I-Piezoelectricity: IsiKhokelo esiBanzi sokuqonda iMechanics yayo kunye nezicelo

molo apho ndiyathanda ukwenza umxholo wasimahla ogcwele iingcebiso zabafundi bam, wena. Andiyamkeli inkxaso-mali ehlawulweyo, uluvo lwam lolwam, kodwa ukuba ufumana iingcebiso zam ziluncedo kwaye ekugqibeleni uthenge into oyithandayo ngenye yamakhonkco am, ndingafumana ikhomishini ngaphandle kweendleko ezongezelelweyo kuwe. Funda nzulu

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuvelisa umbane xa ziphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye ne-vice-versa. Igama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi piezo elithetha uxinzelelo, kunye nombane. Yaqala ukufunyanwa ngo-1880, kodwa ingcamango sele isaziwa ixesha elide.

Owona mzekelo waziwayo we-piezoelectricity yi-quartz, kodwa ezinye izinto ezininzi zikwabonisa le nto. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwe-piezoelectricity kukuveliswa kwe-ultrasound.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuxoxa ukuba yintoni i-piezoelectricity, isebenza njani, kunye nezinye zezinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo zesi siganeko simangalisayo.

Yintoni i-piezoelectricity?

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuvelisa intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Izixhobo ze-Piezoelectric zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane wamandla aphezulu, iijenereyitha zewotshi, izixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances, ii-nozzles zokuqhuba i-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo.

Izinto zePiezoelectric ziquka iikristale, iikeramics ezithile, izinto zebhayoloji ezifana nethambo kunye neDNA, kunye neeproteni. Xa amandla asetyenziswa kwi-piezoelectric material, ivelisa intlawulo yombane. Le ntlawulo ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zombane okanye ukwenza umbane.

Izinto zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:
• Ukuveliswa nokufunyanwa kwesandi
• Ushicilelo lwe-inkjet yePiezoelectric
• Ukuveliswa kombane wamandla aphezulu
• Iijenereyitha zewotshi
• Izixhobo zombane
• Iibhalansi ezincinci
• Qhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic
• Iindibano ze-optical ezigxininise kakhulu
• Iipuzzle ukwenzela iigitare ezenziwe ngekhompyutha
• Izivusi zamagubu e-elektroniki ale mihla
• Ukuveliswa kweentlantsi ukuze kubase irhasi
• Izixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza
• Iitotshi kunye nezilayishi zecuba.

Yintoni imbali ye-piezoelectricity?

I-Piezoelectricity yafunyanwa ngo-1880 ziingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie. Yintlawulo yombane eqokelela kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics kunye nomcimbi webhayoloji, ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa', kunye ne'elektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, intsingiselo yezixhobo ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane.

Ulwazi oludityanisiweyo lwe-Curies lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristale eziphantsi zinike ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwekristale. Oku kubonakaliswe kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenzisiwe kwizicelo ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanya ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ushicilelo lwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane wamandla aphezulu, iijenereyitha zewotshi kunye nezixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances, ii-nozzles zokuqhuba i-ultrasonic, ukugxila kwe-ultrafine kwiindibano zamehlo, kunye neefom isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinda ifumane ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke, njengokuvelisa i-sparks ukutshisa igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayidi ze-cigarette, kunye nefuthe le-pyroelectric, apho izinto zivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa.

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabona ukusetyenziswa kweekristale ze-piezoelectric eziphuhliswe yi-Bell Telephone Laboratories. Oku kwavumela imikhosi yomoya ye-Allied ukuba ibandakanyeke kuhlaselo oluninzi olulungelelanisiweyo kusetyenziswa unomathotholo wenqwelomoya. Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kunye nemathiriyeli e-United States yagcina iinkampani ekuphuhliseni ukuqala kwexesha lemfazwe kummandla wemidla, ukufumana amalungelo abenzi abanenzuzo kwizinto ezintsha.

IJapan yabona usetyenziso olutsha kunye nokukhula kweshishini le-piezoelectric lase-United States kwaye yakhawuleza yaphuhlisa eyabo. Babelana ngolwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye baphuhlise i-barium titanate kwaye kamva bakhokela izixhobo ze-zirconate titanate ezineempawu ezithile kwizicelo ezithile.

I-Piezoelectricity iye yahamba ixesha elide ukususela ekufumaneni kwayo kwi-1880, kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo zemihla ngemihla. Kwakhona isetyenziselwe ukwenza ukuqhubela phambili kuphando lwezixhobo, ezifana ne-ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ethumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ngesixhobo sokulinganisa izibonakaliso kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

Isebenza njani iPiezoelectricity

Kweli candelo, ndiza kujonga indlela i-piezoelectricity esebenza ngayo. Ndiza kujonga ukuqokelelwa kwentlawulo yombane kwizinto eziqinileyo, i-linear electromechanical interaction, kunye nenkqubo ebuyiselwayo eyenza le nto. Ndizakuxoxa ngembali ye-piezoelectricity kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ukuqokelelwa kweTjijo yoMbane kwii-Solids

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ezifana nethambo kunye neDNA. Yimpendulo kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo, kwaye igama layo livela kumagama esiGrike athi "piezein" (cudisa okanye ucinezele) kunye no "ēlektron" (amber).

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Ukususela ngoko iye yasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo eziluncedo, kuquka ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, i-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances. kwaye uqhube imilomo ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwi-ultrafine yeendibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki, kunye nezinto ezibangela imigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke ekuveliseni iintlantsi zokucima igesi, ekuphekeni nasekufudumeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayidi zecigarette, kunye nefuthe le-pyroelectric, apho izinto zivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu. Oku kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwe-18th inkulungwane, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Uvavanyo alukhange lugqibe.

Umbono we-piezo crystal kwi-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotland umboniso wempembelelo ye-piezoelectric ngqo. Abazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie badibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal eziphantsi, eziye zavelisa ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity. Baye bakwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal kwaye babonisa umphumo kwiikristali ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye nequartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity. Idiski ye-piezoelectric ivelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile, kwaye utshintsho kwimilo lubaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries.

