Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji da akasin haka. Kalmar ta fito daga Girkanci piezo ma'ana matsa lamba, da wutar lantarki. An fara gano shi a cikin 1880, amma an san manufar tun da daɗewa.
Mafi sanannun misalin piezoelectricity shine ma'adini, amma sauran kayan da yawa kuma suna nuna wannan sabon abu. Mafi yawan amfani da piezoelectricity shine samar da duban dan tayi.
A cikin wannan labarin, zan tattauna abin da piezoelectricity yake, yadda yake aiki, da kuma wasu aikace-aikace masu yawa na wannan al'amari mai ban mamaki.
Menene piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don samar da cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Mu'amala ce ta linzamin lantarki tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i. Za a iya amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, masu samar da agogo, na'urorin lantarki, microbalances, tuki ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali kan taron gani na gani.
Kayan aikin Piezoelectric sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u, wasu yumbu, al'amuran halitta kamar kashi da DNA, da sunadaran. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da karfi a kan kayan aikin piezoelectric, yana haifar da cajin lantarki. Ana iya amfani da wannan cajin don kunna na'urori ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki.
Ana amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric a aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da:
• Ƙirƙiri da gano sauti
• Buga tawada ta Piezoelectric
• Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
• Masu samar da agogo
• Na'urorin lantarki
• Micro balances
• Fitar da nozzles ultrasonic
• Ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro
• Abubuwan karba ga gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki
• Abubuwan da ke haifar da ganguna na zamani na lantarki
• Samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas
• Na'urorin dafa abinci da dumama
• Tocila da fitilun sigari.
Menene tarihin piezoelectricity?
An gano Piezoelectricity a cikin 1880 ta masanan Faransanci Jacques da Pierre Curie. Cajin lantarki ne ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu da al'amuran halitta, don amsa damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa', da 'elektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi.
Haɗin ilimin Curies na pyroelectricity da fahimtar tsarin kristal da ke ƙasa ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon hasashen halayen crystal. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane da Rochelle gishiri.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. A cikin shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta hanyar Pierre da Marie Curie.
An yi amfani da Piezoelectricity don aikace-aikace masu amfani da yawa, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo da na'urorin lantarki, microbalances, tuki ultrasonic nozzles, ultrafine mayar da hankali na taro na gani, da kuma siffofin tushen duban microscopes bincike don warware hotuna a sikelin atom.
Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da tasirin pyroelectric, inda wani abu ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi.
Ci gaban sonar a lokacin yakin duniya na farko ya ga amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric da Bell Telephone Laboratories suka haɓaka. Wannan ya ba da damar sojojin sama na kawancen shiga cikin hadakar hare-hare ta hanyar amfani da rediyon jirgin sama. Haɓaka na'urorin piezoelectric da kayan a cikin Amurka sun sa kamfanoni su ci gaba da haɓaka farkon lokacin yaƙi a fagen buƙatu, samun fa'ida ta fa'ida don sabbin kayan.
Japan ta ga sabbin aikace-aikace da haɓakar masana'antar piezoelectric ta Amurka kuma cikin sauri ta haɓaka nasu. Sun raba bayanai da sauri kuma sun haɓaka barium titanate kuma daga baya sun jagoranci kayan titanate zirconate tare da takamaiman kaddarorin don takamaiman aikace-aikace.
Piezoelectricity ya yi nisa tun lokacin da aka gano shi a cikin 1880, kuma yanzu ana amfani dashi a aikace-aikacen yau da kullun iri-iri. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da shi don samun ci gaba a cikin bincike na kayan aiki, kamar ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers, wanda aika wani ultrasonic bugun jini ta hanyar wani abu don auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo flaws ciki jefa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
Yadda Piezoelectricity ke Aiki
A cikin wannan sashe, zan bincika yadda piezoelectricity ke aiki. Zan duba tarin cajin wutar lantarki a cikin daskararru, hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta, da tsarin jujjuyawar da ke tattare da wannan lamari. Zan kuma tattauna tarihin piezoelectricity da aikace-aikacen sa.
Taruwar Cajin Lantarki a cikin Daskararru
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsa ce ga damuwa na inji, kuma sunanta ya fito daga kalmomin Helenanci "piezein" (matsi ko latsa) da "ēlektron" (amber).
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da alamar juzu'i. Wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, inda ƙirar ciki na nau'in injina ke haifarwa daga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate gubar.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar microbalances. da kuma fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic don mayar da hankali ga ultrafine na majalisai masu gani. Hakanan yana samar da ginshiƙan binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna a sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, da kuma jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfani da yau da kullun don samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas, a cikin kayan dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da tasirin pyroelectric, inda wani abu ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayin zafi. Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus ne suka yi nazarin wannan a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Duban crystal piezo a cikin Curie compensator a cikin Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. 'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun haɗu da ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar tsarin gine-ginen crystal, wanda ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity. Sun sami damar yin hasashen halayen kristal kuma sun nuna tasirin a cikin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da gishirin Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity. faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da wutan lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, kuma canjin siffar yana da ƙari sosai a cikin nunin Curies.
Sun sami damar yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse, kuma ta hanyar lissafi Gabriel Lippmann ne ya fitar da tasirin converse a cikin 1881. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdiga na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar electro-elasto- nakasar injiniya a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukan su don ganowa da ayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da tsauri ya bayyana ma'aunin piezoelectric ta hanyar bincike na tensor. Wannan shi ne aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric mai amfani, kuma an ɓullo da sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic.
Mai ganowa ya ƙunshi a transducer An yi shi da lu'ulu'u na siraran ma'adini a hankali manne a faranti na karfe, da kuma wayar ruwa don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitarwa mai tsayi mita bugun jini daga na'ura mai canzawa da kuma auna lokacin da ake dauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisa da abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don yin sonar nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an bincika da haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikacen kayan, kuma na'urorin piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fannoni daban-daban. Cartridges na phonograph na yumbu sun sauƙaƙe ƙirar ɗan wasa kuma an yi su don arha kuma ingantattun ƴan wasan rikodin waɗanda ke da arha don kulawa da sauƙin ginawa.
Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙi auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, sakamakon babbar ci gaba a cikin kayan bincike.
Ma'amalar Electromechanical Linear
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don samar da cajin lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji. An samo kalmar daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana "don matsi ko danna" da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana "amber", wanda shine tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
An gano Piezoelectricity a cikin 1880 ta masanan Faransanci Jacques da Pierre Curie. Ya dogara ne akan hulɗar electromechanical na linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da jujjuyawar alama. Wannan tasirin yana iya jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric mai juyawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙirƙira na ciki na nau'in injin daga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da suka lalace daga tsayayyen tsarinsu sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi kuma ana amfani dashi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
An yi amfani da Piezoelectricity don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, kamar:
• Ƙirƙiri da gano sauti
• Buga tawada ta Piezoelectric
• Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
• janareta na agogo
• Na'urorin lantarki
• Micro balances
• Fitar da nozzles ultrasonic
• Ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro
• Yana samar da tushen binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don warware hotuna a sikelin atom
• Pickups a cikin maɗaukakin gita na lantarki
• Masu tayar da hankali a cikin ganguna na zamani na lantarki
• Samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas a cikin kayan dafa abinci da dumama
• Tocila da fitilun sigari
Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani da yau da kullun a cikin tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine kayan da ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi. Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus ne suka yi nazarin wannan a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Duban lu'ulu'u na piezo a cikin ma'ajin Curie a gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. Aikin 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie ne suka bincika kuma suka bayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity, wanda ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'aunin piezoelectric ta hanyar bincike na tensor, wanda ke haifar da aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric.
An ƙirƙira Sonar ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, lokacin da Paul Langevin na Faransa da abokan aikinsa suka ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraɗi na quartz a hankali manne da faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da mitar bugun jini daga transducer. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don jin kurar sautin raƙuman ruwa na bubbuga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisan abin, ta yin amfani da piezoelectricity. Nasarar wannan aikin ya haifar da ci gaba mai girma da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tare da sababbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sababbin aikace-aikace na waɗannan kayan da aka bincika da haɓaka. Na'urorin Piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage da yawa, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, waɗanda suka sauƙaƙa ƙirar ɗan wasa kuma an yi su don masu rikodin rikodi mai rahusa kuma mafi inganci, kuma mai rahusa da sauƙin gini da kulawa.
Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙi auna na danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, sakamakon babban ci gaba a cikin kayan bincike. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Rasha, da Japan sun gano wani sabon nau'in kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake kira ferroelectrics, wanda ya nuna kullun piezoelectric sau da yawa fiye da kayan halitta. Wannan ya haifar da bincike mai zurfi don haɓaka barium titanate, kuma daga baya ya jagoranci zirconate titanate, kayan da ke da takamaiman kaddarorin don aikace-aikace na musamman.
