Masu Fassarawa na'urorin lantarki ne da ake amfani da su don canza makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. Ana amfani da su a aikace-aikace iri-iri, daga sarrafa kansa na masana'antu zuwa hoton likita.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da abin da masu fassara suke da kuma yadda ake amfani da su. Za mu rufe daban-daban iri transducers, aikace-aikacen su, da kuma yadda ake amfani da su:
Ma'anar transducer
A transducer na'ura ce da ke juyar da makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. Yawancin masu fassara suna canzawa acoustic ko inji makamashi (watau raƙuman sauti ko jijjiga) zuwa siginonin lantarki ko akasin haka, kodayake akwai kuma waɗanda zasu iya canza kuzari daga haske, zafin jiki, matsa lamba, filin maganadisu da masu canjin matsayi zuwa ƙimar wutar lantarki mai aunawa.
Misalan masu fassara da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da:
- Microphones wanda ke canza makamashin sauti zuwa siginar lantarki;
- lasifika masu canza siginonin lantarki zuwa igiyoyin sauti;
- thermistors masu canza canjin yanayin zafi zuwa ma'aunin ƙarfin aunawa;
- piezoelectric lu'ulu'u wanda zai iya haifar da siginonin lantarki don mayar da martani ga nakasar injiniya;
- iri ma'auni don gano ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙaura ta jiki kamar ƙarfi ko juzu'i.
Ana amfani da transducers sosai a aikace-aikacen yau da kullun kamar wayoyin hannu, tsarin likitanci da tsarin gano injina da kuma tsarin kulawa na musamman kamar seismographs da hanyoyin watsa siginar fiber-optic. Masu fassara suna ba da damar kama canje-canje na dabara a cikin halayen jiki ta hanyar amfani da dabarun auna ƙididdiga kamar su. ma'aunin kwarara da saka idanu akan saurin aiki / yanayin zafi da dai sauransu.
Nau'in masu fassara
Masu Fassarawa su ne na'urori masu canza makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. A cikin mahallin tsarin sauti, ana amfani da transducers galibi don canza kuzarin jiki zuwa siginar lantarki, ko kuma baya - wutar lantarki zuwa raƙuman sauti. Duk da yake akwai nau'ikan transducers da yawa da ake samu a kasuwa a yau, duk suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idodi kaɗan.
Mafi asali nau'in transducer shine a piezoelectric transducer, wanda kuma aka sani da lamba makirufo ko kek a takaice. Masu fassara na Piezo suna canza girgizar injin zuwa siginar lantarki ta amfani da piezoelectric sakamako; Ana haifar da cajin lantarki ta hanyar matsawa ko girgiza lokacin da wasu kayan dielectric (kamar ma'adini) ke fuskantar damuwa na inji. Ana iya ƙara wannan cajin lantarki kuma a canza shi zuwa sauti mai ji ta lasifika ko belun kunne.
Wani sanannen nau'in transducer shine electromagnetic coil transducer – wani lokacin ana magana da shi kawai azaman a mic. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi na'urar lantarki da aka lulluɓe da igiyar waya; idan aka fallasa wa igiyoyin sauti, wannan nada zai haifar da nata wutar lantarki, wanda za a iya fadada shi kuma a yada shi ta hanyar lasifika ko belun kunne. Yayin da suke ƙoƙarin amsawa tare da ƙarin daidaito a cikin kewayon mitar fiye da na'urorin tushen piezo, ana amfani da mics galibi a cikin rikodi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo iri ɗaya.
A ƙarshe, akwai Akwatin mai canza dijital (DAC).; waɗannan suna aiki ta hanyar sarrafa bayanan dijital da canza shi zuwa siginar analog (ko akasin haka). Waɗannan na'urori suna da mahimmanci don watsa siginar sauti akan cibiyoyin sadarwar dijital kamar haɗin Bluetooth; a wannan yanayin, za a yi amfani da DAC don tace sassan siginar da za su iya tsoma baki tare da ingantaccen sake kunna sauti kafin watsawa ta hanyar haɗin waya.
Working {a'ida
A transducer ita ce na'urar da ake amfani da ita don canza makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. Yana aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar ƙarfin shigarwa, kamar wutar lantarki ko haske, da kuma canza shi zuwa motsi na inji ko sauti.