Baye bakwazi ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ephikisanayo, kwaye umphumo we-converse wafunyanwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ye-converse, kwaye yahamba nokufumana ubungqina bobuninzi bokubuyisela ngokupheleleyo ukuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto- ukuguqulwa komatshini kwiikristale ze-piezoelectric.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ye-Crystal Physics), echaza iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo uhlalutyo lwe-piezoelectric ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kwakuyisicelo esisebenzayo sezixhobo ze-piezoelectric, kwaye i-sonar yaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye nabasebenzi asebenza nabo bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector.

Isixhobo siqulathe a transducer yenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezincinci ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone ukubhaqa i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha phezulu frequency i-pulse ukusuka kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha into, bakwazi ukubala umgama ukuya kwinto. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza i-sonar ibe yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric. Kwiminyaka emashumi, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezixhobo zahlolisiswa kwaye zaphuhliswa, kwaye izixhobo ze-piezoelectric zafumana amakhaya kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Iikhatriji zegramafoni zeCeramic zenze lula uyilo lomdlali kwaye zenzelwe abadlali abarekhodiweyo abancinci nabachanekileyo ababenexabiso eliphantsi ukugcina kwaye kulula ukwakha.

I-Linear Electromechanical Interaction

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuvelisa intlawulo yombane xa iphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini. Eli gama lithatyathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha “ukucudisa okanye ukucofa” kunye no ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha “iamber”, eyayingumthombo wamandulo wokutshaja umbane.

I-Piezoelectricity yafunyanwa ngo-1880 ziingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie. Isekelwe kwi-linear electromechanical interaction phakathi kwe-mechanical and electrical states of crystalline materials with inversion symmetry. Esi siphumo siyabuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli ebonisa i-piezoelectricity ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, apho ukuveliswa kwangaphakathi koxinzelelo kumatshini kuphumela kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Imizekelo yezinto ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokulinganiswa xa ikhubaziwe kwisakhiwo sayo esisisigxina ibandakanya iikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

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I-Piezoelectricity isetyenzisiwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, ezinje:

• Ukuveliswa nokufunyanwa kwesandi
• Ushicilelo lwe-inkjet yePiezoelectric
• Ukuveliswa kombane wamandla aphezulu
• Ijenereyitha yewotshi
• Izixhobo zombane
• Iibhalansi ezincinci
• Qhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic
• Iindibano ze-optical ezigxininise kakhulu
• Yenza isiseko sokuskena ngemakroskopu ukusombulula imifanekiso ngokomlinganiselo weeathom
• IiPickups kwiziginci ezikhuliswe ngombane
• Izinto ezitsalayo kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla
• Ukuvelisa iintlantsi ezitshisa irhasi kwizixhobo zokupheka nezokufudumeza
• Iitotshi kunye nezilayishi zecuba

I-Piezoelectricity iphinda ifumane ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kwi-pyroelectric effect, eyona nto ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa. Oku kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwe-18th inkulungwane, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Noko ke, iimvavanyo zangqineka zingenabungqina.

Ukujonga i-piezo crystal kwi-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric. Yayingumsebenzi wabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie abaphonononga kwaye bachaza izakhiwo zekristal ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity, ekugqibeleni ukupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ye-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants ngohlalutyo lwe-tensor, olukhokelela ekusebenziseni izixhobo ze-piezoelectric.

I-Sonar yaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, xa uPaul Langevin waseFransi kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye ne-hydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu evela kwi-transducer. Ngokulinganisa ixesha elithathwayo ukuva i-echo yamaza omsindo ebetha entweni, bakwazi ukubala umgama wento, besebenzisa i-piezoelectricity. Impumelelo yale projekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric kule minyaka ingamashumi eminyaka, kunye nezinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zixhobo eziphononongwa kwaye ziphuhliswe. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric zifumene amakhaya kwiindawo ezininzi, njengeekhatriji zeceramic yegramafoni, eyenze lula uyilo lomdlali kwaye yenzelwe abadlali abarekhodiweyo abangabizi kakhulu nabachaneke ngakumbi, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kwaye kulula ukwakha nokugcina.

Ukuphuhliswa kwee-ultrasonic transducers kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye no-elasticity wamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaqela ophando azimeleyo e-United States, eRashiya naseJapan afumanisa udidi olutsha lwemathiriyeli eyenziweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ferroelectrics, ebonisa izinto zombane zepiezoelectric ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunemathiriyeli yendalo. Oku kwakhokelela kuphando olunzulu ukuphuhlisa i-barium titanate, kwaye kamva iholele i-zirconate titanate, izixhobo ezineempawu ezithile zezicelo ezithile.

Umzekelo obalulekileyo wokusetyenziswa kweekristale ze-piezoelectric waphuhliswa yiBell Telephone Laboratories emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza kwisebe lobunjineli bemfonomfono kanomathotholo,

Inkqubo ebuyiselwa umva

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Yimpendulo yezi zixhobo ekusebenziseni uxinzelelo lomatshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein' elithetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa' kunye ne 'ēlektron' elithetha 'amber', umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Ukususela ngoko isetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, i-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijeneretha zewotshi, izixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances, qhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso ngokomlinganiselo weeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezixhokonxa zemigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwafumana ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okufana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizinto zokupheka kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, apho i-material ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, yaphononongwa nguCarl Linnaeus, uFranz Aepinus, kunye noRené Haüy phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18, bezoba ulwazi lwe-amber. U-Antoine César Becquerel ubeke ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, kodwa iimvavanyo zingqineke zingagqibekanga.

Abatyeleli kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eGlasgow banokujonga iPiezo Crystal Curie Compensator, umboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwabangela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kwaboniswa ngefuthe leekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Olu tshintsho kwimilo luye lwabaxwa kakhulu yiCuries ukuqikelela umphumo we-piezoelectric. Impembelelo ephikisanayo yathathwa ngokwemathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-tensor.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric, ezifana ne-sonar, zaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha i-high frequency pulse kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha entweni, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama wento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo. Le projekthi idale uphuhliso olumandla kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric, kwaye kumashumi eminyaka izixhobo ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zixhobo zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric

Yintoni eyenza iPiezoelectricity?