Wani muhimmin misali na amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric an haɓaka ta dakunan gwaje-gwaje na wayar Bell bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Frederick R. Lack, yana aiki a sashen injiniyan wayar tarho na rediyo,
Tsarin Juyawa
Piezoelectricity cajin lantarki ne wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsar waɗannan kayan ne ga damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta fito ne daga kalmomin Helenanci 'piezein' ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa' da 'ēlektron' ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate gubar. Lokacin da tsayayyen tsari na waɗannan lu'ulu'u ya lalace, sai su koma ga girmansu na asali, kuma akasin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, suna canza tsayin daka, suna samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, na'urorin lantarki, microbalances, fitar da ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro. Hakanan yana samar da tushe don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna a sikelin atom. Ana kuma amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki da abubuwan jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, inda wani abu ke haifar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayin zafi, Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, da René Haüy sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin amber. Antoine César Becquerel ya ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na injina da cajin lantarki, amma gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Masu ziyara zuwa Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Glasgow na iya duba Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, nunin tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye ta 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗa ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙira ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan tare da tasirin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. Curies sun yi karin gishiri game da wannan canjin siffar don yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse. Jibrilu Lippmann ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin thermodynamic ta hanyar ilimin lissafi a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piezoelectric ta amfani da ƙididdigar tensor.
An ɓullo da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric, irin su sonar, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun haɓaka na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u na siraran ma'adini a manne a hankali zuwa faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitar da mitar bugun jini mai yawa daga na'ura mai canzawa da kuma auna lokacin da ake dauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisan abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don yin nasarar wannan sonar. Wannan aikin ya haifar da haɓaka mai zurfi da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an bincika da haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikacen waɗannan kayan. Piezoelectric na'urorin
Me ke Kawo Wutar Lantarki?
A cikin wannan sashe, zan bincika tushen piezoelectricity da kayan daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna wannan lamari. Zan duba kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki, da tasirin wutar lantarki. Zan kuma yi magana game da binciken Pierre da Jacques Curie da haɓaka na'urorin lantarki a cikin ƙarni na 20.
Kalmar Helenanci Piezein
Piezoelectricity ita ce tarin cajin lantarki a cikin wasu kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ana haifar da shi ta hanyar amsawar waɗannan kayan zuwa damuwa na inji. Kalmar piezoelectricity ta fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci "piezein", ma'ana "don matsi ko danna", da "ēlektron", ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi kuma shine samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. An yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikacen da yawa masu amfani, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar microbalances. , tuƙi ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro. Hakanan yana samar da ginshiƙan binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna a sikelin atom. Ana kuma amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki da abubuwan jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine samar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, wanda ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
A gidan kayan gargajiya a Scotland, baƙi za su iya duba piezo crystal Curie compensator, nunin tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye ta 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗa ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙira ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan ta tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da ma'adini daga Rochelle gishiri sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da ya lalace. Wannan canjin siffar yana da ƙari sosai a cikin zanga-zangar Curies.
Curies ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'aunin piezoelectric ta hanyar bincike na tensor.
Wannan aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da shi na piezoelectricity ya haifar da haɓakar sonar a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraren quartz a hankali manne da farantin karfe, wanda ake kira hydrophone, don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da bugun bugun jini mai yawa. Mai fassara ya auna lokacin da aka ɗauka don jin kurar sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu don ƙididdige nisan abin. Yin amfani da piezoelectricity a cikin sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da ci gaba mai girma da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric shekaru da yawa.
Sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikace na waɗannan kayan an bincika kuma an haɓaka su, kuma na'urorin piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage da yawa, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai kunnawa kuma an sanya shi don rahusa, mafi daidaitattun 'yan wasan rikodin rikodin waɗanda ke da rahusa don kulawa da sauƙi. don ginawa. Ci gaban
Tsohon Tushen Cajin Lantarki
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ana haifar da shi ta hanyar mayar da martani na kayan don amfani da damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', wacce ke nufin 'matsi ko danna', da kalmar 'elektron' wacce ke nufin 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Wani tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su a cikin tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi, suna haifar da raƙuman ruwa.
An gano tasirin piezoelectric a cikin 1880 ta masanan Faransanci Jacques da Pierre Curie. Ana amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen da yawa masu amfani, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar microbalances da kuma fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic don ultrafine mayar da hankali na taro na gani. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙi don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Ana kuma amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki da abubuwan jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfanin yau da kullun wajen samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine samar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel wanda ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin injiniyoyi. damuwa da cajin lantarki. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen da suka yi sun kasance ba su cika ba.
Ganin kristal piezo da ma'ajin Curie a gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. Aikin 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie ne suka bincika kuma suka bayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity, wanda ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piezoelectric ta hanyar bincike na tensor, yana ba da damar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric.
An kirkiro Sonar a lokacin yakin duniya na daya ta hannun Paul Langevin na Faransa da abokan aikinsa, wadanda suka ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Mai ganowa ya ƙunshi na'ura mai canzawa da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraren ma'adini a hankali manne a faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitar da babban mitar bugun jini daga na'urar watsawa da kuma auna lokacin da ake ɗaukan jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisa da abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don yin nasarar wannan sonar. Aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric shekaru da yawa.
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Mu'amala ce ta linzamin lantarki tsakanin injina da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i. Kalmar "piezoelectricity" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci "piezein", wanda ke nufin "matsi ko danna", da kalmar Helenanci "ēlektron", wanda ke nufin "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie ne suka gano tasirin piezoelectric a cikin 1880. Yana da wani tsari mai canzawa, ma'ana cewa kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na injin injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate gubar. Lokacin da tsayayyen tsari ya lalace, yana komawa zuwa girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, ana haifar da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi, wanda ya haifar da samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace masu amfani da yawa, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki irin su microbalances, tuki ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali ga taro na gani. Har ila yau, ginshiƙi ne don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, da kuma jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Sakamakon pyroelectric, wanda shine samar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sunyi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka kafa dangantaka. tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Duban crystal piezo a gidan kayan tarihi na Curie Compensator a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. 'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun haɗu da ilimin su na pyroelectricity da fahimtar su na ginshiƙan kristal don haifar da fahimtar pyroelectricity da kuma tsinkaya halayyar crystal. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da ma'adini an samo su don nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ya lalace. Curies sun yi karin gishiri ga wannan don hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse. Jibrilu Lippmann ne ya fitar da sakamakon ta hanyar lissafi ta hanyar ka'idodin thermodynamic na asali a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics).
Ci gaban sonar ya kasance nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da haɓaka mai zurfi da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an bincika kuma an haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikacen waɗannan kayan. Na'urorin Piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage da yawa, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai kunnawa kuma an sanya shi don rahusa, mafi ingancin ƴan wasan rikodin waɗanda ke da arha don kulawa da sauƙin ginawa. Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙin auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, wanda ya haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin binciken kayan. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Rasha, da Japan sun gano wani sabon nau'in kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake kira ferroelectrics, wanda ya baje kolin piezoelectric akai-akai.
Kayan Wutar Lantarki
A cikin wannan sashe, zan yi magana game da kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric, wanda shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Zan duba lu'ulu'u, yumbu, kwayoyin halitta, kashi, DNA da sunadaran, da yadda duk suke amsa tasirin piezoelectric.
lu'ulu'u
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Kalmar piezoelectricity ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa' da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki. Kayan aikin Piezoelectric sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u, yumbu, al'amuran halitta, ƙashi, DNA, da sunadarai.
Piezoelectricity hulɗa ce ta lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da juzu'i. Wannan tasirin yana da jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa sun haɗa da gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u, waɗanda za a iya ɓata su zuwa girman su na asali ko akasin haka, suna canza tsayin su lokacin da ake amfani da filin lantarki na waje. An san wannan a matsayin tasirin piezoelectric inverse, kuma ana amfani dashi don samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. An yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace iri-iri masu amfani, gami da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki irin su. a matsayin microbalances, fitar da nozzles ultrasonic, da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taron gani na gani. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙi don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da ƙwanƙwasa na Piezoelectric a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan gita na lantarki da faɗaɗa a cikin ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfani na yau da kullun wajen samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, da kuma cikin tocila da fitilun sigari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine samar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, wanda ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin injiniyoyi. damuwa da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ba ta cika ba.
