UJim Marshall wayengusomabhizinisi waseNgilandi nomculi owashintsha imboni yomculo unomphela ngokusungula kwakhe i- Marshall Amplifier.
Uguqule indlela abadlali besiginci sikagesi abaveza futhi bakhulisa ngayo umsindo wabo, wadala umsindo osindayo we-rock ne-roll osazwakala nanamuhla.
Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe, unikeze izikhulisi ezizwakalayo kanye namakhabethe esiginci kwabanye babadlali besiginci abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ake sibheke ngokujulile impilo nezimpumelelo zikaJim Marshall.
Uhlolojikelele lukaJim Marshall
UJim Marshall (1923-2012) wayaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi "ubaba womsindo". Wazalelwa eLondon, kuthiwa wenza i-rock and roll yosuku lwanamuhla ibe nokwenzeka ngokusungulwa kwe-Marshall Amplifier yakhe ngo-1962. Unjiniyela we-electronics ozifundisayo, wavula isitolo esincane somculo ngo-1960. Eminyakeni eyalandela, waqeda imigqa emithathu yomkhiqizo ehamba phambili yokukhulisa isiginci nemisindo ye-bass - ngokuqoqiwe okubizwa ngokuthi isitaki sikaMarshall. Uchithe ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe ekhuthaza ukuvela komculo we-rock ngalo msindo wesiginesha. Ngaphambi kwama-amps namakhabethe kaJim Marshall, iziginci zikagesi zazisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengezinsimbi zangemuva emculweni obukhoma. Kodwa lapho sebekwazi ukufinyelela emishinini kaMarshall, abadlali besiginci babezwakala ngenhla kwezigaba zabo zesigqi futhi ukuhlela okuyedwa kwaba isisekelo samaqembu e-rock.
Ama-amplifiers kaMarshall asetshenziswe abanye babashayi besiginci abanamandla emashumini eminyaka amuva nje okuhlanganisa uHendrix, uClapton, iPage Slash, uJack White kanye ne-The Who's Pete Townshend ukukha nje ezimbalwa. Kodwa ubephinde abe ngumsunguli kwezinye izizinda zomculo ezifana nokukhiqiza imishini yomsindo yokuqopha ye-audiophile-grade eyaziwa ngokuthi i-The Major esafunwa kakhulu namuhla ngabashisekeli bokuqopha kwe-analogi ngenxa yethoni yayo ye-vintage ehlukile. Ngaphezu kokwakha igiya eliwuphawu lomculo; U-Jim Marshall uphinde wasiza ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu nabadlali benganekwane enikeza imininingwane ebalulekile yokuhlola imisindo emisha kamuva eyayizoba i-rock tropes yakudala eheha izizukulwane phakathi namashumi eminyaka kuze kube namuhla.
Ithonya Emculweni
UJim Marshall wayengusomabhizinisi waseBrithani owathi, kanye nozakwabo kwezebhizinisi uKen Bran, bashintsha ezokuzijabulisa zomculo ngokukhiqiza okuhamba phambili kwemishini yomculo. Imikhiqizo kaMarshall nezinto ezintsha zisagcwele ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomculo namuhla futhi ithonya lakhe libe nomthelela omkhulu emsindweni, ububanzi nezitayela zomculo odumile emhlabeni jikelele.
UMarshall wakha idumela elihlala njalo lobuciko obuyisibonelo nokwethembeka okwakungakaze kubonwe embonini ngaleso sikhathi. Izikhulisa-zwi zakhe ezifana neMarshall Super Lead noma i-JCM800 zazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinye izihlabani zomculo we-rock ezivelele njengoJimi Hendrix, uJimmy Page, u-Angus Young kanye noSlash; ukuphakamisa ubunikazi babo be-sonic obuhlukile obahlotshaniswa eduze nemikhiqizo yabo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwakhe kwezikhala zezipikha okuguqule indlela izethameli ezizwe ngayo umsindo okhulisiwe kwavumela izindlebe zomuntu ukuba zithole amazinga evolumu angakaze abonwe ngaphandle kokuhlanekezelwa. Lokhu kube nomthelela kulokho manje osekubizwa ngokuthi “umsindo omkhulu,” ongagcwalisa izindawo ezilingana nenkundla - uguqule izenzo eziningi zibe oSuperstars ngobusuku obubodwa.