Kweli candelo, ndiza kuphonononga imvelaphi ye-piezoelectricity kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa le nto. Ndiza kujonga igama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane, kunye nefuthe le-pyroelectricity. Ndiza kuphinda ndixoxe ngokufunyaniswa kukaPierre noJacques Curie kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Igama lesiGrike elithi Piezein

I-Piezoelectricity kukuqokelelwa kwentlawulo yombane kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ezifana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Kubangelwa ukuphendula kwezi zixhobo ekusebenziseni uxinzelelo lomatshini. Igama elithi piezoelectricity livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "piezein", elithetha "ukucudisa okanye ukucinezela", kunye ne "ēlektron", elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli ebonisa i-piezoelectricity ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali zinokutshintsha ubungakanani bazo obumileyo xa kusetyenziswa umbane wangaphandle, owaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect kunye nokuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziswe kwizinto ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances. , qhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezixhokonxa zemigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okufana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Isiphumo se-pyroelectric, esisisizukulwana samandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ukudweba kulwazi lukaRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi uxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Uvavanyo alukhange lugqibe.

Kwimyuziyam yaseSkotlani, iindwendwe zinokujonga i-piezo crystal Curie compensator, umboniso wefuthe elithe ngqo le-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwanikezela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye nequartz evela kwityuwa ye-Rochelle ebonakalisiweyo ye-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric ivelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Olu tshintsho kwimilo lubaxiwe kakhulu kumboniso weCuries.

I-Curies iqhubekile nokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants ngohlalutyo lwe-tensor.

Olu setyenziso olusebenzayo lwe-piezoelectricity lwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye nabasebenzi asebenza nabo bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Umtshina uquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrophone, ukubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu. I-transducer yalinganisa ixesha elithathiweyo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento ukubala umgama wento leyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity kwi-sonar kwaba yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric iminyaka emininzi.

Umthombo waMandulo wokuTshaja koMbane

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ezifana nethambo kunye neDNA. Ibangelwa yimpendulo yezinto eziphathekayo kwixinzelelo lomatshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha 'ukucudisa okanye ukucofa', kunye negama elithi 'elektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutsalwa kombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli ebonisa i-piezoelectricity ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenziswe, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static kwi-inverse piezoelectric effect, ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yafunyanwa kwi-1880 yi-fizics yaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie. Isetyenziselwa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijeneretha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances kunye nokuqhuba imibhobho ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwi-ultrafine yeendibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup kwiigitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezitshizi zemigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana usetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla ekuveliseni iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, eyimveliso yamandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18, ukudweba kulwazi lukaRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi komatshini. uxinzelelo kunye nentlawulo yombane. Noko ke, iimvavanyo zabo zangqineka zingenabungqina.

Umbono we-piezo crystal kunye ne-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ibonisa umphumo ochanekileyo we-piezoelectric. Yayingumsebenzi wabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie abaphonononga kwaye bachaza izakhiwo zekristal ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity, ekugqibeleni ukupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ye-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants ngohlalutyo lwe-tensor, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric.

I-Sonar yaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I nguPaul Langevin waseFransi kunye noogxa bakhe, abaphuhlise i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Umtshina wawuquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha i-high frequency pulse kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha entweni, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama ukuya kwinto. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo. Iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric amashumi eminyaka.

Umbane wombane

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Igama elithi "piezoelectricity" lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi "piezein", elithetha "ukucofa okanye ukucofa", kunye negama lesiGrike elithi "ēlektron", elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yafunyanwa ngoososayensi baseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie ngo-1880. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, isizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kumbane osetyenzisiweyo. Imizekelo yezinto ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokulinganiswa ziquka iikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate. Xa isakhiwo esimileyo sikhubazekile, sibuyela kwidimension yaso yokuqala. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, i-inverse piezoelectric effect iveliswa, okubangela ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijeneretha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances, ukuqhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo. Ikwasisiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup kwiziginci ezikhuliswe nge-elektroniki, kunye nezinto ezibangela imigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okufana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, eyimveliso yamandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ukudweba kulwazi lukaRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owayebeke ubudlelwane. phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Noko ke, iimvavanyo zangqineka zingenabungqina.

Umbono we-piezo crystal kwi-Museum ye-Curie Compensator eSkotlani ngumboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric. Abazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie badibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwabo kwezakhiwo ze-crystal eziphantsi kokunika ukuqonda kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz zifunyenwe ukubonisa i-piezoelectricity, kwaye i-piezoelectric disk yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-voltage xa ikhubazekile. Oku kwagqithiswa kakhulu yiCuries ukuqikelela umphumo we-piezoelectric. Impembelelo ephikisanayo yafunyanwa ngokwezibalo yimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, i-piezoelectricity yahlala inomdla kwilabhoratri de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics).

Ukuphuhliswa kwesonar kwaba yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezintsha zezi zixhobo zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric zifumene amakhaya kwiindawo ezininzi, njengeekhatriji zeseramic zegramafoni, eziye zalula uyilo lomdlali kwaye zenzelwa ixabiso eliphantsi, abadlali berekhodi abachaneke kakhulu ababenexabiso eliphantsi ukugcina kunye nokwakha lula. Ukuphuhliswa kwee-transducers ze-ultrasonic kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye ne-elasticity yamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaqela ophando azimeleyo eUnited States, eRashiya naseJapan afumanisa udidi olutsha lwezixhobo zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuba ziiferroelectrics, ezibonisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zepiezoelectric.

Izinto zePiezoelectric

Kweli candelo, ndiza kuxoxa ngemathiriyeli ebonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric, esisakhono semathiriyeli ethile ukuqokelela intlawulo yombane ukuphendula kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenzisiweyo. Ndiza kujonga iikristale, i-ceramics, i-biological matter, ithambo, i-DNA kunye neeprotheni, kunye nendlela abasabela ngayo kwi-piezoelectric effect.

magaqa

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lithatyathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa' kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane. Izinto zePiezoelectric ziquka iikristale, iikeramics, izinto zebhayoloji, ithambo, iDNA, kunye neeproteni.