Mafi yawan aikace-aikacen transducers shine a juyar da siginar lantarki zuwa igiyoyin sauti. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in transducer a aikace-aikace iri-iri, ciki har da tsarin sauti, kayan aikin likita, da na'urorin soja.
Yanzu bari mu bincika yadda transducer ke aiki da amfaninsa iri-iri.
Yadda masu fassara ke aiki
A transducer na'urar lantarki ce da aka saba amfani da ita don canza siginar lantarki zuwa adadi na zahiri kamar sauti, zafi, ko motsi. Ana yin wannan juyawa ta amfani da firikwensin don samar da siginar analog ko siginar dijital. Ana juya siginar analog ɗin zuwa nau'i mai karantawa na ko dai irin ƙarfin lantarki ko na yanzu. Akwai nau'ikan masu fassara daban-daban don gano nau'ikan siginar makamashi daban-daban kamar injin girgiza da matsa lamba.
Masu fassara sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda uku: tushen (shigarwa), tsaka-tsaki (amplifier), da ganowa (fitarwa). Tushen yana amfani da makamashi ta hanyar matsi, raƙuman sauti, wutar lantarki da dai sauransu, wanda za'a iya gano shi ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin abu kuma a kara girma kamar yadda ya cancanta kafin a aika don ganowa. Lokacin da matsakaicin kashi ya karɓi ƙarfin shigar da shi kuma yana gano duk wani ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin kamar mita da kuma amplitude. Mai ganowa yana gano waɗannan kaddarorin sannan ya mayar da su zuwa wani abu na zahiri wanda za'a iya aunawa kamar ƙarfin lantarki ko halin yanzu a matakin fitarwa don ƙarin amfani.
A cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa, ana haɗa na'urorin aiki kamar robots da iko masu fassara don su iya gano ƙarfin waje waɗanda ke aiki a hannun mutum-mutumi da kuma tabbatar da cewa motsinsa ya kasance lafiyayye cikin iyakokin aiki. Ana kuma amfani da na'urorin sarrafa wutar lantarki a tsarin sarrafa masana'antu inda igiyoyin ruwa da ƙarfin lantarki suna buƙatar a kula da su daidai don kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da daidaito a cikin matakai na atomatik. A cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa na gida, makullin ƙofa yawanci suna amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don yin hakan kunna fitilu lokacin da wani ya kusanci kofa ko buɗe tagogi lokacin da aka hango motsi cikin yanayin gida.
Nau'in siginar transducer
Masu Fassarawa su ne sassan tsarin da ake amfani da su don canza wani nau'i na makamashi zuwa wani. Suna auna, hankali, da watsa nau'ikan sigina daban-daban kamar lantarki, injiniyoyi, thermal, da na gani. Ana rarraba siginar transducer zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: analog da kuma digital.
Masu fassara na Analog suna auna bayanai na zahiri daban-daban daga mahalli don samar da siginonin analog waɗanda ke wakiltar irin wannan bayanin a tsarin lantarki. Bayanai kamar matsa lamba, zafin jiki, saurin gudu da haɓakawa ana iya jujjuya su zuwa siginar analog ta amfani da transducers don aunawa ko dalilai na sarrafawa. Misalai na masu fassara analog sun haɗa da makirufo wanda ke canza raƙuman sauti zuwa ƙarfin lantarki; piezoelectric accelerometers waɗanda ke juyar da girgizar injin zuwa wutar lantarki; thermocouples wanda ke gano yanayin zafi; da dai sauransu.
Masu fassara na dijital suna canza sigina daga sigogi na zahiri (kamar haske ko sauti) zuwa wakilcin dijital waɗanda za a iya samarwa kawai bayan an gama aiki akan na'urar sarrafa siginar dijital da ke haɗe da transducer kanta. Ba kamar siginar analog ba, siginonin dijital sun ƙunshi matakai masu hankali kamar 0s da 1s daidai da wasu ƙayyadaddun yanayin maimakon ci gaba da ƙarfin lantarki ko matakin yanzu idan na analog. Ana amfani da sarrafa siginar dijital sosai a cikin tsarin sadarwa kamar wayoyin hannu, na'urori masu auna firikwensin kamar fitilun LED, masu amfani da hasken rana da dai sauransu, inda bayanan dijital ke gudana a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin sauri mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da bayanan takwaransa-analog. Domin farashin samar da da'irori don watsa bit guda ɗaya ya yi ƙasa da wanda ke da alaƙa da samuwar da'irori don aika juzu'in sigar sautin murya guda ɗaya a wani kewayon mitar tazara.