Duban crystal piezo a cikin ma'ajin Curie a gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. 'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun haɗu da ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar tsarin gine-ginen crystal don haifar da tsinkaya na pyroelectricity. Sun sami damar yin hasashen halayen kristal kuma sun nuna tasirin a cikin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da gishirin Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity. faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da ya lalace; Canjin siffar yana da ƙari sosai a cikin zanga-zangar Curies.
Hakanan sun sami damar yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse kuma ta hanyar lissafi sun yanke mahimman ka'idodin thermodynamic a bayansa. Gabriel Lippmann ya yi haka a cikin 1881. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdiga na cikakken jujjuyawar nakasar electro-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukan su don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana nau'ikan crystal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric akai-akai ta amfani da bincike na tensor.
An haɓaka aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen piezoelectric a cikin sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ɓullo da na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da siraran kristal na quartz a hankali a manne da farantin karfe, wanda ake kira hydrophone, don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da bugun bugun jini mai yawa. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don jin kurar sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisa zuwa abin. Wannan amfani da piezoelectricity a cikin sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric tsawon shekaru da yawa.
Ceramics
Kayayyakin Piezoelectric daskararru ne waɗanda ke tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Piezoelectricity an samo shi daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa' da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki. Ana amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, da samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi.
Ana samun kayan aikin Piezoelectric a cikin lu'ulu'u, yumbu, al'amuran halitta, ƙashi, DNA, da sunadarai. Ceramics sune kayan aikin piezoelectric na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su a aikace-aikacen yau da kullun. Ana yin yumbu daga haɗin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, irin su gubar zirconate titanate (PZT), waɗanda aka yi zafi zuwa yanayin zafi don samar da ƙarfi. Yumbura suna da matuƙar ɗorewa kuma suna iya jure matsanancin zafi da matsi.
Piezoelectric ceramics suna da amfani iri-iri, gami da:
• Samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas don dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, kamar tocila da fitilun sigari.
• Samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi don hoton likita.
• Samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don masu samar da agogo da na'urorin lantarki.
• Samar da ma'auni don amfani a ma'auni daidai.
• Tuki ultrasonic nozzles don ultrafine mayar da hankali na Tantancewar majalisai.
• Samar da tushen binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna akan sikelin atom.
• Zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙaƙƙarfan gita da abubuwan jan hankali na ganguna na zamani.
Ana amfani da yumburan Piezoelectric a cikin aikace-aikace da yawa, daga na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci zuwa hoton likita. Suna da matuƙar ɗorewa kuma suna iya jure matsanancin yanayin zafi da matsi, yana sa su dace don amfani da su a masana'antu iri-iri.
Halittar Halittu
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. An samo shi daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana 'don matsi' ko danna', da 'ēlektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Halittar halitta kamar kashi, DNA, da sunadaran suna daga cikin kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity. Wannan tasirin yana canzawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalan waɗannan kayan sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate, waɗanda ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga ainihin girmansa. Sabanin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su, suna samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi ta hanyar tasirin piezoelectric.
Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie ne suka gano na'urar lantarki a cikin 1880. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace iri-iri masu amfani, kamar:
• Ƙirƙiri da gano sauti
• Buga tawada ta Piezoelectric
• Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
• janareta na agogo
• Na'urorin lantarki
• Micro balances
• Fitar da nozzles ultrasonic
• Ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro
• Yana samar da tushen na'urorin binciken microscopes
• Yanke hotuna a ma'aunin zarra
• Pickups a cikin maɗaukakin gita na lantarki
• Masu tayar da hankali a cikin ganguna na zamani na lantarki
Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun kamar dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama gas, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine samar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayin zafi, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sunyi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18. Yin la'akari da ilimin René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, sun nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da kuma cajin lantarki, amma gwaje-gwajen da suka yi ya nuna rashin nasara.
Ganin kristal piezo a cikin Curie Compensator a Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye. 'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun haɗu da iliminsu na pyroelectricity da fahimtar su na ginshiƙan kristal don haifar da tsinkaya na pyroelectricity da kuma tsinkaya halayyar crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. Curies sun yi karin gishiri ga wannan tasirin don yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric na tattaunawa. Jibrilu Lippmann ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin thermodynamic ta hanyar ilimin lissafi a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Littafin Crystal Physics).
kashi
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Kashi ɗaya ne irin kayan da ke nuna wannan al'amari.
Kashi wani nau'i ne na kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi sunadarai da ma'adanai, ciki har da collagen, calcium, da phosphorus. Shi ne mafi yawan piezoelectric na duk kayan halitta, kuma yana da ikon samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji.
Sakamakon piezoelectric a cikin kashi shine sakamakon tsarinsa na musamman. Ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa na zaruruwan collagen waɗanda ke cikin matrix na ma'adanai. Lokacin da kashi ya kasance cikin damuwa na inji, ƙwayoyin collagen suna motsawa, suna haifar da ma'adanai su zama polarized kuma suna haifar da cajin lantarki.
Sakamakon piezoelectric a cikin kashi yana da yawan aikace-aikace masu amfani. Ana amfani da shi wajen daukar hoto na likitanci, kamar duban dan tayi da hoton X-ray, don gano karayar kashi da sauran abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin na'urorin ji na tafiyar da kashi, waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don canza raƙuman sauti zuwa siginar lantarki waɗanda ake aika kai tsaye zuwa kunnen ciki.
Hakanan ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a cikin kasusuwa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwanƙwasa. Abubuwan da aka sanyawa suna amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don canza makamashin injiniya zuwa makamashin lantarki, wanda ake amfani dashi don kunna na'urar.
Bugu da ƙari, ana bincika tasirin piezoelectric a cikin kashi don amfani da shi wajen haɓaka sababbin jiyya na likita. Misali, masu bincike suna binciken yin amfani da piezoelectricity don haɓaka haɓakar ƙashi da gyara nama mai lalacewa.
Gabaɗaya, tasirin piezoelectric a cikin kashi abu ne mai ban sha'awa tare da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen da yawa. Ana amfani da shi a cikin aikace-aikacen likita da fasaha iri-iri, kuma ana bincika don amfani da shi wajen haɓaka sabbin jiyya.
DNA
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. DNA shine irin wannan abu wanda ke nuna wannan tasirin. DNA kwayar halitta ce ta halitta da ake samu a cikin dukkan halittu masu rai kuma tana kunshe da sansanonin nucleotide guda hudu: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), da thymine (T).
DNA wani hadadden kwayoyin halitta ne wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da cajin lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin halittar DNA sun ƙunshi nau'i biyu na nucleotides waɗanda ke tattare da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen. Lokacin da waɗannan shaidu suka karye, ana samun cajin lantarki.
An yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric na DNA a aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da:
• Samar da wutar lantarki don dasa magunguna
• Ganowa da auna ƙarfin injina a cikin sel
• Haɓaka na'urorin firikwensin nanoscale
• Ƙirƙirar biosensors don jerin DNA
• Samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi don yin hoto
Ana kuma bincika tasirin piezoelectric na DNA don yuwuwar amfani da shi wajen haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, kamar nanowires da nanotubes. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kayan don aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da ajiyar makamashi da ji.
An yi nazarin tasirin piezoelectric na DNA sosai kuma an gano cewa yana da matukar damuwa ga damuwa na inji. Wannan ya sa ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci ga masu bincike da injiniyoyi waɗanda ke neman haɓaka sababbin kayan aiki da fasaha.
A ƙarshe, DNA wani abu ne wanda ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric, wanda shine ikon tara cajin lantarki don mayar da martani ga damuwa na inji. An yi amfani da wannan tasirin a aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da ƙwararrun likitoci, na'urori masu auna sigina na nanoscale, da jerin DNA. Hakanan ana bincikar shi don yuwuwar amfani da shi wajen haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki, kamar nanowires da nanotubes.
sunadaran
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Kayan aikin Piezoelectric, irin su sunadarai, lu'ulu'u, yumbura, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA, suna nuna wannan tasirin. Sunadaran, musamman, wani abu ne na musamman na piezoelectric, saboda sun ƙunshi hadadden tsari na amino acid waɗanda za su iya naƙasa don samar da cajin lantarki.
Sunadaran sune mafi yawan nau'in kayan piezoelectric, kuma ana samun su a cikin nau'i-nau'i. Ana iya samun su a cikin nau'i na enzymes, hormones, da antibodies, da kuma a cikin nau'i na sunadaran tsarin kamar collagen da keratin. Ana kuma samun sunadaran a cikin nau'in sunadaran tsoka, wadanda ke da alhakin raunin tsoka da shakatawa.