I-Piezoelectricity yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nezombane kwizinto zekristale ezine-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity zikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluvela kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Imizekelo yezinto ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokulinganiswa ibandakanya iikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate, ezinokuthi zikhubazeke kwi-dimension yazo yangaphambili okanye ngokuchaseneyo, zitshintshe i-static dimension xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenziswa. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, ukushicilelwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana njengee-microbalances, ukuqhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. Iipickup ze-Piezoelectric zikwasetyenziswa kwiigitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezitshisi kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yanamhlanje.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana usetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla ekuveliseni iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, kunye neetotshi kunye nezilayishi zecuba. Isiphumo se-pyroelectric, esisisizukulwana samandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, bethatha ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi komatshini. uxinzelelo kunye nentlawulo yombane. Amalinge okungqina le nkcazo-bungcali ayengagqibekanga.

Umbono wekristale ye-piezo kwi-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric. Abazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie badibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezisezantsi ukuze banike ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity. Baye bakwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal kwaye babonisa umphumo kwiikristali ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye nequartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity. Idisk yepiezoelectric ivelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile; utshintsho kwimilo lubaxiwe kakhulu kumboniso weCuries.

Bakwazile ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-piezoelectric eguqukayo kwaye bafumanisa ngokwezibalo imigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic emva kwayo. UGabriel Lippmann wenza oku kwi-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ye-converse, kwaye yaqhubeka ifumana ubungqina bobuninzi bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwi-sonar zaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Esi sikhangeli siquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrophone, ukubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu. Ngokulinganisa ixesha abalithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama oya kuloo nto. Oku kusetyenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity kwi-sonar kube yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwiminyaka emashumi.

ukubumba

Izinto ze-Piezoelectric zizinto eziqinileyo eziqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. I-Piezoelectricity ithathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa' kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane. Izinto zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, kunye nokuveliswa kombane ophezulu.

Izinto zePiezoelectric zifumaneka kwiikristale, iikeramics, izinto zebhayoloji, ithambo, iDNA kunye neeproteni. I-Ceramics yizona zinto ziqhelekileyo ze-piezoelectric ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo zemihla ngemihla. I-Ceramics yenziwe ngendibaniselwano yee-oxide zetsimbi, ezifana ne-lead zirconate titanate (PZT), ezifudunyezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuze zenze into eqinileyo. I-Ceramics yomelele kakhulu kwaye inokumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo.

Iiseramikhi zePiezoelectric zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa, kubandakanya:

• Ukuvelisa iintlantsi zokutshisa igesi yokupheka kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, ezinjengeetotshi kunye nezilayishi zecuba.
• Ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound kumfanekiso wezonyango.
• Ukuvelisa umbane wamandla aphezulu wejenereyitha zewotshi kunye nezixhobo zombane.
• Ukuvelisa ii-microbalances ukuze zisetyenziswe kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo.
• Ukuqhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwi-ultrafine yeeassemblies zamehlo.
• Ukwenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom.
• IiPickups zeziginkci zombane kunye nezitshizi zemigqomo yale mihla yombane.

Ii-ceramics ze-piezoelectric zisetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kwi-electronics yabathengi ukuya kwi-imaging yezokwelapha. Zihlala ixesha elide kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo, zizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo.

Umba webhayoloji

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha 'ukucudisa okanye ukucinezela', kunye ne-ēlektron, elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutsalwa kombane.

Imiba yebhayoloji efana nethambo, iDNA, kunye neeproteni ziphakathi kwezinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity zikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, imveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluvela kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Imizekelo yezi zixhobo ziquka iikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate, ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokulinganiswa xa isakhiwo sazo esingatshintshiyo sikhubazekile ukusuka kumlinganiselo wayo wokuqala. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenzisiweyo, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo osisigxina, ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound ngokusebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ephosakeleyo.

Ukufunyaniswa kwe-piezoelectricity kwenziwa ziingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie ngo-1880. Ukususela ngoko sele isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, ezifana:

• Ukuveliswa nokufunyanwa kwesandi
• Ushicilelo lwe-inkjet yePiezoelectric
• Ukuveliswa kombane wamandla aphezulu
• Ijenereyitha yewotshi
• Izixhobo zombane
• Iibhalansi ezincinci
• Qhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic
• Iindibano ze-optical ezigxininise kakhulu
• Yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes
• Sombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom
• IiPickups kwiziginci ezikhuliswe ngombane
• Izinto ezitsalayo kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla

I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwizinto zemihla ngemihla ezifana nokupheka ngegesi kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, kunye nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, eyimveliso yombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18. Ukutsalela kulwazi lukaRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeke ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, kodwa iimvavanyo zabo zingqineke zingagqibekanga.

Umbono wekristale ye-piezo kwi-Curie Compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric. Abazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie badibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwabo kwezakhiwo ze-crystal eziphantsi kokunika ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Esi siphumo saye sagqithiswa kakhulu yiCuries ukuqikelela umphumo we-piezoelectric. Impembelelo ephikisanayo yathathwa ngokwemathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity yafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Incwadi yeSifundo seCrystal Physics).

ithambo

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Ithambo yenye yezinto ezinjalo ezibonisa le nto.

Ithambo luhlobo lomcimbi webhayoloji owenziwe ngamaprotheni kunye neeminerali, kubandakanya i-collagen, i-calcium, kunye ne-phosphorus. Yeyona piezoelectric kuzo zonke izinto zebhayoloji, kwaye iyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa iphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric kwithambo sisiphumo sesakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo. Iqulunqwe yinethiwekhi ye-collagen fibers efakwe kwi-matrix yamaminerali. Xa ithambo liphantsi koxinzelelo lwemishini, i-collagen fibers ihamba, ibangela ukuba iiminerali zibe yi-polarized kwaye zivelise intlawulo yombane.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric kwithambo inenani lezicelo eziphathekayo. Isetyenziswa kwimifanekiso yezonyango, njenge-ultrasound kunye ne-X-ray imaging, ukubona ukuphuka kwamathambo kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Ikwasetyenziswa kwi-bone conduction aid aids, esebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ukuguqula amaza omsindo kwiimpawu zombane ezithunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwindlebe yangaphakathi.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric kwithambo iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-orthopedic implants, njengamalungu okufakelwa kunye nemilenze ye-prosthetic. Ukufakelwa kusebenzisa umphumo we-piezoelectric ukuguqula amandla omatshini abe ngamandla ombane, athi ke asetyenziswe ukunika amandla isixhobo.

Ukongezelela, umphumo we-piezoelectric kwithambo uphononongwa ukuze usetyenziswe ekuphuhliseni unyango olutsha. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baphanda ukusetyenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwamathambo kunye nokulungisa izicubu ezonakalisiweyo.