Aikace-aikace
A transducer Ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri daban-daban, kamar na'urorin hoton likita, na'urori masu auna motoci, da tsarin sarrafa tsarin masana'antu. Na'ura ce da ke juyar da makamashi daga nau'i ɗaya, analog ko dijital, zuwa wani nau'i. Bugu da ƙari, masu fassara su ne tushen kowane tsarin sarrafa kansa na zamani tun lokacin da ake amfani da su juyar da sigina da kwandishan sigina.
Bari mu bincika daban-daban aikace-aikace na transducers:
Mota
Masu transducers na mota ana amfani da su sosai a cikin masana'antar kera don aikace-aikace iri-iri saboda daidaitaccen aikinsu, ƙaramin girmansu, da ingancin farashi. Kayan aiki ne masu mahimmancin gaske da ake amfani da su wajen sa ido da sarrafa tsarin abubuwan hawa don auna sigogi daban-daban kamar zafin jiki, matsa lamba, da matsayi.
Ana yawan amfani da na'urori masu juyawa a cikin injunan motoci don aunawa gudun, matsayi na aka gyara kamar pistons ko camshafts, matsa lamba na shaye ko gurɓata, zazzabi ko yawan kwarara. Masu fassara na iya taimakawa gano matsalolin da ba a zata ba waɗanda hanyoyin bincike na yau da kullun za su rasa. Misali, ana iya amfani da na'ura mai jujjuya saurin juyawa don auna duk wani canji a cikin injin RPM wanda zai iya nuna lalacewa da tsagewar gabaɗaya, konewa mara kyau ko al'amurran da suka shafi daidaitawa.
A cikin tsarin lantarki na abin hawa ana iya amfani da su don gano sigina na lantarki da ba da amsa kan ko yana cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙirar masana'anta da kuma taimakawa tare da warware matsalar tsarin lantarki a cikin motar. Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun sun haɗa da aunawa ƙarfin baturi da matakan ƙarfin lantarki (don sarrafa matakan caji), sanin matakin man fetur (don saka idanu daidaiton matakin) haka kuma gano lokacin kunna wuta A kan duka injunan diesel da man fetur (don tabbatar da konewa mafi kyau.) Hakanan ana yawan amfani da su a cikin tsarin samun iska ciki har da sarrafa kuɗin musayar iska tsakanin iskan waje da ɗakunan ciki don dalilai na kulawa.
Bugu da ƙari ana haɓaka fasahar transducer don amfani a cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa na masana'anta inda ake tura na'urori masu auna sigina don ayyukan layin haɗin gwiwar mutum-mutumi mai sarrafa kansa da kuma kula da ingancin sassan da injina ke samarwa. Anan za a iya kama bayanai daga masu fassara ta hanyar mutum-mutumi masu sarrafa kwamfuta waɗanda ke yin ba kawai duban tsare-tsare na yau da kullun ba amma har da ayyuka masu rikitarwa kamar su. gano matsalolin jeri ko kurakurai masu alaƙa da rufewa a cikin samar da Lines.
Industrial
Aikace-aikacen masana'antu na masu fassara ana samun su galibi a cikin masana'anta sarrafa kansa, sarrafa tsari, da na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Na'urori masu auna firikwensin masana'antu na yau da kullun sune hanzari, motsi, girgiza, matsa lamba / karfi, zazzabi, ƙaura / nisa / matsayi da tabawa. Waɗannan nau'ikan aikace-aikacen galibi tsarin sadarwa ne na hanya ɗaya wanda mai fassara ke canza siginar makamashi ta zahiri zuwa wutar lantarki azaman martani ga na'ura mai sa ido ko azaman shigarwa don sarrafa kewayawa wanda ke shafar tsarin jiki ta hanyar masu kunnawa kamar injina ko solenoids.
Nau'in firikwensin iri-iri yana ba da damar yin amfani da masu canzawa don hanyoyin masana'antu daban-daban kamar yankan ƙarfe da ƙirƙira, aikin hako mai da matakan tacewa (SPM), tsarin walda da injunan taro. Dangane da nau'in aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da transducer, yana iya zama dole don canza siginar fitarwar lantarki daga nau'in makamashi ɗaya zuwa wani nau'i mai dacewa (zafin jiki zuwa matsa lamba ko ƙaura zuwa cikin sauri).