Ukuvela kokuqanjwa kabusha kukaMarshall kuphinde kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwe-sonic kuzo zonke izinhlobo kwezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne-jazz fusion ne-blues kanye nomculo we-funk ezinsukwini zawo ezihamba phambili kusukela ngo-1970 kuya phambili kuze kube namuhla. Uhlele kabusha amasu okuqoshwa kwesitudiyo ngokwethula izikhulisa-zwi ezintsha emakethe ezivumela ukuqina kwerekhodi okuhlala isikhathi eside kwamakhonsathi okuqoshwa kwe-analog ngokwengeza i-headroom eyengeziwe ukuze kucace kangcono okuzwakalayo kunoma yiliphi ibanga lemvamisa elisetshenziswa kulezo zilungiselelo; ukuvumela ukuhlola okwengeziwe ezindaweni ezilalelwayo ebezingafinyeleleki ngaphambilini njengamathoni e-wool amplifier saturation noma amanothi e-acoustic bass acacile ngaphandle kwama-artifact aminyanisiwe noma ukuhlanekezelwa kwe-harmonic. Kwakuyilolu hlobo lokuqanjwa kabusha okwenze imikhiqizo kaJim Marshalls yafunwa kakhulu phakathi kwabadlali abavela kuzo zonke izinkambu ngoba babehlinzeka ngokungaguquguquki kwethoni yekhwalithi ye-premium ekhiqizwe kabusha efana ncamashi nalokho okusebenza kangcono kakhulu ezidingweni zomuntu ngamunye.
Isiqalo sokuphila
UJim Marshall, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi “uFather of Loud”, wayengumsunguli waseBrithani, umklami wezipikha kanye nomklami wezinto zomculo. Wazalwa ngo-1923 eLondon, e-UK, emkhayeni ophansi. Wayenesithakazelo esijulile emculweni kusukela esemncane, futhi wakhula kusukela lapho: wachitha ubuntwana bakhe edlala emabhendi ahlukene e-jazz ne-blues. Ngawo-1940, wasebenzela iButho LaseBrithani eNdiya, wabe esethuthela e-UK ukuyophishekela umsebenzi womculo.
Childhood
UJim Marshall wazalelwa eLondon, eNgilandi ngoJulayi 29, 1923. Unina wayenesitolo sokuthengisa izindaba futhi wamfundisa ukufunda lapho eneminyaka emithathu. Waqala nokufunda “izincwadi zangempela” kule minyaka futhi wayefunda amanoveli eneminyaka emihlanu.
Isithakazelo sakhe emculweni asizange sikhule kwaze kwaba yilapho esemusha, lapho eqala ukudlala isiginci neqembu labangane ehholo lesonto labo. Bazame izitayela zomculo ezahlukene ezifana ne-jazz ne-blues kodwa akukho nesisodwa kuzo esasizimisele ngomculo njengomsebenzi kwaze kwafika uJim. Ngemva kokufunda eHornsey School of Art, uJim waqala ukuhlakulela isithakazelo ekuthwebuleni izithombe kanye nobunye ubuciko obubonakalayo obunjengokudweba nokubaza.
Ehlale enesifiso sokuhlola izindawo ezihlukahlukene zokudala, uJim wagcina egxile ekwakheni izinsimbi zomculo - kungalesi sikhathi lapho afunda khona ubuciko bokwenza izikhulisa-zwi zesiginci. Ngemva kokusebenzela izinkampani eziningana ezihlukene ezizama amashubhu nezinto eziphikisayo, uJim wavula ezakhe izikhulisa-zwi zokwakha ibhizinisi ngo-1961 okwagcina kumholele ekutheni akhe izikhulisamsindo ze-Marshall - umsindo wokugcina we-rock wakudala osasetshenziswa abaculi abaningi nanamuhla.