Ngokubanzi, i-piezoelectric effect emathanjeni yinto enomdla kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo eziphathekayo. Isetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zonyango kunye nobuchwepheshe, kwaye iphononongwa ukuze isetyenziswe ekuphuhliseni unyango olutsha.

DNA

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. IDNA yenye yezinto ezibonisa oku. I-DNA yimolekyuli yebhayoloji efumaneka kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kwaye yenziwe ngeziseko ezine ze-nucleotide: i-adenine (A), i-guanine (G), i-cytosine (C), kunye ne-thymine (T).

I-DNA yimolekyuli entsonkothileyo enokusetyenziswa ukuvelisa intlawulo yombane xa iphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini. Oku kubangelwa kukuba iimolekyuli zeDNA ziyilwe yimisonto emibini yeenucleotides edityaniswe ziibhondi zehydrogen. Xa ezi bhondi zaphukile, intlawulo yombane yenziwa.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ye-DNA isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:

• Ukuvelisa umbane wokufakelwa kwezonyango
• Ukukhangela kunye nokulinganisa amandla oomatshini kwiiseli
• Ukuphuhlisa i-nanoscale sensors
• Ukwenza ii-biosensors zokulandelelana kwe-DNA
• Ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound ukwenzela umfanekiso

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ye-DNA iphinda ihlolwe ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekuphuhliseni izinto ezintsha, ezifana ne-nanowires kunye ne-nanotubes. Ezi zixhobo zingasetyenziselwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo, kubandakanywa ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokuziva.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ye-DNA ifundwe ngokubanzi kwaye ifunyenwe inomdla kakhulu kuxinzelelo lomatshini. Oku kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esixabisekileyo kubaphandi kunye neenjineli ezijonge ukuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqukumbela, i-DNA yinto ebonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric, okwaziyo ukuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Esi siphumo sisetyenziswe kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukufakelwa kwezonyango, i-nanoscale sensors, kunye nokulandelelana kwe-DNA. Kwakhona kuphononongwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo ekuphuhliseni izinto ezintsha, ezifana ne-nanowires kunye ne-nanotubes.

Iiprotheni

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Izinto ze-piezoelectric, ezifana neeprotheni, iikristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA, ibonisa le mpembelelo. Iiprotheyini, ngokukodwa, zizinto ezikhethekileyo ze-piezoelectric, njengoko zenziwe ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-amino acids enokuguqulwa ukuba ivelise intlawulo yombane.

Iiprotheyini zilona hlobo luninzi kakhulu lwempahla ye-piezoelectric, kwaye ifumaneka kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Zinokufumaneka ngendlela yee-enzymes, iihomoni, kunye nezilwa-buhlungu, ngokunjalo nangendlela yeeprotheyini zesakhiwo ezifana ne-collagen kunye ne-keratin. Iiprotheyini zikwafumaneka ngendlela yeeprotheyini zemisipha, ezijongene nokunciphisa imisipha kunye nokuphumla.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yeeprotheni ngenxa yokuba zenziwe ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-amino acids. Xa ezi amino acids zikhubazekile, zivelisa intlawulo yombane. Le ntlawulo yombane ingasetyenziselwa ukunika amandla iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo, ezinjengezoluvo kunye nee-actuators.

Iiprotheyini zikwasetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Ngokomzekelo, zisetyenziselwa ukubona ubukho beeprotheni ezithile emzimbeni, ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukubona ubukho beebhaktheriya ezithile kunye neentsholongwane, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuxilonga izifo.

Iiprotheyini zikwasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zamashishini. Ngokomzekelo, zisetyenziselwa ukudala i-sensor kunye ne-actuators kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kweenqwelo-moya kunye nezinye izithuthi.

Ukuqukumbela, iiprotheni zizinto ezizodwa ze-piezoelectric ezinokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ziqulunqwe ngolwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwee-amino acid ezinokuthi zikhubazeke ukuvelisa intlawulo yombane, kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zonyango kunye nezoshishino.

Ukuvunwa kwamandla ngePiezoelectricity

Kweli candelo, ndiza kube ndixoxa ngendlela i-piezoelectricity enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuvuna amandla. Ndiza kujonga kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-piezoelectricity, ukusuka kwi-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo ukuya kwiijenereyitha zewotshi kunye nee-microbalances. Ndiza kuphinda ndiphonononge imbali ye-piezoelectricity, ukusuka ekubhaqweni kwayo nguPierre Curie ukuya kusetyenziswa kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Okokugqibela, ndiza kube ndixoxa ngemeko yangoku yeshishini le-piezoelectric kunye nokubanakho ukukhula ngakumbi.

Ushicilelo lwe-Inkjet yePiezoelectric

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuvelisa intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein' (ukucudisa okanye ukucofa) kunye ne'elektron' (amber), umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane. Iimathiriyeli ze-piezoelectric, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA, zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane wamandla aphezulu, njengejenereyitha yewotshi, kwizixhobo zombane, nakwii-microbalances. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. Ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-Piezoelectric sisicelo esidumileyo sale teknoloji. Olu luhlobo loshicilelo olusebenzisa iikristale ze-piezoelectric ukuvelisa ukungcangcazela kwe-high-frequency vibration, esetyenziselwa ukukhupha amathontsi e-inki kwiphepha.

Ukufunyanwa kwe-piezoelectricity kubuyela kwi-1880, xa iifiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa umphumo. Ukususela ngoko, umphumo we-piezoelectric usetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ezincedo. I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswa kwizinto zemihla ngemihla ezinje ngokupheka ngegesi kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, kunye ne-pickup kwiziginci ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezitshizi kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kuphando lwezenzululwazi. Sisiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. Ikwasetyenziswa kwi-ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ethumela i-ultrasonic pulses kwi-material kwaye ilinganisa izibonakaliso zokubona ukungaqhubeki kunye nokufumana iziphene ngaphakathi kwesinyithi kunye nezinto zamatye.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kuqhutywe yimfuneko yokusebenza ngcono kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa lula. EUnited States, ukuphuhliswa kweekristali ze-quartz zokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kweshishini le-piezoelectric. Ngokwahlukileyo, abavelisi baseJapan baye bakwazi ukwabelana ngokukhawuleza ngolwazi kunye nokuphuhlisa izicelo ezintsha, ezikhokelela ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza kwimarike yaseJapan.