Ana iya haɗa masu juyawa har ma a cikin hadaddun cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da layukan fiber optic galibi suna haɗa maki 'dabarun' a cikin manyan wuraren samarwa na atomatik. Hakanan za'a iya haɗa na'urorin da aka fitar da baya daga na'urori masu sarrafawa don ɗaukar mataki kan martani daga mahalli. Aikace-aikacen transducer masana'antu sun bambanta daga samar da ma'auni ga mutane (nunin tashar bayanai) don yin ƙididdiga akan bayanan matsayi dangane da shirye-shiryen da aka adana game da sigogi masu karɓa (rufaffiyar madauki servo-systems).
Medical
Ana amfani da masu juyawa a cikin fasahar likitanci don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Ɗayan irin wannan aikace-aikacen shine electrocardiography (ECG) wanda ke auna motsin wutar lantarki na zuciya akan lokaci kuma yana nuna ta a matsayin jadawali. A cikin wannan tsari, ana sanya na'urorin lantarki a sassan jiki, kamar gabobin jiki ko ƙirji da kai su zuwa na'urar ECG. Na'urorin lantarki suna gano ayyukan wutar lantarki na zuciya don tantance duk wani bugun da ba daidai ba ko kowane yanayin da ake iya ganowa da ke da alaƙa da aikin zuciya.
Wani transducers aikace-aikacen likita da ake amfani dashi shine ultrasonic imaging da kuma dubawa. Wannan ya haɗa da yin amfani da na'urar da aka sani da bincike na duban dan tayi don fitar da raƙuman sauti mai girma a wasu sassa na jiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu nuna laushi da gabobin kamar ƙasusuwa, tsokoki, tendons, ligaments, guringuntsi da tasoshin jini. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan hotuna don gano cututtuka a cikin jiki, kamar gano ciwace-ciwace ko wasu cututtuka kamar kansa.
Haka kuma, ana amfani da transducers a ciki kayan sa ido - na'urorin da ke ba da bayanai na ainihi game da yanayin majiyyaci daga lokaci zuwa lokaci zuwa wani na tsawon lokaci - ciki har da:
- Pulse oximeters wanda ke auna matakan iskar oxygen a cikin jini.
- Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na EKG wanda ke auna bugun zuciya na jijiyoyin jini ko rashin daidaituwa.
- Saka idanu don zafin jiki, yawan numfashi da sauran muhimman alamomi kamar hawan jini da matakan glucose.
Mai amfani da Electronics
Kayan lantarki na mabukaci na daga cikin aikace-aikace na yau da kullun na masu fassara. Wannan shi ne saboda na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna iya canza makamashin lantarki zuwa sauti, wanda za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar lasifika a cikin nau'o'in na'urorin sauti daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da na'urori masu fassarawa don canza makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani don inganta sigina-zuwa amo a cikin talabijin da rediyo. Suna kuma taka rawa wajen canza siginonin lantarki zuwa igiyoyin sauti na sauti ta yadda za a iya ƙara su.
Sauran misalan sun haɗa da amfani da su a cikin wayoyi da naúrar kai, inda suke taimakawa ƙara sauti da ma rage hayaniyar baya. Haka kuma ana amfani da na’urori masu sarrafa na’ura a cikin na’urorin daukar bidiyo, kamar na’urar daukar hoto da na’urar daukar hoto na dijital, don sauya siginar gani zuwa na lantarki ta yadda za a iya adana su ta hanyar lambobi ko sarrafa su da kwamfuta. A ƙarshe, kayan aikin likita galibi suna amfani da fasahar transducer don duban dan tayi da sauran dalilai.
Abvantbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani
A transducer wata na'ura ce da za ta iya canza wani nau'i na makamashi zuwa wani nau'i na makamashi. Ana amfani da shi a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri kamar aunawa karfi, zafin jiki, matsayi, gudu, da sauran masu canjin jiki.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna fa'idodi da lahani na amfani da transducers. Ta hanyar fahimtar fa'idodi da rashin amfanin na'urar transducer, zaku iya yanke shawara mai zurfi game da amfani da shi a aikace-aikace iri-iri.
Abũbuwan amfãni
A transducer wata na'ura ce da ke jujjuya makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani nau'i, sau da yawa da nufin auna adadin jiki. Akwai nau'ikan transducers da yawa, kowannensu ya dace da wata manufa. Masu fassara suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa dangane da dacewa da daidaito, kuma sun zama abubuwan da ba dole ba ne a cikin fasahar zamani.