Tasirin piezoelectric na sunadaran shine saboda gaskiyar cewa sun ƙunshi hadadden tsari na amino acid. Lokacin da waɗannan amino acid suka lalace, suna haifar da cajin lantarki. Ana iya amfani da wannan cajin lantarki don kunna na'urori daban-daban, kamar na'urori masu auna firikwensin da masu kunnawa.
Ana kuma amfani da sunadaran a aikace-aikacen likita iri-iri. Alal misali, ana amfani da su don gano akwai wasu sunadaran a cikin jiki, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano cututtuka. Ana kuma amfani da su don gano akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano cututtuka.
Ana kuma amfani da sunadaran a aikace-aikacen masana'antu iri-iri. Misali, ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar na'urori masu auna firikwensin da masu kunnawa don hanyoyin masana'antu iri-iri. Ana kuma amfani da su wajen kera kayan da za a yi amfani da su wajen kera jiragen sama da sauran ababen hawa.
A ƙarshe, sunadaran abu ne na musamman na piezoelectric wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a aikace-aikace iri-iri. Sun ƙunshi hadadden tsari na amino acid waɗanda za a iya gurɓata su don samar da cajin lantarki, kuma ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen likita da masana'antu iri-iri.
Girbin Makamashi tare da Piezoelectricity
A cikin wannan sashe, zan tattauna yadda za a iya amfani da piezoelectricity don girbi makamashi. Zan duba nau'ikan aikace-aikace na piezoelectricity, daga bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric zuwa janareta na agogo da microbalances. Zan kuma bincika tarihin piezoelectricity, tun daga binciken Pierre Curie zuwa amfani da shi a yakin duniya na biyu. A ƙarshe, zan tattauna halin yanzu na masana'antar piezoelectric da yuwuwar haɓaka haɓaka.
Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don samar da cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci 'piezein' (don matsi ko danna) da 'elektron' (amber), tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki. Ana amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA, a aikace-aikace iri-iri.
Ana amfani da Piezoelectricity don samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, azaman janareta na agogo, a cikin na'urorin lantarki, da kuma a cikin ƙananan ma'auni. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taron gani na gani. Buga tawada Piezoelectric sanannen aikace-aikacen wannan fasaha ne. Wannan nau'in bugu ne wanda ke amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric don haifar da girgiza mai ƙarfi, wanda ake amfani da shi don fitar da ɗigon tawada akan shafi.
Gano wutar lantarki ya samo asali ne tun 1880, lokacin da masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie suka gano tasirin. Tun daga nan, an yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri. Ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun kamar gas ɗin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da ɗaukar hoto a cikin ƙararrakin gita na lantarki da faɗakarwa a cikin ganguna na zamani na lantarki.
Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin binciken kimiyya. Yana da tushe don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin na'urori masu tunani na lokaci na ultrasonic, waɗanda ke aika bugun jini na ultrasonic a cikin wani abu kuma suna auna abubuwan tunani don gano abubuwan da aka yanke da kuma gano lahani a cikin simintin ƙarfe da abubuwan dutse.
Haɓaka na'urori da kayan aiki na piezoelectric an motsa su ta hanyar buƙatar mafi kyawun aiki da sauƙaƙe ayyukan masana'antu. A cikin Amurka, haɓaka lu'ulu'u na quartz don amfani da kasuwanci ya kasance babban al'amari a cikin ci gaban masana'antar piezoelectric. Sabanin haka, masana'antun Japan sun sami damar raba bayanai cikin sauri da haɓaka sabbin aikace-aikace, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin kasuwar Japan.
Piezoelectricity ya canza yadda muke amfani da makamashi, daga abubuwan yau da kullun kamar masu wuta zuwa binciken kimiyya na ci gaba. Fasaha ce mai amfani da yawa wacce ta ba mu damar ganowa da haɓaka sabbin kayayyaki da aikace-aikace, kuma za ta ci gaba da zama muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwarmu shekaru masu zuwa.
Samar da Babban Wutar Lantarki
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci 'piezein' ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa' da 'ēlektron' ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki. Piezoelectricity hulɗa ce ta lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da juzu'i.
Tasirin piezoelectric tsari ne mai juyawa; kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Akasin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, al'amarin da aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi. Ana amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric a cikin samarwa da gano sauti, a cikin bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, a cikin janareta na agogo, a cikin na'urorin lantarki, a cikin microbalances, a cikin tuki na nozzles na ultrasonic, da kuma a cikin ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taro na gani.
Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a aikace-aikacen yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, a cikin tocina, fitilun sigari, da kayan tasirin pyroelectric, waɗanda ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi. Wannan tasirin da Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus suka yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin wutar lantarki, kodayake gwaje-gwajen su sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da tushe.
Haɗaɗɗen ilimin pyroelectricity da fahimtar ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙira sun haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. An yi karin gishiri sosai a cikin nunin Curies na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye.
'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukan su don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana nau'ikan crystal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric akai-akai ta amfani da bincike na tensor.
Aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen piezoelectric ya fara ne tare da haɓakar sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun haɓaka na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Mai ganowa ya ƙunshi na'ura mai canzawa da aka yi daga siraran siraran ma'adini a manne a hankali zuwa faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitar da mitar bugun jini mai yawa daga na'ura mai canzawa da kuma auna lokacin da ake dauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisan abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don sa sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikace na waɗannan kayan an bincika kuma an haɓaka su. Na'urorin Piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage daban-daban, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai kunnawa kuma an sanya shi don rahusa, mafi daidaiton ƴan wasan rikodin waɗanda ke da arha don kulawa da sauƙin ginawa. Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙi auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, sakamakon babbar ci gaba a cikin kayan bincike. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ga ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Rasha, da Japan sun gano wani sabon nau'in kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake kira fer.
Agogo Generator
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. An yi amfani da wannan al'amari don ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace masu amfani da yawa, gami da janareta na agogo. Agogon janareta na'urori ne masu amfani da piezoelectricity don samar da siginar lantarki tare da takamaiman lokacin.
Ana amfani da janareta na agogo a aikace-aikace iri-iri, kamar a cikin kwamfutoci, sadarwa, da tsarin kera motoci. Ana kuma amfani da su a cikin na'urorin likita, kamar na'urorin bugun zuciya, don tabbatar da sahihancin lokacin siginar lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da janareta na agogo a cikin keɓancewar masana'antu da na'urori na zamani, inda ainihin lokacin ke da mahimmanci.
Tasirin piezoelectric ya dogara ne akan hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan crystalline tare da alamar juzu'i. Wannan tasirin yana jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma na iya haifar da nau'in injin lokacin da ake amfani da filin lantarki. An san wannan a matsayin tasirin piezoelectric inverse kuma ana amfani dashi don samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masu jan wuta na agogo suna amfani da wannan jujjuyawar tasirin piezoelectric don samar da siginar lantarki tare da madaidaicin lokacin. Kayan lantarki na piezoelectric yana lalacewa ta hanyar wutar lantarki, wanda ke haifar da girgiza a wani takamaiman mita. Ana canza wannan girgiza zuwa siginar lantarki, wanda ake amfani da shi don haifar da daidaitaccen siginar lokaci.
Ana amfani da janareta na agogo a aikace-aikace iri-iri, daga na'urorin likitanci zuwa sarrafa kansa na masana'antu. Su ne abin dogaro, daidai, da sauƙin amfani, yana mai da su mashahurin zaɓi don aikace-aikace da yawa. Piezoelectricity wani muhimmin bangare ne na fasaha na zamani, kuma masu samar da agogo ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin yawancin aikace-aikacen wannan sabon abu.
Na'urorin lantarki
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Ana amfani da wannan al'amari, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric, a cikin nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki daban-daban, daga ɗaukar hoto a cikin gitar da aka haɓaka ta lantarki zuwa faɗakarwa a cikin ganguna na lantarki na zamani.
Piezoelectricity an samo shi daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana "matsi" ko "latsa" da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki. Kayan aikin Piezoelectric su ne lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kasusuwa da sunadaran DNA, waɗanda ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric.
Tasirin piezoelectric shine hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da juzu'i. Yana da wani tsari mai juyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in inji wanda ya samo asali daga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Akasin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, al'amarin da aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Binciken piezoelectricity an ba da izini ga masana kimiyyar Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie, waɗanda suka nuna tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye a cikin 1880. Ilimin haɗin gwiwarsu na pyroelectricity da fahimtar sifofin kristal da ke ƙasa sun haifar da hasashen tasirin pyroelectric, da ikon yin tsinkaya. An nuna halayen crystal tare da tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri.
An yi amfani da Piezoelectricity a aikace-aikace iri-iri na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da kayan tasirin pyroelectric waɗanda ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi. Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus ne suka yi nazarin wannan a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba, duk da haka, har sai da ra'ayi na piezo crystal a gidan kayan tarihi na Curie compensator a Scotland ya nuna tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye daga 'yan'uwan Curie.
Ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki daban-daban, tun daga na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto a cikin gitar da aka haɓaka ta lantarki zuwa abubuwan da ke haifarwa a cikin ganguna na lantarki na zamani. Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, janareta na agogo, microbalances, tuki ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taron gani na gani. Piezoelectricity kuma shine ginshiƙi don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna a sikelin atom.
Microbalances
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki don tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Piezoelectricity an samo shi daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein), ma'ana "matsi" ko "latsa", da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a aikace-aikace iri-iri na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas don dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Hakanan ana amfani dashi wajen samarwa da gano sauti, da kuma a cikin bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric.
Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity don samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, kuma shine ginshiƙi na masu samar da agogo da na'urorin lantarki irin su microbalances. Hakanan ana amfani da piezoelectricity don fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taro na gani.
An ba da lamuni ga masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie a cikin 1880. 'Yan'uwan Curie sun haɗu da iliminsu na pyroelectricity da fahimtar su na tsarin crystal na asali don haifar da manufar piezoelectricity. Sun sami damar yin hasashen halayen kristal kuma sun nuna tasirin a cikin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da gishirin Rochelle.
An yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace masu amfani, gami da samarwa da gano sauti. Ci gaban sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya shine babban ci gaba a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Rasha, da Japan sun gano wani sabon nau'in kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake kira ferroelectrics, wanda ya baje kolin piezoelectric har sau goma fiye da kayan halitta.
Wannan ya haifar da bincike mai zurfi da ci gaban barium titanate kuma daga baya ya jagoranci kayan titanate zirconate, wanda ke da takamaiman kaddarorin don aikace-aikace na musamman. Wani muhimmin misali na amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric an ɓullo da shi a Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Wayar Bell bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.
Frederick R. Lack, yana aiki a sashen injiniya na wayar tarho na rediyo, ya ɓullo da kristal da aka yanke wanda ke aiki akan yanayin zafi da yawa. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira ba ya buƙatar kayan haɗi masu nauyi na lu'ulu'u na baya, yana sauƙaƙe amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama. Wannan ci gaban ya ba da damar sojojin sama na kawancen shiga cikin hadakar hare-hare ta hanyar amfani da rediyon jirgin sama.
Haɓaka na'urori da kayan aiki na piezoelectric a Amurka sun sa kamfanoni da yawa cikin kasuwanci, kuma an yi amfani da haɓakar lu'ulu'u na quartz ta kasuwanci. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da kayan aikin Piezoelectric a aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da hoton likita, tsabtace ultrasonic, da ƙari.
Tukar Ultrasonic Nozzle
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙwaƙƙwaran kayan kamar su lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsa ce ga damuwa na inji kuma an samo shi daga kalmomin Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana 'matsi' ko 'latsa', da 'elektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric shine hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da na lantarki na kayan kristal tare da juzu'i. Wani tsari ne mai juyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalin wannan shine lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate, wanda ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga ainihin girmansa. Sabanin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su, wanda ya haifar da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi, wanda shine samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880 kuma tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace iri-iri masu amfani, gami da samarwa da gano sauti. Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da ƙari.
Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine kayan da ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, da tsakiyar karni na 18 sun zana ilimin daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel wanda ya ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na injiniya cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi don tabbatar da hakan ba su cika ba.
Ganin kristal piezo a cikin Curie Compensator a Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye ta 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗa ilimin su na pyroelectricity da fahimtar tsarin kristal da ke ƙasa ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity kuma ya ba su damar tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan tare da tasirin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. Curies sun yi karin gishiri ga wannan don yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric na tattaunawa, wanda a cikin lissafi ya samo asali daga ka'idodin thermodynamic na Gabriel Lippmann a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma ya kasance kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie a cikin aikinsu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana nau'o'in crystal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric ta hanyar bincike na tensor.
Aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric sun fara ne da sonar, wanda aka haɓaka a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraren quartz a hankali manne da farantin karfe, wanda ake kira hydrophone, don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da bugun bugun jini mai yawa. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, za su iya ƙididdige nisan abin. Wannan amfani da piezoelectricity a cikin sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric shekaru da yawa.
Sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sababbin aikace-aikace na waɗannan kayan an bincika kuma an haɓaka su, kuma na'urorin piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a cikin filayen kamar katako na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai kunnawa kuma an sanya shi don rahusa, mafi daidaiton ƴan wasan rikodin waɗanda ke da rahusa don kulawa da sauƙin ginawa. . Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙi auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, sakamakon babbar ci gaba a cikin kayan bincike. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometer aika wani ultrasonic bugun jini ta cikin wani abu da kuma auna tunani da kuma decontinuities don nemo flaws a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa.
Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ultrafine
Piezoelectricity shine ikon wasu kayan don tara cajin lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji. Mu'amala ce ta linzamin lantarki tsakanin wutar lantarki da na inji na kayan kristal tare da jujjuya alama. Piezoelectricity tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity suma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ya samo asali daga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi.
An yi amfani da Piezoelectricity a aikace-aikace daban-daban, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai girma. Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin bugu tawada, masu samar da agogo, na'urorin lantarki, microbalances, tukin nozzles na ultrasonic, da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan manyan taro.
An gano Piezoelectricity a cikin 1880 ta masanan Faransanci Jacques da Pierre Curie. Ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a aikace-aikace masu amfani, irin su samarwa da gano sauti, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai girma. Hakanan ana amfani da bugu na inkjet na Piezoelectric, haka kuma masu samar da agogo, na'urorin lantarki, microbalances, tukin nozzles na ultrasonic, da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan manyan taro.
Piezoelectricity ya sami hanyar amfani da yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas don dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da kayan tasirin pyroelectric waɗanda ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi. Wannan tasirin da Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus suka yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel wadanda suka nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Ganin kristal piezo a cikin Curie Compensator a Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye ta 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗe da ilimin su na pyroelectricity da fahimtar su na ginshiƙan kristal, sun haifar da tsinkaya na pyroelectricity da ikon yin hasashen halayen crystal. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri.
Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, da quartz da Rochelle gishiri sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, kodayake canjin siffar ya wuce gona da iri. The Curies ya annabta da converse piezoelectric sakamako, da converse sakamako da aka deduced ta hanyar lissafi daga asali thermodynamic ka'idodin by Gabriel Lippmann a 1881. Curies nan da nan ya tabbatar da wanzuwar converse sakamako, kuma ya ci gaba da samun ƙididdiga hujja na cikakken reversibility na electro- elasto-mechanical deformations a piezoelectric lu'ulu'u.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piezoelectric ta amfani da bincike na tensor don aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric.
Haɓaka sonar aikin nasara ne wanda ya haifar da haɓaka mai ƙarfi da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric. Shekaru goma bayan haka, an bincika kuma an haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikacen waɗannan kayan. Na'urorin Piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage daban-daban, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar ɗan wasa kuma ya sanya masu rikodin rikodin rahusa da sauƙin kulawa da ginawa. Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙin auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, wanda ya haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin binciken kayan. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
An tabbatar da farkon fagen abubuwan buƙatun piezoelectricity tare da haƙƙin riba na sabbin kayan da aka haɓaka daga lu'ulu'u na quartz, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ta kasuwanci azaman kayan aikin piezoelectric. Masana kimiyya sun nemo kayan aikin da ya fi girma, kuma duk da ci gaban kayan aiki da balaga da matakan masana'antu, kasuwar Amurka ba ta yi girma da sauri ba. Sabanin haka, masana'antun Jafananci sun raba bayanai cikin sauri kuma sabbin aikace-aikacen haɓakawa a cikin masana'antar piezoelectric ta Amurka sun sha wahala sabanin masana'antun Japan.
Piezoelectric Motors
A cikin wannan sashe, zan yi magana game da yadda ake amfani da piezoelectricity a cikin fasahar zamani. Daga na'urorin binciken microscopes waɗanda za su iya warware hotuna a sikelin atom ɗin zuwa ɗab'in gatar da aka haɓaka ta lantarki da abubuwan da ke haifar da ganguna na lantarki na zamani, piezoelectricity ya zama wani ɓangare na na'urori da yawa. Zan bincika tarihin piezoelectricity da yadda aka yi amfani da shi a aikace-aikace iri-iri.
Tushen Tushen Nau'in Na'urar Binciko Marufi
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsar ita ce ga damuwa na inji, kuma kalmar piezoelectricity ta fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana "matsi" ko "latsa" da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Motocin Piezoelectric na'urori ne masu amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don haifar da motsi. Wannan tasirin shine ma'amalar lantarki ta madaidaiciyar hanya tsakanin inji da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Yana da wani tsari mai juyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in inji wanda ya samo asali daga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalai na kayan da ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa sune lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate.
Ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a cikin aikace-aikace masu amfani, irin su samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar microbalances da fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic don ultrafine mayar da hankali kan taron gani na gani. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙan na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna a sikelin atom.
An gano Piezoelectricity a cikin 1880 ta masanan Faransanci Jacques da Pierre Curie. Ana iya ganin ra'ayi na lu'ulu'u na piezo da ma'auni na Curie a Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland, wanda shine nuni na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye ta 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie.
Haɗuwa da ilimin su na pyroelectricity da fahimtar su na ginshiƙan kristal sun haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity, wanda ya ba su damar yin tsinkaya halayyar crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, da quartz da Rochelle gishiri sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, ko da yake Curies ya yi karin gishiri sosai.
Sun kuma annabta tasirin piezoelectric converse, kuma wannan an samo shi ta hanyar lissafi daga ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic ta Gabriel Lippmann a cikin 1881. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdiga na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar electro-elasto- nakasar injiniya a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukan su don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity da tsauri da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric akai-akai da ƙididdigar tensor.
Wannan ya haifar da aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric, irin su sonar, wanda aka haɓaka a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraɗi na quartz a hankali manne da faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da mitar bugun jini daga transducer. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisan abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don sa wannan sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban ci gaba da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric shekaru da yawa.
Sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sababbin aikace-aikace na waɗannan kayan an bincika kuma an haɓaka su, kuma na'urorin piezoelectric sun sami gidaje a fagage da yawa, irin su cartridges na phonograph na yumbu, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai kunnawa kuma an sanya shi don rahusa kuma mafi daidaitattun masu rikodin rikodi waɗanda suke da rahusa don kulawa da sauƙi. don ginawa. Ci gaban ultrasonic transducers yarda don sauƙi auna danko da elasticity na ruwaye da daskararru, sakamakon babbar ci gaba a cikin kayan bincike. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a cikin United
Yanke Hotuna a Sikelin Atom
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙwaƙƙwaran kayan kamar su lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsa ce ga damuwa na inji kuma an samo shi daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana don matsi ko latsa. Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da alamar juzu'i.
Piezoelectricity tsari ne mai jujjuyawa, kuma kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate, waɗanda ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga ainihin girmansa. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi kuma ana amfani dashi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. An yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar su. microbalances da kuma fitar da ultrasonic nozzles. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙan na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna a sikelin atom.
Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a aikace-aikacen yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine kayan da ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18. Yin la'akari da ilimin René Haüy da Antoine César Becquerel, sun nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da kuma cajin lantarki, amma gwaje-gwajen da suka yi ya nuna rashin nasara.
Masu ziyara a Gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Glasgow suna iya duban piezo crystal Curie compensator, nunin tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye daga 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗe da ilimin su na pyroelectricity da fahimtar ginshiƙan kristal, sun haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, da quartz da Rochelle gishiri sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, kodayake canjin siffar yana da ƙari sosai. Curies sun iya yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse, kuma an zare tasirin ta hanyar lissafi daga ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic ta Gabriel Lippmann a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukan su don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics).
Gitatar Ƙaƙwalwar Kayan Lantarki
Motocin Piezoelectric injinan lantarki ne waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don canza ƙarfin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina. Tasirin piezoelectric shine ikon wasu kayan don samar da cajin lantarki lokacin da aka fuskanci damuwa na inji. Ana amfani da injina na Piezoelectric a aikace-aikace iri-iri, tun daga ƙarfafa ƙananan na'urori kamar agogo da agogo zuwa ƙarfin manyan injuna kamar mutum-mutumi da kayan aikin likita.
Ana amfani da injunan lantarki na Piezoelectric a cikin ɗimbin gita da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki. Waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto suna amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don canza girgiza igiyoyin guitar zuwa siginar lantarki. Ana ƙara wannan siginar kuma a aika zuwa amplifier, wanda ke samar da sautin guitar. Ana kuma amfani da na'urar daukar hoto na Piezoelectric a cikin ganguna na zamani na lantarki, inda ake amfani da su don gano girgizar kawunan ganguna da mayar da su zuwa siginar lantarki.
Hakanan ana amfani da injunan lantarki na Piezoelectric a cikin na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don motsa ɗan ƙaramin bincike a sararin sama. Wannan yana bawa microscope damar warware hotuna a sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da injunan lantarki na Piezoelectric a cikin firintocin tawada, inda ake amfani da su don matsar da kai da baya a cikin shafi.
Ana amfani da injina na Piezoelectric a cikin wasu aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da na'urorin likitanci, kayan aikin mota, da na'urorin lantarki masu amfani. Hakanan ana amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu, kamar a cikin samar da madaidaicin sassa da kuma haɗuwa da hadaddun abubuwa. Hakanan ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a cikin samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi, waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin hoto na likita da kuma gano lahani a cikin kayan.
Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da injina na piezoelectric a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri, daga ƙarfafa ƙananan na'urori zuwa ƙarfin manyan injuna. Ana amfani da su a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, ganguna na zamani na lantarki, na'urorin bincike na microscopes, firintocin tawada, na'urorin likitanci, kayan haɗin mota, da na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci. Hakanan ana amfani da tasirin piezoelectric a cikin samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi da kuma gano lahani a cikin kayan.
Yana Hana Ganguna Na Zamani
Piezoelectricity shine cajin lantarki wanda ke taruwa a cikin wasu ƙwaƙƙwaran kayan kamar su lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Amsar waɗannan kayan ne ga damuwa na inji. Kalmar piezoelectricity ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci "piezein", wanda ke nufin "matsi ko danna", da kalmar "elektron", wanda ke nufin "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Motocin Piezoelectric na'urori ne masu amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don haifar da motsi. Wannan tasirin yana haifar da ma'amalar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da na lantarki na kayan kristal tare da jujjuya alama. Wani tsari ne mai juyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misalin wannan shine lu'ulu'u na zirconate titanate, wanda ke haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga ainihin girmansa. Akasin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su, suna samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Ana amfani da injina na Piezoelectric a aikace-aikace iri-iri na yau da kullun, kamar:
• Samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna gas a cikin kayan dafa abinci da dumama
• Tocila, fitilun sigari, da kayan aikin pyroelectric
• Samar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki
• Ƙirƙiri da gano sauti
• Buga tawada ta Piezoelectric
• Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
• janareta na agogo da na'urorin lantarki
• Micro balances
• Fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic da ultrafine mai mai da hankali na gani taro
• Yana samar da tushen na'urorin binciken microscopes
• Yanke hotuna a ma'aunin zarra
• Karɓar gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki
• Yana haifar da ganguna na zamani na lantarki.
Samfuran Electromechanical na Piezoelectric Transducers
A cikin wannan sashe, zan binciko tsarin ƙirar lantarki na masu sarrafa wutar lantarki na piezoelectric. Zan duba tarihin gano piezoelectricity, gwaje-gwajen da suka tabbatar da wanzuwarsa, da haɓaka na'urori da kayan aikin piezoelectric. Zan kuma yi magana game da gudummawar ƙwararrun masana kimiyyar Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy da Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, da Woldemar Voigt.
Likitocin Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie
Piezoelectricity wani al'amari ne na lantarki inda cajin lantarki ke taruwa a wasu ƙwaƙƙwaran kayan kamar su lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ana haifar da wannan cajin don mayar da martani ga damuwa na inji. Kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana 'don matsi' ko danna', da 'elektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan da ke da juzu'i. Wannan tasirin yana canzawa, ma'ana cewa kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, inda aka samar da ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin don amsawa ga filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, lu'ulu'u suna canza girman girman su, suna samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi a cikin tsarin da aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric.
A cikin 1880, masana kimiyya na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun gano tasirin piezoelectric kuma tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, gami da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, masu samar da agogo, da lantarki. na'urori irin su microbalances da fitar da nozzles na ultrasonic don ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taro na gani. Hakanan yana samar da tushe don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna a sikelin atom. Ana kuma amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki da abubuwan jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani na yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, inda wani abu ke haifar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin René Hauy da Antoine César Becquerel, wanda ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin. damuwa na inji da cajin wutar lantarki, kodayake gwaje-gwajen nasu bai cika ba.
Ta hanyar haɗa ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar tsarin kristal na asali, Curies sun iya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da tsinkaya halayen lu'ulu'u. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity. faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da wutan lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, kodayake ana yin karin gishiri sosai a cikin nunin Curies. Hakanan sun sami damar yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse kuma ta hanyar lissafi sun cire shi daga ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic na Gabriel Lippmann a 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Littafin Crystal Physics).