I-Piezoelectricity iye yatshintsha indlela esisebenzisa ngayo amandla, ukusuka kwizinto zemihla ngemihla ezifana nezilayishi ukuya kuphando oluphambili lwenzululwazi. Bubuchwephesha obuguquguqukayo obusenze ukuba siphonononge kwaye siphuhlise izixhobo ezintsha kunye nokusetyenziswa, kwaye iya kuqhubeka iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bethu kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukuveliswa koMbane woMbane oPhezulu

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile eziqinileyo zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lithatyathwe kumagama esiGrike 'piezein' athetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa' kunye 'ēlektron' elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane. I-Piezoelectricity yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nezombane kwizinto zekristale ezine-symmetry ye-inversion.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric yinkqubo eguqulwayo; imathiriyeli ebonisa i-piezoelectricity iphinda ibonise umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, imveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric sisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nokuveliswa kombane ophezulu. Izinto ze-piezoelectric zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, kwi-piezoelectric inkjet yokushicilela, kwiijeneretha zewashi, kwizixhobo zombane, kwii-microbalances, kwi-drive ultrasonic nozzles, nakwi-ultrafine egxininisa kwiindibano zamehlo.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinda isetyenziswe kwizicelo zemihla ngemihla, ezifana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumeni izixhobo, kwiitotshi, izilayidi zecigarette, kunye nezixhobo ze-pyroelectric effect, ezivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu. Esi siphumo saphononongwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18, bethatha ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, ababeke ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, nangona iimvavanyo zabo zingqineka zingenasiphelo.

Ulwazi oludityanisiweyo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristal ezingaphantsi kwanikezela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Oku kwabaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries wesiphumo esithe ngqo sepiezoelectric.

Abazalwana uPierre kunye noJacques Curie baqhubela phambili befumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ye-Crystal Physics), echaza iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo uhlalutyo lwe-piezoelectric .

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwaqala ngokuphuhliswa kwe-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Umtshina wawuquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha i-high frequency pulse kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha entweni, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama wento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza i-sonar ibe yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi yenza uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric kule minyaka ilandelayo.

Izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zixhobo zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric zafumana amakhaya kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, njengeekhatriji zeceramic yegramafoni, eyenze lula uyilo lomdlali kwaye yenzelwe ixabiso eliphantsi, abadlali berekhodi abachaneke kakhulu ababenexabiso eliphantsi ukugcina kunye nokwakha lula. Ukuphuhliswa kwee-ultrasonic transducers kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye no-elasticity wamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabona amaqela ophando azimeleyo e-United States, eRashiya naseJapan efumanisa udidi olutsha lwezinto ezenziweyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-fer.

I-Clock Generator

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Le nto isetyenziselwe ukwenza inani lezicelo eziluncedo, ukuquka iijenereyitha zewotshi. Iijenereyitha zewotshi zizixhobo ezisebenzisa i-piezoelectricity ukuvelisa iimpawu zombane kunye nexesha elichanekileyo.

Iijenereyitha zewotshi zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, njengeekhompyuter, unxibelelwano, kunye neenkqubo zeemoto. Zikwasetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango, njengezincedisi-ntliziyo, ukuqinisekisa ixesha elichanekileyo lemiqondiso yombane. Iijenereyitha zewotshi zikwasetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ezenzelayo kunye neerobhothi, apho ixesha elichanekileyo liyimfuneko.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isekelwe kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristalline ezine-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sibuyela umva, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zinokuvelisa uxinzelelo lomatshini xa kufakwe indawo yombane. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound.

Iijenereyitha zewotshi zisebenzisa le mpembelelo yepiezoelectric inverse ukuvelisa imiqondiso yombane ngexesha elichanekileyo. I-piezoelectric imathiriyeli ikhubazwa yintsimi yombane, ebangela ukuba ingcangcazele kwi-frequency ethile. Olu ngcangcazelo luthi ke luguqulelwe ekubeni luphawu lombane, olusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa uphawu oluchanekileyo lwexesha.

Iijeneretha zewashi zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwizixhobo zonyango ukuya kwi-industrial automation. Zithembekile, zichanekile, kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa, zizenza zibe lukhetho oludumileyo kwizicelo ezininzi. I-Piezoelectricity yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, kwaye iijenereyitha zewotshi sesinye sezicelo ezininzi zesi siganeko.

Izixhobo zombane

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile eziqinileyo zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. Lo mcimbi, owaziwa ngokuba yi-piezoelectric effect, usetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zombane, ukusuka kwii-pickup kwiziginci ezikhuliswe ngombane ukuya kwizitshixo kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ithathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha "cudisa" okanye "cofa" kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha "iamber", umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane. Izinto zePiezoelectric ziikristale, iiseramics, kunye nomcimbi webhayoloji onjengethambo kunye neeproteni zeDNA, ezibonisa isiphumo sepiezoelectric.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristali kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli ebonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Ukufunyaniswa kwe-piezoelectricity kubangelwa kwiifiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie, ababonise umphumo othe ngqo we-piezoelectric kwi-1880. Ulwazi lwabo oludibeneyo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwabangela ukubikezelwa kwempembelelo ye-pyroelectric, kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela. Ukuziphatha kwekristale kubonakaliswe ngefuthe leekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba, kunye netyuwa ye-Rochelle.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla, ezifana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, iitotshi, izibane zecuba, kunye nezixhobo ze-pyroelectric effect eyenza amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu. Oku kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwe-18th inkulungwane, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Iimvavanyo zingqineke zingaqinanga, nangona kunjalo, de umbono we-piezo crystal kwimyuziyam ye-Curie compensator eSkotlani ubonise umphumo othe ngqo we-piezoelectric ngabazalwana baseCurie.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zombane, ukusuka kwii-pickup kwiziginci ezikhuliswe ngombane ukuya kwizitshizi kwimigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla. Ikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni nasekubhaqweni kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ombane ophezulu, iijeneretha zewotshi, ii-microbalances, ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic eziqhubayo, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasisiseko sokuskena ii-microscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom.