Imfundo
UJames Marshall Marshall wazalelwa eMelbourne, e-Australia, ngo-January 18th, 1980. Wakhulela endaweni yase-Inner West yaseSydney futhi waba nesithakazelo sobusuku bonke emculweni kusukela esemncane kakhulu. Njengoba ekhula, ithalenta lakhe laqala ukuvuleka futhi lijule ngempela.
Nakuba uJames ayefunda njalo esikoleni, lapho eseneminyaka engu-12 uthando lwakhe lomculo lwase lwazephula izithakazelo zakhe zemfundo. Naphezu kwalolu thando nethalente elimangalisayo lomculo, abazali bakhe baphikelela ukuthi aqede isikole ngaphambi kokuphishekela isikhathi esigcwele.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, uJames uthole ukuhlukaniswa kuzo zombili i-English Literature kanye ne-Music Theory eNorth Sydney Boys High School. Njalo ngoMgqibelo ngemva kwalokho wayehambela amakilasi e-jazz e-Sydney Conservatorium of Music efundela i-Jazz Performance ngaphansi kwamagama anamuhla ahlonishwayo embonini okuhlanganisa no-Don Burrows kanye noMike Nock. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ephambi kwabafundi afunda nabo kanye nenganekwane endaweni yesigameko cishe ngokushesha, eneminyaka engu-17 uJim wacelwa ukuba ajoyine i-Don Burrows Big Band njengomdlali we-trombonist - ithuba elamnika ukufinyelela ngokoqobo kwabanye babaculi be-jazz abaphambili base-Australia okumnikeza ngisho nangokwengeziwe. idumela elibi kuwo wonke amakilabhu esizwe 'njengaleyo ngane ekwazi ukushwiba kalula nje' noma 'leya ngane ehlakaniphile enendlebe engaphezu kweminyaka yayo'.
Umsebenzi Wokuqala
UJim Marshall wazalelwa eLondon ngoJulayi 29, 1923. Wasebenza uchungechunge lwemisebenzi eyinqaba esakhula kodwa wayezifundise yena uma kuziwa ekudlaleni izinsimbi. Wajoyina iRoyal Air Force phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili futhi waqala ukufunda ngezindlela ezingokoqobo zokulungisa nokugcina izinsimbi zomculo. Ngemva kwenkonzo yakhe, wavula isitolo somculo kuDenmark Street esibizwa ngokuthi uJim Marshall Sound Equipment Ltd., esiguquke saba yibhizinisi elichumayo. Kungakabiphi, uJim wayengadayisi nje i-hardware kodwa futhi ne-sotfware.
Ngo-1964, uMarshall Amplification wazalwa ngokwethula imiphumela ye-Distortion and Tremolo kuma-amplifiers akhe - zombili izici ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amabhendi afana ne-The Who, Cream kanye ne-Pink Floyd. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Jim wenze ama-amps amaningi afanelana nezidingo zekhasimende ngalinye - ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ububanzi bemisindo obutholakala busize ekulolongeni indawo yomculo wesimanje njengoba siwazi namuhla. Kusukela kumsindo ohlanekezelwe ka-Pete Townshend othi “Isizukulwane Sami” kuya ku-Jimmy Page ngokuthola elinye izwi kusetshenziswa ukukhohlisa kwezingoma ze-Led Zeppelin ezifana nethi “Whole Lotta Love” - zonke zitshalwe ngokuqinile ngomklamo wakhe we-amp.
Umsebenzi Womculo
UJim Marshall wayengumkhiqizi we-amp yesiginci, owayenesibopho seminye yemisindo emikhulu emlandweni we-rock and roll. Wayengumsunguli weMarshall Amplification futhi aziwa nge "Marshall sound". Ngaphezu kwama-amplifiers, uMarshall ukhiqize amakhabethe ezipikha, izikhulisa-zwi, amaphedali wemiphumela nezinye izinto ezibambe iqhaza ekwandiseni nasekuguquleni umsindo we-rock and roll. Ushiye idumela elingapheli emculweni. Ake sibhekisise ukuthi ube neqhaza ngani emculweni.
