Maikorofoni, colloquially mic kana mike (), is acoustic-to-electric transducer kana sensor inoshandura ruzha mumhepo kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi. Maikorofoni anoshandiswa mukushandisa kwakawanda senge nhare, zviyamuro zvekunzwa, masisitimu ekero dzeveruzhinji kuhoro dzemakonzati nezviitiko zveveruzhinji, kugadzira mifananidzo inofamba, mhenyu uye kurekodhwa odhiyo engineering, maviri-nzira maredhiyo, megaphone, redhiyo neterevhizheni kutepfenyura, uye mumakomputa kutsikisa izwi, kuzivikanwa kwekutaura, VoIP, uye kune zvisiri-acoustic zvinangwa senge ultrasonic cheki kana kugogodza masensa. Mazhinji maikorofoni nhasi anoshandisa electromagnetic induction (dynamic maikorofoni), capacitance shanduko (condenser maikorofoni) kana piezoelectricity (piezoelectric maikorofoni) kugadzira chiratidzo chemagetsi kubva mukusiyana kwemhepo. Maikorofoni kazhinji inoda kubatanidzwa kune preamplifier chiratidzo chisati chakwidziridzwa neaudio simba amplifier kana kurekodha.
Mamwe emhando dzakajairika emakrofoni anosanganisira dynamic, condenser, uye ribhoni maikorofoni.
- Dynamic maikorofoni anowanzo kuve akaomarara uye anogona kubata yakakwira mwero wekudzvinyirirwa kweruzha, zvichiita kuti ive yakanakira kuita zvepamoyo.
- Condenser maikorofoni inonyanya kunzwa uye inotora yakafara frequency renji pane ine simba maikorofoni, ichiita kuti ive yakanakira kurekodha maapplication.
- Ribhoni maikorofoni anowanzo shandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekurekodha masitudiyo nekuda kwekutsetseka kwavo, kwechisikigo ruzha.
Mics inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: ane simba uye condenser. Dynamic mics inoshandisa membrane yakatetepa iyo inodedera kana masaisai ekurira achirova, nepo condenser mics inoshandisa diaphragm iyo inoshandura masaisai enzwi kuita simba remagetsi.
Dynamic mics yakanakira kurira sengoma uye gitare amps, nepo condenser mics iri nani pakurekodha mazwi uye acoustic zviridzwa. Munyaya ino, ini ndichatsanangura kusiyana kwemhando idzi uye kuti dzinoshanda sei. Saka, ngatinyure mukati!
Kusvika pakuziva Mic Yako: Chii Chinoita Kuti Iite?
Maikorofoni itransducer mudziyo unoshandura masaisai enzwi kuita simba remagetsi. Inoshandisa diaphragm, inova membrane yakatetepa inodedera kana yasangana nemhepo. Kudengenyeka uku kunotanga nzira yekushandura, kushandura iyo acoustic simba kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi.
Kune marudzi matatu ekutanga emakrofoni: ane simba, condenser, uye ribhoni. Mhando yega yega ine nzira yakasiyana yekutora ruzha, asi ese ane chimiro chakafanana:
- Diaphragm: Iyi ndiyo membrane yakatetepa inodedera kana masaisai eruzha akairova. Inowanzo kumiswa netambo kana kubatwa panzvimbo ne capsule.
- Coil: Iyi iwaya yakamonerwa nepakati. Kana diaphragm ichizunguzika, inofambisa coil, iyo inoburitsa chiratidzo chemagetsi.
- Magnet: Iyi imagnetic field yakakomberedza coil. Kana coil ichifamba, inoburitsa voltage inotumirwa kune inobuda.
Iwo Akasiyana Marudzi eMakrofoni uye Mashandiro Aanoita
Kune akati wandei marudzi emakrofoni, imwe neimwe iine yayo yakasarudzika maitiro uye mashandisiro. Heano mamwe emhando dzakajairika:
- Dynamic Maikorofoni: Aya ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa maikorofoni uye anowanzo shandiswa pachikuva. Vanoshanda nekushandisa coil nemagineti kugadzira chiratidzo chemagetsi. Ivo vakanaka pakusimudza ruzha uye kuderedza ruzha rwekumashure.