Gwaje-gwajen da aka tabbatar basu cika ba
Piezoelectricity wani lamari ne na lantarki wanda cajin lantarki ya taru a cikin wasu kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ita ce martani ga matsananciyar damuwa na inji, kuma kalmar 'piezoelectricity' ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci 'piezein', ma'anar 'matsi ko danna', da 'ēlektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin wutar lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da juzu'i mai ma'ana. Hanya ce mai juyawa; Abubuwan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric, wanda ake amfani dashi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki kamar microbalances. , tuƙi ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙi na na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda za su iya warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, da kuma jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Piezoelectricity yana samun amfanin yau da kullun wajen samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, wanda wani abu ya haifar da damar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sunyi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimin René Hauy da Antoine César Becquerel, wanda ya kafa dangantaka. tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba.
Haɗin ilimin pyroelectricity da fahimtar ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙira sun haifar da tsinkaya na pyroelectricity da ikon hango yanayin halayen lu'ulu'u. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. An yi karin gishiri sosai a cikin nunin Curies na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye.
'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun annabta tasirin piezoelectric converse, kuma tasirin converse ya samo asali ne ta hanyar lissafi daga ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic ta Gabriel Lippmann a 1881. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin tattaunawa, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdiga na cikakke. jujjuyawar nakasar elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piezoelectric ta amfani da ƙididdigar tensor. Wannan shi ne aikace-aikacen farko na masu amfani da wutar lantarki na piezoelectric, kuma an ɓullo da sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar ganowa a ƙarƙashin ruwa na ultrasonic.
Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus
Piezoelectricity wani lamari ne na lantarki wanda cajin lantarki ya taru a cikin wasu kayan aiki masu ƙarfi kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ana haifar da wannan cajin don mayar da martani ga damuwa na inji. Kalmar piezoelectricity ta fito ne daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana "don matsi ko danna" da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da jujjuyawar alama. Wannan tasirin yana da jujjuyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda shine ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi kuma ana amfani dashi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
A cikin 1880, masana kimiyya na Faransa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano tasirin piezoelectric kuma tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen da yawa masu amfani, gami da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, masu samar da agogo, na'urorin lantarki, microbalances. , tuƙi ultrasonic nozzles, da ultrafine mayar da hankali na gani taro. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙi don bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake amfani da su don warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Ana kuma amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki da abubuwan jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
Hakanan ana samun Piezoelectricity a cikin amfanin yau da kullun, kamar samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a cikin dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, tocila, fitilun sigari, da tasirin pyroelectric, wanda shine lokacin da wani abu ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don amsa canjin yanayin zafi. Wannan tasirin da Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus suka yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga René Hauy da Antoine César Becquerel, waɗanda suka ba da alaƙa tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin wutar lantarki, kodayake gwaje-gwajen su ba su da tabbas.
Ra'ayin kristal piezo a cikin ma'ajin Curie a gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye daga 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗa ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙira ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity da ikon tsinkayar halayen crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da ma'adini daga Rochelle gishiri sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma faifan piezoelectric yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki lokacin da ya lalace, kodayake wannan yana da ƙari sosai a cikin zanga-zangar Curies.
Hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse da kuma cirewar lissafi daga ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic Gabriel Lippmann ya yi a cikin 1881. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar electro-elasto- nakasar injiniya a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie, waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi don bincika da ayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana nau'o'in crystal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric akai-akai ta amfani da bincike na tensor.
Wannan aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da shi na masu amfani da wutar lantarki na piezoelectric ya haifar da haɓakar sonar a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera wani na'urar ganowa a cikin ruwa na ultrasonic. Na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraren quartz a hankali manne da faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da mitar bugun jini daga na'urar. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗaukan jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisan abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don yin wannan sonar nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da ci gaba mai girma da sha'awar na'urorin piezoelectric.
Rene Hauy da Antoine Cesar Becquerel
Piezoelectricity wani al'amari ne na lantarki wanda ke faruwa lokacin da wasu ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA, suna tara cajin lantarki don amsa damuwa na inji. Piezoelectricity an samo shi daga kalmar Helenanci 'piezein', ma'ana 'don matsi ko danna', da 'elektron', ma'ana 'amber', tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan kristal tare da alamar juzu'i. Wannan tasirin yana iya juyawa, ma'ana kayan da ke nuna tasirin piezoelectric kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, ko ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin da ke haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Sabanin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, wanda ke haifar da tasirin piezoelectric mai juyayi da kuma samar da raƙuman ruwa na duban dan tayi.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun gano tasirin piezoelectric a cikin 1880. An yi amfani da wannan tasiri don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki. kamar microbalances, fitar da nozzles ultrasonic, da ultrafine mai mai da hankali kan taron gani na gani. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙan na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda zasu iya warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Hakanan ana amfani da Piezoelectricity a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin gitar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar lantarki, da kuma jan hankali ga ganguna na zamani.
An fara nazarin tasirin piezoelectric ta Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga Rene Hauy da Antoine Cesar Becquerel, wanda ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba. Haɗe tare da ilimin pyroelectricity, da fahimtar ginshiƙan kristal, wannan ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity, da kuma ikon yin tsinkaya halayyar crystal. An nuna wannan a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. An yi karin gishiri sosai a cikin zanga-zangar Curies a gidan kayan tarihi na Scotland, wanda ya nuna tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye.
'Yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie sun ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Wannan aikin ya bincika kuma ya bayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity, wanda ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt na Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics).
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da zayyana ainihin ka'idodin thermodynamic na tasirin magana. Gabriel Lippmann ne ya yi haka a shekara ta 1881. Daga nan aka yi amfani da Piezoelectricity don haɓaka sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u na siraran ma'adini a manne a hankali zuwa faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitar da babban mitar bugun jini daga transducer da auna lokacin da ake ɗaukan jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, za su iya ƙididdige nisa zuwa abin.
Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na wayar Bell sun haɓaka amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Frederick R. Lack, yana aiki a sashen injiniya na wayar tarho na rediyo, ya ɓullo da kristal da aka yanke wanda zai iya aiki akan yanayin zafi da yawa. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira ba ya buƙatar kayan haɗi masu nauyi na lu'ulu'u na baya, yana sauƙaƙe amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama. Wannan ci gaban ya ba da damar sojojin sama na kawancen shiga cikin hadakar hare-hare, ta amfani da rediyon jirgin sama. Haɓaka na'urori da kayan aikin piezoelectric a cikin Amurka sun sa kamfanoni cikin haɓaka farkon lokacin yaƙi a fagen, da kuma buƙatun tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka don sabbin kayan haɓaka. An yi amfani da lu'ulu'u na Quartz don kasuwanci azaman kayan aikin piezoelectric, kuma masana kimiyya sun nemi kayan aiki mafi girma. Duk da ci gaban kayan aiki da maturation na masana'antu, Amurka
Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity wani lamari ne na lantarki wanda cajin lantarki ya taru a cikin wasu kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Sakamakon ma'amala ne tsakanin inji da jihohin lantarki a cikin kayan da ke da alamar juzu'i. Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun fara gano Piezoelectricity a cikin 1880.
An yi amfani da Piezoelectricity don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, gami da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet na piezoelectric, da samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi. Piezoelectricity an samo shi daga kalmomin Helenanci πιέζειν (piezein) ma'ana "don matsi ko danna" da ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ma'ana "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana canzawa, ma'ana cewa kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ƙwayar injin na ciki daga aikace-aikacen filin lantarki. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Akasin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, tsarin da aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric. Ana iya amfani da wannan tsari don samar da raƙuman ruwa.
An yi nazarin tasirin piezoelectric tun tsakiyar karni na 18, lokacin da Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus, suna zana ilimin René Hauy da Antoine César Becquerel, sun nuna dangantaka tsakanin damuwa na inji da cajin lantarki. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ba su cika ba. Sai da aka haɗu da ilimin pyroelectricity da fahimtar ginshiƙan kristal ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity cewa masu bincike sun iya yin hasashen halayen crystal. An nuna wannan ta sakamakon tasirin lu'ulu'u kamar tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri.
Gabriel Lippmann, a cikin 1881, ta hanyar lissafi ya zare mahimman ka'idodin thermodynamic na tasirin piezoelectric converse. Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric.
Shekaru da yawa, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre da Marie Curie. Ayyukansu don ganowa da ayyana sifofin kristal waɗanda suka nuna piezoelectricity sun ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics). Wannan ya bayyana azuzuwan kristal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piezoelectric tare da nazarin tensor.
Aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric sun fara ne tare da haɓakar sonar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ɓullo da na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u na siraran ma'adini a manne a hankali zuwa faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo. Ta hanyar fitar da babban mitar bugun jini daga na'urar watsawa da kuma auna lokacin da ake ɗaukan jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, sun sami damar ƙididdige nisa da abin. Wannan amfani da piezoelectricity don sonar ya yi nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da babban sha'awar ci gaban na'urorin piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an bincika kuma an haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin piezoelectric da sabbin aikace-aikacen waɗannan kayan. Piezoelectric na'urorin sun sami gidaje a fannoni daban-daban, daga harsashi na phonograph na yumbu waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirar ɗan wasa da sanya arha, ingantattun 'yan wasan rikodin mai rahusa don kulawa da sauƙin ginawa, zuwa haɓaka masu transducers na ultrasonic waɗanda ke ba da izinin auna sauƙin danko da elasticity na ruwaye. da daskararru, wanda ya haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin binciken kayan aiki. Ultrasonic lokaci yankin reflectometers aika ultrasonic bugun jini a cikin wani abu da auna tunani da kuma katsewa don nemo aibi a cikin simintin gyaran kafa karfe da dutse abubuwa, inganta tsarin aminci.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Rasha, da Japan sun gano wani sabon nau'in kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake kira ferroelectrics wanda ke nuna kullun piezoelectric har sau goma fiye da kayan halitta. Wannan ya haifar da bincike mai zurfi don haɓaka barium titanate, kuma daga baya ya jagoranci zirconate titanate, kayan da ke da takamaiman kaddarorin don aikace-aikace na musamman. An haɓaka wani muhimmin misali na amfani da lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric
Woldemar Voigt
Piezoelectricity wani lamari ne na lantarki wanda cajin lantarki ya taru a cikin wasu kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, kamar lu'ulu'u, yumbu, da kwayoyin halitta kamar kashi da DNA. Ana haifar da wannan cajin don mayar da martani ga damuwa na inji. Kalmar piezoelectricity ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci "piezein", wanda ke nufin "matsi ko danna", da "elektron", wanda ke nufin "amber", tsohuwar tushen cajin lantarki.
Tasirin piezoelectric yana fitowa daga hulɗar lantarki ta linzamin kwamfuta tsakanin injiniyoyi da jihohin lantarki na kayan crystalline tare da jujjuyawar alama. Wannan tasirin yana canzawa, ma'ana cewa kayan da ke nuna piezoelectricity kuma suna nuna tasirin piezoelectric na baya, inda ƙirar ciki na nau'in injin yana haifar da filin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, gubar zirconate titanate lu'ulu'u suna haifar da piezoelectricity mai aunawa lokacin da tsayayyen tsarin su ya lalace daga girmansa na asali. Akasin haka, lu'ulu'u na iya canza girman girman su lokacin da aka yi amfani da filin lantarki na waje, al'amarin da aka sani da tasirin piezoelectric, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da raƙuman ruwa.
Masana ilimin lissafi na Faransa Pierre da Jacques Curie sun gano piezoelectricity a cikin 1880. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da tasirin piezoelectric don aikace-aikace masu amfani iri-iri, ciki har da samarwa da gano sauti, bugu na inkjet piezoelectric, samar da wutar lantarki mai girma, masu samar da agogo, da na'urorin lantarki. kamar microbalances da fitar da ultrasonic nozzles don ultrafine mayar da hankali na Tantancewar majalisai. Har ila yau, yana samar da ginshiƙi na na'urorin bincike na microscopes, waɗanda za su iya warware hotuna akan sikelin atom. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwanƙwasa a cikin gitas ɗin da aka haɓaka ta lantarki da kuma jawo a cikin gangunan lantarki na zamani suna amfani da tasirin piezoelectric.
Piezoelectricity kuma yana samun amfani na yau da kullun wajen samar da tartsatsin wuta don kunna iskar gas a dafa abinci da na'urorin dumama, cikin tocila, fitilun taba, da ƙari. Tasirin pyroelectric, inda wani abu ke haifar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga canjin zafin jiki, Carl Linnaeus da Franz Aepinus sun yi nazari a tsakiyar karni na 18, suna zana ilimi daga Rene Hauy da Antoine Cesar Becquerel, wanda ya ba da alaƙa tsakanin injiniyoyi. damuwa da cajin lantarki. Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi don tabbatar da wannan dangantakar sun kasance ba su cika ba.
Ra'ayin kristal piezo a cikin ma'ajin Curie a gidan kayan tarihi na Hunterian a Scotland nuni ne na tasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye daga 'yan'uwan Pierre da Jacques Curie. Haɗuwa da ilimin su na pyroelectricity tare da fahimtar tsarin gine-ginen crystal ya haifar da tsinkayar pyroelectricity, wanda ya ba su damar yin hasashen halayen crystal da suka nuna a cikin tasirin lu'ulu'u irin su tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, da Rochelle gishiri. . Sodium da potassium tartrate tetrahydrate da quartz suma sun nuna piezoelectricity, kuma an yi amfani da faifan piezoelectric don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da ta lalace. Wannan canjin sifar an yi karin gishiri sosai a cikin zanga-zangar Curies, kuma sun ci gaba da yin hasashen tasirin piezoelectric converse. Jibrilu Lippmann ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin thermodynamic ta hanyar ilimin lissafi a cikin 1881.
Nan da nan Curies ya tabbatar da wanzuwar tasirin magana, kuma ya ci gaba da samun tabbacin ƙididdigewa na cikakkiyar jujjuyawar nakasar lantarki-elasto-mechanical a cikin lu'ulu'u na piezoelectric. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, piezoelectricity ya kasance abin sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje, har sai da ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin gano polonium da radium ta Pierre Marie Curie, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don bincike da ayyana sifofin crystal waɗanda ke nuna piezoelectricity. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin littafin Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Littafin Lissafi na Crystal Physics), wanda ya bayyana nau'o'in crystal na halitta waɗanda ke da ikon piezoelectricity kuma da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar piezoelectric akai-akai ta amfani da bincike na tensor.
Wannan ya haifar da aikace-aikacen na'urorin piezoelectric, irin su sonar, wanda aka haɓaka a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A Faransa, Paul Langevin da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar gano jirgin ruwa na ultrasonic. Wannan na'urar ganowa ta ƙunshi na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto da aka yi da lu'ulu'u masu siraɗi na quartz a hankali manne da faranti na ƙarfe, da kuma na'urar hydrophone don gano amsawar da aka dawo bayan fitar da mitar bugun jini daga transducer. Ta hanyar auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don jin sautin raƙuman sautin da ke tashi daga wani abu, za su iya ƙididdige nisa zuwa abin. Sun yi amfani da piezoelectricity don yin wannan sonar nasara, kuma aikin ya haifar da ci gaba mai zurfi da sha'awar.
Muhimman dangantaka
- Piezoelectric Actuators: Piezoelectric actuators sune na'urori waɗanda ke canza makamashin lantarki zuwa motsi na inji. Ana amfani da su da yawa a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi, na'urorin likitanci, da sauran aikace-aikace inda ake buƙatar madaidaicin sarrafa motsi.
- Sensor Piezoelectric: Ana amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin Piezoelectric don auna sigogi na jiki kamar matsa lamba, hanzari, da girgiza. Ana amfani da su sau da yawa a masana'antu da aikace-aikacen likitanci, da kuma a cikin kayan lantarki.
- Piezoelectricity a cikin yanayi: Piezoelectricity abu ne da ke faruwa a zahiri a cikin wasu kayan, kuma ana samunsa a yawancin halittu masu rai. Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da ita don fahimtar yanayin su da kuma sadarwa tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta.
Kammalawa
Piezoelectricity wani lamari ne mai ban mamaki wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikace-aikace iri-iri, daga sonar zuwa harsashi na phonograph. An yi nazarinsa tun tsakiyar shekarun 1800, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai wajen haɓaka fasahar zamani. Wannan shafin yanar gizon ya bincika tarihi da kuma amfani da piezoelectricity, kuma ya nuna mahimmancin wannan al'amari a ci gaban fasahar zamani. Ga masu sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da piezoelectricity, wannan matsayi shine babban wurin farawa.
Ni Joost Nusselder, wanda ya kafa Neaera kuma ɗan kasuwan abun ciki, uba, kuma ina son gwada sabbin kayan aiki tare da guitar a zuciyar sha'awara, kuma tare da ƙungiyara, Ina ƙirƙirar labaran labarai masu zurfi tun daga 2020. don taimakawa masu karatu masu aminci tare da rikodi da tukwici na guitar.