Ukusungulwa kweMarshall Amplification
UJim Marshall wasungula iMarshall Amplification ngo-1962, enza isitaki sikaMarshall esiyisakhiwo sodumo esethula umsindo we-rock and roll yesimanje. Lokhu okusunguliwe okuhlakaniphile kusukela manje sekuphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile kunoma yimuphi umculi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udlala esiteji noma endaweni yesitudiyo. IMarshall Amplification ikhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo—ama-amps, amakhabethe, ama-combo nezinye izinto—engatholakala ezitolo zomculo emhlabeni wonke.
U-Marshall uphinde wasungula ubuchwepheshe obusha, 'njengokulungisa ama-valve' okunikeza ikhwalithi yomsindo eyingqayizivele. Imiklamo yakhe emisha yenza abadlali besiginci bakwazi ukufinyelela amathoni anamandla amakhulu angazwakala kokubili esiteji nangezinhlelo ze-PA, enikeza ukuguquguquka kwe-sonic okungakaze kubonwe kulabo abasiqashayo. Ngaphandle kwethonya likaJim Marshall nama-amplifiers akhe eMarshall, umculo we-rock wesimanje ubungeke usakwazi ukusayina amathoni nemisindo yesiginci.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweMarshall Sound
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, uJim Marshall wanikwa umsebenzi wokwenza iamplifier elungele umculo wesimanje we-jazz nomculo we-rock. Amakhono akhe obunjiniyela ayengenakuqhathaniswa futhi waba nomsindo oyingqayizivele ngezikhulisa-zwi zakhe ezazizochaza zonke izinhlobo zomculo. Ama-amplifiers akhe aveza umsindo osabelayo, ocacile futhi ohlabayo wezinsimbi zikagesi. Izikhulisa-zwi zakhe zenze ukuthi amabhendi akwazi ukuyiphakamisela phezulu njengoba efuna ngaphandle kokuyekethisa imfudumalo noma ukucaca ngesikhathi.
UMarshall uphinde waphusha imingcele ngama-bass amps akhe afaka izipikha ezinamandla ezingu-12-intshi eziletha amabhesi amaningi kunanini ngaphambili azwakala kukhabhinethi ye-amp. Futhi kungakapheli iminyaka embalwa evula isitolo sakhe sokuqala eLondon, umsindo ohlukile weMarshall iziginci futhi ama-amps ayesabalele kulo lonke elase-UK, eYurophu nangale kwayo.
Yethulwa ngo-1967, uchungechunge lukaMarshall lwe-JCM800 lwama-amps lwaba umkhiqizo ohamba phambili wenkampani futhi lwachaza kabusha ithoni yesiginci emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokuhlasela kwayo okucebile okumaphakathi kwebanga, amaza asezingeni eliphansi anwetshiwe kanye nokujikeleza kwesitayela saseBrithani sakudala, i-JCM800 yaba amandla amakhulu ekwenzeni izinhlobo zomculo ezintsha njengensimbi, i-hardcore punk ne-grunge rock. Ngisho nanamuhla abaculi bayaqhubeka nokukhetha ama-amplifiers kaMarshall ukuze bathole isiginesha ethi “Marshall sound” eqhubeka nokuba nomthelela kubaculi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuduma kwe-Marshall Amplifier
Igalelo likaJim Marshall elikhulu nelihlala njalo emhlabeni womculo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-iconic amplifier ye-Marshall. Yaqala ukubonakala ngo-1962 futhi yaphakama ngokushesha ukuze ibe isici esichazayo somsindo wesiginci sikagesi. Yaziwa njenge-amp “enamandla kodwa enethoni”, isetshenziswe izihlabani ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni - okuhlanganisa uJimi Hendrix, u-Eric Clapton, uPete Townshend noSlash.