Amfanin masu fassara sun haɗa da:
- robustness: Masu juyawa ba su da ƙarancin kulawa ga yanayin muhalli kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin matsanancin yanayin zafi da sauran yanayi masu haɗari. Yawancin lokaci suna buƙatar kulawa kaɗan tsawon rayuwarsu.
- high Speed: Yawancin na'urori masu auna firikwensin na iya ba da karatu a cikin millise seconds, ba da izinin lokutan amsawa da sauri da sarrafa martani idan an buƙata.
- versatility: Yawancin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace suna yiwuwa saboda yawancin iyawar fahimtar masu fassara, daga ma'aunin sarrafa tsari zuwa binciken likita.
- daidaici: Siginar fitarwa daga transducer yawanci daidai ne sosai idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin da aka yi da hannu ko wasu hanyoyin da ba su da aminci. Kuskuren aunawa na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na hanyoyin hannu.
- Tasirin farashi: Kudin masu canjawa ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda ci gaban fasaha, wanda yanzu ya sa su sami dama ga yawancin aikace-aikace.
disadvantages
Masu Fassarawa suna da fa'ida da rashin amfani. Kodayake hanya ce mai dacewa, inganci da tsada don canza makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani, suna da iyaka.
Mafi shaharar rashin lahani na transducers shine rashin lafiyar su tsangwama amo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman lokacin da ake auna ƙananan karatun. Wasu siginonin lantarki na iya yin illa ga masu juyawa waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarancin karantawa da kuma sakamako mara inganci.
Wani rashin lahani na masu fassara shine ingantacciyar su jinkirin amsa lokacin idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan jujjuyawar kuzari kamar na'urorin injina ko algorithms. A wasu aikace-aikace, misali inda ake buƙatar yanke shawara mai sauri ko lokacin da manyan matakan daidai suke da mahimmanci, hanyoyin gargajiya na iya zama mafi dacewa fiye da tsarin transducer.
Masu fassara kuma suna buƙatar ƙwarewa na musamman don shigar da sarrafa su daidai, wanda ya sa ba su dace da aikace-aikacen da yawa ba inda akwai ma'aikatan da ba su da kwarewa ko yanayin yana buƙatar. saurin turawa da aiki mai sauƙi don mafi kyawun aiki.
Kammalawa
A ƙarshe, masu fassara muhimmin kashi ne na masana'antu da yawa da na'urorin rayuwa. Za su iya juya makamashin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina kuma akasin haka, suna ba da damar ɗaukar ma'auni masu mahimmanci waɗanda ba a taɓa yiwuwa ba. Masu fassara suna rufe wurare da yawa na aikace-aikacen kuma ana iya amfani da su a hade tare da juna don samar da ingantattun ma'auni.
Daban-daban iri sun bambanta a cikin ƙira da amfani; Ultrasonic transducers suna da amfani musamman ga gwaji mara lalacewa saboda iyawarsu na auna kaurin kayan ba tare da tsoma baki da abun ta kowace hanya ba. Piezoelectric transducers canza nau'in inji zuwa ƙarfin lantarki wanda ya sa su dace da hoton likita tunda suna ba da cikakkun hotunan gabobin ciki. Daga karshe, masu musayar juji suna da kyau don auna canje-canjen zafin jiki wanda ke sa su dace da amfani da motoci kamar saka idanu yanayin yanayin injin.
Gabaɗaya, masu fassara suna yin ayyuka da yawa manya da ƙanana kuma yana da mahimmanci ga masu amfani su fahimci yadda waɗannan na'urori ke aiki ta yadda za su iya zaɓar nau'in da ya dace don bukatun su. Yayin da fasaha ta ci gaba, za a sami ƙarin dama ga mutane don yin amfani da ingantattun na'urori masu auna firikwensin da suka dogara da fasahar transducer don haka yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da ilmantarwa akan wannan batu!
Ni Joost Nusselder, wanda ya kafa Neaera kuma ɗan kasuwan abun ciki, uba, kuma ina son gwada sabbin kayan aiki tare da guitar a zuciyar sha'awara, kuma tare da ƙungiyara, Ina ƙirƙirar labaran labarai masu zurfi tun daga 2020. don taimakawa masu karatu masu aminci tare da rikodi da tukwici na guitar.