Iimpawu ezincinci

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile eziqinileyo zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. I-Piezoelectricity ithathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein), elithetha "cudisa" okanye "cofa", kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza zemihla ngemihla, ezinjengokuvelisa iintlantsi zokutshisa igesi yokupheka kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Ikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni nasekubhaqweni kwesandi, nakwi-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane wamandla aphezulu, kwaye isisiseko seejenereyitha zewotshi kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana nee-microbalances. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo.

Ukufunyaniswa kwe-piezoelectricity kuthiwa yi-physicists yaseFransi uJacques kunye noPierre Curie kwi-1880. Abazalwana baseCurie badibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwabo kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezisezantsi ukuze bavelise ingcamango ye-piezoelectricity. Baye bakwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal kwaye babonisa umphumo kwiikristali ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa.

Umphumo we-piezoelectric wasetyenziselwa izicelo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi. Ukuphuhliswa kwesonar ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kwaba yinkqubela enkulu ekusetyenzisweni kwe-piezoelectricity. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaqela ophando azimeleyo eUnited States, eRashiya naseJapan afumanisa udidi olutsha lwezixhobo zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>ferroelectrics, ezibonisa i<em>piezoelectric constants ngokuphindwe kalishumi ngaphezu kwemathiriyeli yendalo.

Oku kwakhokelela kuphando olunzulu kunye nophuhliso lwe-barium titanate kwaye kamva izinto ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate, ezazineempawu ezithile zezicelo ezithile. Umzekelo obalulekileyo wokusetyenziswa kweekristale ze-piezoelectric zaphuhliswa kwi-Bell Telephone Laboratories emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza kwisebe lobunjineli bomnxeba kanomathotholo, wavelisa ikristale esikiweyo esebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo obushushu. Ikristale yokunqongophala ayizange ifune izixhobo ezinzima zeekristale zangaphambili, eziququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwinqwelomoya. Olu phuhliso luvumele imikhosi yomoya ye-Allied ukuba ibandakanyeke kuhlaselo oluninzi olulungelelanisiweyo kusetyenziswa unomathotholo wenqwelomoya.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kunye nezixhobo e-United States zigcine iinkampani ezininzi kwishishini, kwaye ukuphuhliswa kweekristali ze-quartz kwakuxhatshazwa ngokurhweba. Izinto zePiezoelectric ziye zasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa umfanekiso wezonyango, ukucocwa kwe-ultrasonic, kunye nokunye.

Qhuba i-Ultrasonic Nozzle

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Yimpendulo kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo kwaye lithatyathwe kumagama esiGrike athi 'piezein', elithetha 'cudisa' okanye 'cofa', kunye 'neelektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, intsingiselo yezixhobo ezibonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ikwabonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric esibuyela umva, esisisizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo woku ziikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate, ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo olungagungqiyo lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo bokuqala. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa kusetyenziswe indawo yombane yangaphandle, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static, obangelwa yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques kunye noPierre Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880 kwaye ukususela ngoko iye yasetyenziswa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, kuquka ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi. I-Piezoelectricity ikwafumana ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okufana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye.

Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, eyona nto ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus, uFranz Aepinus, kunye ne-18th yenkulungwane yeminyaka yokudweba ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye intlawulo yombane. Amalinge okungqina oku ayengagqibekanga.

Umbono wekristale ye-piezo kwi-Curie Compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wefuthe elithe ngqo le-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda izakhiwo zekristale ezisezantsi zinike ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kwaye zabavumela ukuba baqikelele ukuziphatha kwekristale. Oku kwaboniswa ngefuthe leekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ishukela lommoba, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Oku kwagxininiswa kakhulu yiCuries ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-piezoelectric echaseneyo, eyathi yathathwa ngokwemathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie kumsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Oku kwafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo seCrystal Physics), echaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants ngohlalutyo lwe-tensor.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwaqala nge-sonar, eyaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Umtshina uquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrophone, ukubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu. Ngokulinganisa ixesha abalithabathayo ukuva isandi samaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento ethile, babekwazi ukubala umgama wento leyo. Oku kusetyenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity kwi-sonar kube yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric iminyaka emininzi.

Izinto ezintsha zepiezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zinto ziye zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa, kunye nezixhobo zepiezoelectric zafumana amakhaya kwiindawo ezinjengeekhatriji zeceramic zegramafoni, eziye zalula ukuyila umdlali kwaye zenzelwa ukuba zingabizi, abadlali berekhodi abachaneke kakhulu ukuba bangabizi ukugcina kwaye kulula ukwakha. . Ukuphuhliswa kwee-ultrasonic transducers kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye no-elasticity wamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse ngokusebenzisa imathiriyeli kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwesinyithi kunye nezinto zamatye.

I-Ultrafine yokuJonga iiNdibano ze-Optical

I-Piezoelectricity bubuchule bezinto ezithile zokuqokelela intlawulo yombane xa iphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini. Yintsebenziswano ehambelanayo ye-electromechanical phakathi kwamazwe ombane kunye noomatshini bezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. I-Piezoelectricity yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba izixhobo ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zibonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kumbane osetyenziswayo.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, kunye nokuveliswa kombane ophezulu. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kushicilelo lwe-inkjet, iijenereyitha zewotshi, izixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances, ii-nozzles ze-drive ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo.

I-Piezoelectricity yafunyanwa ngo-1880 ziingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziswe kwizicelo eziluncedo, ezifana nokuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, kunye nokuveliswa kombane ophezulu. Ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric kukwasetyenziswa, kunye neejenereyitha zewotshi, izixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances, ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic drive, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumene indlela yayo yokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke, njengokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi yokupheka kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza, iitotshi, izibane zecuba, kunye nezixhobo ze-pyroelectric effect ezenza amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa. Esi siphumo sifundwe nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Uvavanyo alukhange lugqibe.

I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kunye ne-quartz kunye netyuwa ye-Rochelle ibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-voltage xa ikhubazekile, nangona utshintsho kwimilo lwalubaxiwe kakhulu. I-Curies yaqikelela isiphumo se-converse piezoelectric, kwaye i-converse effect yafunyanwa kwi-mathematika kwimigaqo ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngoko nangoko ubukho be-converse effect, kwaye yaqhubeka ifumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokubuyela umva ngokupheleleyo kwe-electro- i-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-tensor ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric.