Izikhulisa-zwi zikaMarshall zazinomsindo omkhulu ngosayizi wazo (owayemkhulu kunamamodeli azo aqhudelanayo) okuwenza alungele amakhonsathi abukhoma lapho kudingeka khona umsindo omkhulu. Ikhabhinethi yayivamise ukwakhiwa nge-birch-ply eqinile embozwe nge-vinyl ephelezelwa izindwangu zensimbi yesipika esiye saba i-motif ehlukile ehlotshaniswa nama-amplifiers kaMarshall.
Ukwakhiwa nokuklama okuthandwa uMarshall kuholele ekwenyukeni ngempumelelo kwefrikhwensi ye-bass okuyenza ikhiqize amavolumu aphezulu ngaphandle kokuhlanekezelwa - into eyayiyihlukanisa phakathi kontanga yayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ibhangqwe ne-humbucker pickups, ivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe imisindo ye-hard rock enamandla - umphumela amabhendi afana ne-Led Zeppelin ayevame ukuwusebenzisa ngesikhathi sokudlala kwawo.
Ngokuhambisana nokubukeka kwazo okubonakala ngokushesha (okufakwe izikimu ezinemibala egqamile) le nhlanganisela ibangele ukuthi izikhulisa-zwi zikaMarshall zibe ngomunye wemikhiqizo egqama kakhulu phakathi komlando we-Rock 'n' Roll - okutholela u-Jim marshal ukuqashelwa njengomunye wezingqwele zesikhathi sonke zomculo .
Legacy
UJim Marshall wayeyingqalabutho embonini yomculo owaduma ngokudala i-Marshall amplifier futhi washintsha umsindo we-rock and roll. Ifa lakhe alikhunjulwa nje kuphela ngemishini yakhe eyisikhumbuzo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa ngothando lwakhe lomculo, ukuphikelela ukuphazamisa nomoya wokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ake sibheke umthelela uJim Marshall abenawo, nokuthi umsebenzi wakhe usasebenza kanjani nanamuhla.
Umthelela Emculweni
U-Jim Marshall uguqule indawo yomculo yesimanje amashumi eminyaka ngomsebenzi wakhe omusha, okhuphuke wafinyelela kwezinye zezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka yama-'60s kanye nama-'70s. Uzalelwe e-UK ngo-1923, unjiniyela kagesi odumile wadala amasistimu okukhulisa inguquko avumela abaculi ukuthi bazenzele eyabo imisindo ephoqayo - kusukela ku-rock yakudala kanye neblues kuya ku-pop ne-jazz.
Ukusungulwa kukaMarshall kwe-amplifier yendawo yonke kube nomthelela ongenakulinganiswa endleleni abaculi ababekwazi ngayo ukucula bukhoma. Uveze i-amplification engakwazi ukuhambisana nokudlalwa kwesiginci esinamandla futhi wagcina ehlanganise izipikha ezingu-2 × 12″ emakhabetheni. Bekuyi-wattage eyanele ukuthi amabhendi bekungeke kusadingeka ukuthi agcine ivolumu yawo iphansi kuma-nightclub; manje sebengadlala imibukiso yomuntu siqu enomsindo osezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kwaba intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yezenzo zokuhlasela zaseBrithani ezazifuna umsindo onamandla phakathi kwezindawo ezincane ezifana neThe Cavern Club noma iMarquee Club eLondon.
UJim Marshall uphinde washintsha ukwakhiwa kwemishini yomculo ngokwakha ama-amps aqinile anama-transformer amakhulu kakhulu namabhodwe athembekile ngaphakathi kwawo. Lawa ma-amps aqinile, abizwa nge-"Marshalls", avumela amabhendi ukuthi aqhubekisele phambili umsindo wawo bukhoma, anikeze izinga elisha lokushintshashintsha eliqhubekisela phambili izinhlelo zabo zokubhala ekhaya. Izenzo eziyinganekwane ezifana ne-Led Zeppelin, i-Jimi Hendrix Experience ne-Cream zasebenzisa lezi zikhulisa-zwi ezintsha, okubonisa ukuthi kunamandla kangakanani okuqanjwe nguMarshall ekuthuthukisweni kwe-rock'n'roll. Kuze kube namuhla, impumelelo yakhe empilweni isaqhubeka nokubungazwa emicimbini eyahlukene emhlabeni wonke; ngokufanele ukuhlonipha omunye wonjiniyela bomculo abakhulu kunabo bonke abantu abake babazi.