- Condenser Maikorofoni: Aya anowanzo shandiswa mustudio nekuti ane hunyanzvi kupfuura maikorofoni ane simba. Vanoshanda nekushandisa capacitor kushandura acoustic energy kuita simba remagetsi. Iwo akanakira kutora nuances yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi uye inzwi.
- Ribhoni Maikorofoni: Aya akafanana nemakrofoni ane simba asi shandisa ribhoni yakatetepa pane coil. Iwo anowanzo kunzi "mazambiringa" maikorofoni nekuti aiwanzo shandiswa mumazuva ekutanga ekurekodha. Ivo vakanaka pakubata kudziya uye zvakadzama zveacoustic zviridzwa.
- Piezoelectric Maikorofoni: Aya anoshandisa kristaro kushandura acoustic simba kuita simba remagetsi. Inowanzoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo maikorofoni inoda kuva duku uye isingasviki.
- USB Maikorofoni: Aya ndiwo madhijitari anotendera iwe kuti ubaire maikorofoni mukombuta yako. Ivo vanowanzo shandiswa podcasting uye kurekodha kumba.
Basa rePreamp
Hazvina mhosva kuti imhando ipi yemakrofoni yaunoshandisa, iwe unozoda preamp yekusimudzira chiratidzo isati yaenda kumusanganisi kana interface. Iyo preamp inotora yakaderera voltage siginecha kubva kumakrofoni uye inoisimudzira kusvika kumutsara nhanho, inova chiyero chinoshandiswa mukusanganisa uye kurekodha.
Kuderedza Background Ruzha
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru ekushandisa maikorofoni kudzikisa ruzha rwekumashure. Heano mamwe matipi ekuwana yakanyanya kunaka ruzha:
- Shandisa maikorofoni inonanga: Izvi zvichabatsira kutora ruzha rwaunoda uye kuderedza ruzha rwausingadi.
- Wana maikorofoni padhuze nekwaunobva sezvinobvira: Izvi zvichabatsira kudzikisira huwandu hweruzha rwe ambient runotorwa.
- Shandisa pop sefa: Izvi zvichabatsira kudzikisira ruzha rwemaputi (popping ruzha) paunenge uchirekodha mazwi.
- Shandisa gedhi reruzha: Izvi zvichabatsira kubvisa chero ruzha rwekumashure rwunotorwa kana muimbi asiri kuimba.
Kudzokorora Inzwi Rekutanga
Pakurekodha, chinangwa ndechekudzokorora ruzha rwekutanga zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinoda maikorofoni yakanaka, preamp yakanaka, uye mamonitor akanaka. Musanganiswa kana interface yakakoshawo nekuti inoshandura iyo analog siginecha kuita chiratidzo chedhijitari chinogona kushandiswa muDAW (digital audio workstation).
Mhando dzeMikorofoni: Gwaro Rizere
Dynamic maikorofoni ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mhando yemakrofoni mumitambo inorarama uye yekurekodha masitudiyo. Ivo vanoshandisa dhizaini yakakosha inoshandisa simbi coil uye magineti kushandura ruzha kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi. Iwo akakodzera kune akasiyana siyana emhando uye akanakira kurekodha manzwi ane ruzha senge ngoma uye gitare amps. Mimwe mienzaniso yema mics ane simba anosanganisira iyo Shure SM57 uye SM58. Ndidzo zvakare mhando yakachipa yema mic inowanikwa uye yakasimba zvakanyanya, ichiita kuti ive yakakwana pakuita zvepamoyo.
