sensors: Piezoelectric sensors inoshandiswa kuyera ma paramita emuviri akadai sekumanikidza, kukurumidza, uye vibration. Ivo vanowanzo shandiswa mumaindasitiri uye zvekurapa zvikumbiro, pamwe nemagetsi evatengi.
- Piezoelectricity in Nature: Piezoelectricity chiitiko chinongoitika mune zvimwe zvinhu, uye chinowanikwa mune zvakawanda zvipenyu. Inoshandiswa nezvimwe zvipenyu kuona zvakatipoteredza uye kutaurirana nezvimwe zvipenyu.
mhedziso
Piezoelectricity chiitiko chinoshamisa chakashandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, kubva ku sonar kusvika kugiramufomu cartridges. Yakadzidzwa kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1800, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Iyi blog post yakaongorora nhoroondo uye mashandisirwo epiezoelectricity, uye yakaratidza kukosha kwechiitiko ichi mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Kune avo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezve piezoelectricity, iyi positi inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga.
Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weNeaera uye mushambadzi wemukati, baba, uye ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva ine gitare pamoyo pechido changu, uye pamwe nechikwata changu, ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama zvinyorwa zveblog kubva 2020. kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nekurekodha nemagitare.