Imiklomelo nokwaziwa
U-Jim Marshall wayengunjiniyela womsindo, umsunguli, kanye nosomabhizinisi owadala i-Marshall Amplifier ngo-1962. Imikhiqizo yakhe yashintsha umsindo we-rock and roll, okwadala inkathi entsha ekukhiqizweni komculo. Inkampani yakhe izogcina idume umhlaba wonke njengomholi wemboni kuma-amplifiers nemishini yokulalelwayo.
Umsebenzi kaMarshall uthuthukise amathuba e-rock njengoba siwazi namuhla, okuholela ekuqashelweni nasekuklonyelisweni ngezimpumelelo zakhe zokuphila konke. Uhlonishwe ngendondo ye-Lifetime Achievement Award evela ku-Audio Engineering Society ( AES ) emhlanganweni wabo wama-25 ngo-1972, futhi wazuza indondo ye-Royal Academy of Engineering Award for Innovation ngo-2002. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMarshall uthole ukuhlonishwa kwe-Grammy Award ngo-2009 nge-Technical Merit nge. Ukwethembeka ku-Innovation.
Inkampani ebizwa ngegama lakhe isaphila kakhulu nanamuhla futhi iyaqhubeka nokuhlonipha ifa lakhe ngokukhiqiza imikhiqizo emisha yomsindo ehlala ithembekile ezimisweni zakhe zokukhiqiza imishini yekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ngentengo ephusile ngenkathi ibungaza umcabango ngesikhathi somhlangano. Nakuba edlulile emhlabeni, umthelela kaJim Marshall emculweni uzozwakala unomphela ngenxa yeqhaza lakhe ekukhiqizeni imisindo kanye nokuhlonishwa ngamakomiti emiklomelo ehlukene.
I-Marshall Music Foundation
Enkumbulweni yakhe, uMarshall ushiye ngemuva ifa elakhelwe phezu kokukhulisa, uthando kanye nokwazisa okujulile ngomculo nalabo abawenzayo. Leli fa liyaqhubeka ngeJim Marshall Foundation - inhlangano esiza abantulayo eyasungulwa ngo-Ephreli 2013 ngenhloso yokusiza abantu ababencishwe amathuba ukuthi bathole amathuba emfundo yomculo. Isisekelo sisebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umculo ufinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda noma isimo somphakathi.
Isisekelo sisekela izinhlelo eziningi ezihlose ukusiza abantu abadala kanye nezingane ukuthi bazuze emfundweni yomculo, okuhlanganisa iphrojekthi yokufinyelela yomculo ye-Sound Bites, ubudlelwano bezemfundo ne-British Army's Music Worthy Program okuhloswe ngayo ukunikeza ukufinyelela ekuqeqeshweni komculo okuphrofeshinali komakadebona kanye nalabo. abalimele esenzweni, kanye ne-'Ceol+' - uhlelo oluzinze eNyakatho Ireland oluhlinzeka ngamathuba emfundo kanye nezinhlelo zempilo yabantu abakhubazekile nabakhubazekile ngokubamba iqhaza kuma-workshops okudala.
Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Jim Marshall Tribute isebenza njengehabhu esebenzisanayo enezingxoxo zamaciko, izithombe zesikole ezindala kusukela ezikhathini zabancane ezichithwe ohambweni namanye amadokhumenti ahlukahlukene ahlobene nendaba yokuphila kaMarshall-ekutshela ukuthi wayengumuntu onjani. Njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo, inkampani iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izindlela zazo zonke izizukulwane emhlabeni wonke zokwazisa lesi sibalo esiphezulu emsebenzini womculo odumile.
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