Maikorofoni Ekudzivirira
Condenser maikorofoni yakanyanya kutetepa uye inoda kubatwa nekungwarira, asi inopa yakanakisa ruzha rwemhando uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhunyanzvi hwekurekodha masitudiyo. Ivo vanoshandisa yakasarudzika nzira yekushandura ruzha kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi vachishandisa diaphragm yakatetepa uye magetsi emagetsi anonzi phantom simba. Iwo akakwana pakurekodha manzwi echisikigo senge mazwi uye acoustic zviridzwa. Mimwe mienzaniso ye condenser mics inosanganisira iyo AKG C414 uye Neumann U87.
Dzimwe Maikorofoni Mhando
Kune zvakare mamwe marudzi emakrofoni asinganyanyi kushandiswa asi achine mabasa awo akasiyana uye magadzirirwo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
- USB Maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni akagadzirwa kuti abatanidzwe zvakananga pakombuta uye akanakira podcasting uye kutaura.
- Shotgun Maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni akagadzirwa kuti atore ruzha kubva kune yakananga nzira uye anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira mafirimu.
- Boundary Maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni anoiswa pamusoro uye anoshandisa pamusoro kugadzira ruzha rwakasiyana.
- Instrument Maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni akagadzirwa kuti abatanidzwe kune zviridzwa zvakaita semagitare uye zvigubhu kuti zvinyatso tora ruzha rwazvo.
Kusarudza Mic yakarurama: Gwaro rezvaunoda zvekuteerera
Paunenge uchitsvaga iyo maikorofoni yakakwana, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvaunenge uchiishandisa. Uchange uchirekodha zviridzwa kana mazwi? Iwe uchave uchiishandisa mu studio kana pachikuva? Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengeta mupfungwa:
- Dynamic mics yakanakira kuita zvepamoyo uye kurekodha zviridzwa zvine ruzha senge madhiramu nemagitare emagetsi.
- Condenser mics inonyanya kunzwisiswa uye yakanakira kurekodha mazwi uye acoustic zviridzwa mu studio yekumisikidza.
- Ribhoni maikorofoni anozivikanwa neruzha rwawo rwechisikigo uye anowanzo shandiswa kutora kudziya kwezviridzwa zvakaita sendarira nemhepo.
Nzwisisa Mhando Dzakasiyana dzeMakrofoni
Kune akawanda marudzi emakrofoni pamusika, imwe neimwe iine yayo yakasarudzika maficha uye mashandisiro. Heano marudzi anonyanya kuzivikanwa:
- Dynamic maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni anogara kwenguva refu uye anogona kubata yakakwirira kurira kwemazinga. Anowanzo shandiswa kuita zvepamoyo uye kurekodha zviridzwa zvine ruzha.
- Condenser maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni anonyanya kunzwa uye anogadzira ruzha rwemhando yepamusoro. Iwo anowanzo shandiswa mu studio marongero ekurekodha mazwi uye acoustic zviridzwa.
- Ribhoni maikorofoni: Aya maikorofoni anozivikanwa neruzha rwawo rwechisikigo uye anowanzo shandiswa kutora kudziya kwezviridzwa zvakaita sendarira nemhepo.
Edzai Multiple Models
Pakusarudza maikorofoni, zvakakosha kuti uedze mamodheru akawanda kuti uwane iyo inonyatsoenderana nezvido zvako. Heano mamwe mazano ekuedza:
- Huya negiya rako wega: Ita shuwa kuunza chako chiridzwa kana zvekuteerera kuti uedze maikorofoni nazvo.
- Teerera kunaka: Teerera kunaka kweruzha rwunobudiswa nemakrofoni. Zvinonzwika sechisikigo here? Pane ruzha rusingadiwi here?
- Funga nezvemhando yacho: Mamwe maikorofoni angave akanyatsokodzera mamwe marudzi emimhanzi. Semuyenzaniso, mic dynamic inogona kunge yakanakira mumhanzi werock, ukuwo condenser mic ingava nani yejazz kana classical music.
Kubatana uye Zvimwe Zvimiro
Paunenge uchisarudza maikorofoni, zvakakosha kuti utarise kuti ichabatana sei nemidziyo yako yekuteerera. Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengeta mupfungwa:
- XLR plug: Mazhinji maikorofoni ehunyanzvi anoshandisa XLR plug kubatanidza kune odhiyo michina.
- Zvimwe zvekuwedzera: Mamwe maikorofoni anouya nemamwe maficha seakavakirwa-mukati mafirita kana ma switch ekugadzirisa ruzha.
Chenjerera Kuvaka Hunhu
Iyo yekuvaka mhando yemakrofoni yakakosha pakuita kwayo uye hupenyu hurefu. Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengeta mupfungwa:
- Tsvaga chivakwa chakasimba: Maikorofoni yakanyatsovakwa inogara kwenguva yakareba uye ichiita zvirinani.
- Funga nezvezvikamu zvacho: Zvikamu zviri mukati memaikorofoni zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwayo nekusimba kwayo.
- Vintage vs. new: Vintage maikorofoni anowanzo kubatanidzwa neakakurumbira marekodhi, asi mhando nyowani dzinogona kungonaka kana kutonyanya nani.
Ita shuwa kuti Yakakodzera Fit
Kusarudza maikorofoni chaiyo kwakakosha mukugadzira redhiyo yemhando yepamusoro. Heano mamwe matipi ekupedzisira ekuchengeta mupfungwa:
- Nzwisisa zvaunoda: Ita shuwa kuti unonzwisisa zvaunoda maikorofoni usati watenga.
- Kumbira rubatsiro: Kana usina chokwadi chekuti ndeipi maikorofoni yekusarudza, kumbira rubatsiro kubva kune nyanzvi.
- Usatya kuyedza marudzi akasiyana: Zvinogona kutora akati wandei kuyedza kutsvaga maikorofoni yakakwana kune zvaunoda.
- Mutengo hausi zvese: Mutengo wepamusoro haureve kuti zvirinani. Ita shuwa yekuyedza akawanda modhi uye uwane iyo inonzwika zvakanyanya kwauri.
Ko Marudzi Akasiyana Emakrofoni Anorekodha Ruzha Zvakasiyana?
Kana zvasvika kumakrofoni, mhando yaunosarudza inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya ruzha rwaunotora. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekufunga nezve maikorofoni pikicha, iyo inoreva kune kwainoenda (ma) iyo mic inogona kutora ruzha. Mamwe maitiro akajairika ekutora anosanganisira:
- Cardioid: Iyi mhando ye mic inotora ruzha kubva kumberi nemativi uku ichiramba ruzha kubva kumashure. Isarudzo yakakurumbira yekurekodha mazwi uye zviridzwa mu studio yekumisikidza.
- Supercardioid/Hypercardioid: Aya ma mics ane akanyanya kutarisisa pikicha kupfuura ma cardioid mics, zvichiita kuti abatsire kuparadzanisa chimwe chiridzwa kana kurira kunonzwika munzvimbo ine ruzha.
- Omnidirectional: Sezvinoratidzwa nezita, aya maikorofoni anotora ruzha zvakaenzana kubva kumativi ese. Iwo akanakira kutora ambient ruzha kana ensemble yese.
- Shotgun: Aya mics ane yakanyatso kutungamira pikicha pateni, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kumiking chimwe chiridzwa kana munhu anobvunzurudzwa mune ruzha kana pakazara vanhu.
Mhedzisiro yeMikorofoni Type paRuzha Runako
Pamusoro pemapikicha, marudzi akasiyana emakrofoni anogona zvakare kukanganisa ruzha rwemhando yaunotora. Zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengeta mupfungwa zvinosanganisira:
- Single vs. Multiple Capsules: Mamwe maikorofoni ane capsule imwe chete inotora inzwi kubva kumativi ose, asi mamwe ane macapsules akawanda anogona kugadziriswa kuti atore inzwi kubva kumakona chaiwo. Multiple capsule mics inogona kupa humwe hutongi pamusoro pekurira kwaunotora, asi inogona zvakare kudhura.
- Acoustic Dhizaini: Magadzirirwo akaitwa maikorofoni anogona kukanganisa ruzha rwainobata. Semuyenzaniso, diki diaphragm condenser mic inowanzo shandiswa kutora ruzha rwegitare nekuti inogona kusimudza ruzha rwechiridzwa chepamusoro-soro. Kune rimwe divi, diaphragm condenser mic hombe inowanzoshandiswa kurekodha mazwi nekuti inogona kutora huwandu hwakakura hwema frequency.
- Polar Patani: Sezvambotaurwa, akasiyana mapatani epikicha anogona kukanganisa ruzha rwaunotora. Semuenzaniso, cardioid mic inotora ruzha rushoma pane iyo omnidirectional mic, inogona kubatsira munzvimbo ine ruzha.
- Kubuda ropa: Kana uchirekodha zviridzwa zvakawanda kana mazwi kamwechete, kubuda ropa kunogona kuve nyaya. Kubuda ropa (Bleed) zvinoreva kurira kwechimwe chiridzwa kana kubuda kubuda ropa mumaikorofoni kunoitirwa chimwe chiridzwa kana inzwi. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemakrofoni dzinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kana kuderedza kubuda kweropa.
Kusarudza Maikorofoni Yakarurama kune Zvaunoda
Pakusarudza maikorofoni, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvaunoda chaizvo uye mamiriro. Zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengeta mupfungwa zvinosanganisira:
- Mhando yeruzha rwaunoda kutora: Iwe unoda kutora chiridzwa chimwe chete kana ensemble yese? Uri kurekodha vocals kana kubvunzurudza?
- Iyo acoustics yenzvimbo yako yekurekodha: Imba yauri kurekodha mune acoustic yakabatwa here? Pane ruzha rwekumashure rwekukwikwidzana narwo here?
- Iwo mafungidziro emaikorofoni: Ndeipi maikorofoni frequency yekupindura, senitivity, uye SPL kubata masimba?
- Mhando yekurekodha yauri kuita: Uri kurekodha vhidhiyo yevatengi kana musanganiswa wehunyanzvi? Unoda madzinde ekuzosanganisa gare gare?
Nzira Inonzwisisika yeKusarudza Maikorofoni
Pakupedzisira, kusarudza maikorofoni chaiyo kunouya kune inonzwisisika nzira. Funga zvaunoda, mamiriro, uye maikorofoni zvinotsanangurwa uye maitiro. Dzimwe sarudzo huru dzekufunga dzinosanganisira iyo Sennheiser MKE 600 pfuti mic, iyo yakagadziridzwa lobar capsule mic, uye iyo omnidirectional mic yakaiswa pane vhidhiyo kamera. Nekutarisira kudiki uye kutarisisa, unogona kuwana iyo maikorofoni yakakodzera yezvaunoda kurekodha uye kutora ruzha rukuru nguva dzese.
Chii chiri Mukati meMic uye Nei Zvichikosha
Izvo zvikamu zviri mukati memaikorofoni zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kwekurira. Heano dzimwe nzira idzo zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogona kukanganisa ruzha:
- Capsule type: Dynamic mics inowanzova nani kubata yakakwirira ruzha mazinga, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanaka yekurekodha zviridzwa zvine ruzha sezvigubhu kana magitare emagetsi. Condenser mics, kune rumwe rutivi, inopa yakadzama uye yakapfava ruzha, ichivaita sarudzo yakanaka yeacoustic zviridzwa kana mazwi. Ribhoni mics inopa inodziya, yakasikwa ruzha iyo inogona kutariswa zvakanyanya pane chaiyo chiridzwa kana ruzha.
- Pickup pateni: Yakasiyana mapikicha mapatani anogona kupa akasiyana mazinga ekutonga pamusoro pekurira kuri kurekodhwa. Semuyenzaniso, cardioid pateni yakanyatsonangana neruzha sosi pamberi pemaikorofoni, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanaka yekurekodha chiridzwa chimwe kana izwi. An omnidirectional pattern, kune rumwe rutivi, inotora inzwi zvakaenzana kubva kumativi ose, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanaka yekurekodha zviridzwa zvakawanda kana boka revanhu.
- Magetsi redunhu: Dunhu mukati memaikorofoni rinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro inonzwika mhando munzira dzakati wandei. Semuyenzaniso, yechinyakare transformer-based circuit inogona kupa inodziya, yakasikwa ruzha ine yakawedzera yakaderera-magumo mhinduro. Iyo nyowani, isina transformer yedunhu inogona kupa yakawedzera kudzika ruzha ine ruzha rushoma. Mamwe maikorofoni anotosanganisira switch yekuchinja dunhu, ichikupa iwe kutonga kwakawanda pamusoro peinobuda ruzha.
Nei Kusarudza Yakakodzera Mic Zvikamu Kwakakosha
Kusarudza zvinhu zvakafanira maikorofoni yako kwakakosha kana iwe uchida kuwana yakanyanya kunaka mhando yekurira. Hezvino zvimwe zvikonzero nei:
- Ruzha rwemhando: Izvo zvikamu zvakakodzera zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro mhando yekurira, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusarudza izvo zvakafanira kune zvaunoda chaizvo.
- Instrument positioning: Zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogona kubata akasiyana chiridzwa zvinzvimbo, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusarudza iwo akakodzera kune ako chaiwo ekurekodha zvaunoda.
- Kuderedza ruzha: Zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kupa zvirinani kuderedza ruzha pane zvimwe, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusarudza izvo zvakanaka kana uchirekodha munzvimbo ine ruzha.
- Kuchengetedza zviridzwa zvakapfava: Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kubata zviridzwa zvakapfava kupfuura zvimwe, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusarudza izvo zvakanaka kana uri kurekodha chimwe chinhu chinoda kubata kwakapfava.
- Simba rinodiwa: Zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogona kuda mazinga akasiyana esimba, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kusarudza iwo akakodzera kana uchirekodha mu studio kana pachikuva.
Yedu Kurudziro yeKusarudza Iyo Yakakodzera Mic Zvikamu
Kana usiri chokwadi pekutangira kana zvasvika pakusarudza iwo chaiwo mic zvikamu, heano mamwe kurudziro:
- Kurekodha magitare emagetsi kana bass, tinokurudzira mic ine cardioid pickup pattern.
- Kurekodha zviridzwa kana mazwi, tinokurudzira condenser mic ine cardioid kana omnidirectional pickup pattern.
- Kana uri kurekodha munzvimbo ine ruzha, tinokurudzira maikorofoni ine yakanaka yekudzikisa ruzha.
- Kana uri kurekodha zviridzwa zvakapfava, tinokurudzira maikorofoni ine ribhoni capsule.
- Kana uri kurekodha mustudio kana pachikuva, tinokurudzira maikorofoni inokwanisa kubata zvinodikanwa zvesimba reseti yako.
Rangarira, kusarudza zvinhu zvakafanira maikorofoni yako kwakakosha kana iwe uchida kuwana yakanyanya kunaka mhando yeruzha. Tora nguva yekutsvaga zvaungasarudza uye uite sarudzo ine ruzivo zvichienderana nezvaunoda chaizvo.
mhedziso
Saka ipapo iwe unayo- gwara kune akasiyana marudzi emakrofoni uye mashandiro aanoita. Dynamic maikorofoni akanakira kuita zvepamoyo, condenser maikorofoni yekurekodha studio, uye ribhoni maikorofoni kune inodziya, ine ruzivo rwakadzama.
Unogona kushandisa ruzivo urwu kutsvaga maikorofoni yakakodzera pane zvaunoda. Saka usatya kuyedza uye kuwana iyo yakakunakira iwe!
Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weNeaera uye mushambadzi wemukati, baba, uye ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva ine gitare pamoyo pechido changu, uye pamwe nechikwata changu, ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama zvinyorwa zveblog kubva 2020. kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nekurekodha nemagitare.