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-sonar kwaba yiprojekthi eyimpumelelo eyenza uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zixhobo zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric zifumene amakhaya kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, njengeekhatriji zeceramic yegramafoni, eyenze lula uyilo lomdlali kwaye yenza abadlali berekhodi bangabizi kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuyigcina kunye nokwakha. Ukuphuhliswa kwee-transducers ze-ultrasonic kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye ne-elasticity yamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

Ukuqala kwentsimi yeminqweno ye-piezoelectricity yaqinisekiswa ngamalungelo abenzi benzuzo bezinto ezintsha eziphuhliswe kwiikristale ze-quartz, ezazixhatshazwa ngokurhweba njengempahla ye-piezoelectric. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikhangele izinto zokusebenza eziphezulu, kwaye nangona ukuqhubela phambili kwezinto kunye nokuvuthwa kweenkqubo zokuvelisa, imarike yase-United States ayizange ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abavelisi baseJapan babelane ngolwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye izicelo ezitsha zokukhula kwishishini le-piezoelectric lase-United States lahlupheka ngokungafaniyo nabavelisi baseJapan.

IiMotor zePiezoelectric

Kweli candelo, ndiza kuthetha ngendlela ipiezoelectricity esetyenziswa ngayo kubuchwephesha bale mihla. Ukusuka kuvavanyo lweemicroscopes ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom ukuya kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo zombane kunye nezitshizi zamagubu ombane anamhlanje, i-piezoelectricity ibe yinxalenye yezixhobo ezininzi. Ndiza kuphonononga imbali ye-piezoelectricity kunye nendlela esetyenziswe ngayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Iifom zeSiseko sokuSkena kwiMikroskopu

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ezifana nethambo kunye neDNA. Yimpendulo kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenzisiweyo, kwaye igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi πιέζειν (piezein) elithetha "cudisa" okanye "cofa" kunye no ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha "amber", umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

I-piezoelectric motors zizixhobo ezisebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ukuvelisa intshukumo. Esi siphumo yintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristalline kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli ebonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Imizekelo yezinto ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokulinganiswa ziikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziswe kwizicelo eziluncedo, ezifana nokuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijeneretha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances kunye nokuqhuba imibhobho ye-ultrasonic ye-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom.

I-Piezoelectricity yafunyanwa ngo-1880 ziingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie. Umbono we-piezo crystal kunye ne-Curie compensator ingabonwa kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani, ebonisa umphumo ochanekileyo we-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie.

Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwabo kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwabangela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity, eyabavumela ukuba baqikelele ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kunye ne-quartz kunye netyuwa ye-Rochelle ibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-voltage xa ikhubazekile, nangona oku kwakugqithiswa kakhulu yiCuries.

Baphinde baxela kwangaphambili umphumo we-piezoelectric ephikisanayo, kwaye oku kwathatyathwa ngokwezibalo kwimigaqo ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. ukuguqulwa komatshini kwiikristale ze-piezoelectric.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ye-Crystal Physics), echaza iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo i-piezoelectric constants kunye ne-tendon.

Oku kwakhokelela ekusebenziseni izixhobo ze-piezoelectric, ezifana ne-sonar, eyaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye ne-hydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu evela kwi-transducer. Ngokulinganisa ixesha abalithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento, bakwazi ukubala umgama wento leyo. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric iminyaka emininzi.

Izinto ezintsha zepiezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zinto ziye zaphononongwa kwaye zaphuhliswa, kunye nezixhobo zepiezoelectric zafumana amakhaya kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana neekhatriji ze-ceramic phonograph, eziye zalula ukuyila komdlali kwaye zenzelwa abadlali abarekhodiweyo ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye bechaneke ngakumbi ukuba bangabizi ukugcina kwaye kulula. ukwakha. Ukuphuhliswa kwee-ultrasonic transducers kuvumeleke ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye no-elasticity wamanzi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, okukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaqela ophando azimeleyo eUnited

Sombulula iMifanekiso ngokweSikali seeAthom

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Yimpendulo kuxinzelelo lomatshini kwaye lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha ukucudisa okanye ukucofa. Umphumo we-piezoelectric uphuma kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristalline ezine-symmetry ye-inversion.

I-Piezoelectricity yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, kwaye izinto ezibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, isizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kumbane osetyenziswayo. Imizekelo yoku ibandakanya iikristale ze-lead zirconate titanate, ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo olungagungqiyo lukhubazekile ukusuka kumlinganiselo walo wokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, ukushicilelwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijeneretha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana microbalances kwaye uqhube imilomo ye-ultrasonic. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, njengokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, eyona nto ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18. Ukutsalela kulwazi lukaRené Haüy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeke ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, kodwa iimvavanyo zabo zingqineke zingagqibekanga.

Iindwendwe kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eGlasgow zinokujonga i-piezo crystal Curie compensator, umboniso wesiphumo esithe ngqo se-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ngokudityaniswa nolwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristale ezingaphantsi, banike ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwekristale. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kunye ne-quartz kunye netyuwa ye-Rochelle ibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric ivelisa i-voltage xa ikhubazekile, nangona utshintsho kwimilo lubaxwa kakhulu. I-Curies ikwazile ukuqikelela isiphumo se-piezoelectric eguqukayo, kwaye isiphumo esiguquguqukayo sathatyathwa ngokwemathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity yafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi ebhaliweyo yeCrystal Physics).

Pickups Electronically Amplified Guitars

Iimotor zePiezoelectric ziimotor zombane ezisebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ukuguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla omatshini. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yikhono lezinto ezithile zokuvelisa intlawulo yombane xa iphantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini. Iimotor zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekuxhobiseni izixhobo ezincinci ezifana newotshi kunye newotshi ukuya ekuxhobiseni koomatshini abakhulu abanje ngeerobhothi kunye nezixhobo zonyango.

Iimotor zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwiipickups iigitare ezenziwe ngombane. Ezi pickups zisebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ukuguqula ukungcangcazela kweentambo zegitala zibe ngumqondiso wombane. Olu phawu luye lwandiswa luze luthunyelwe kwisandisi-lizwi, esivelisa isandi sesiginci. Iipickup zePiezoelectric zikwasetyenziswa kwimigqomo yale mihla ye-elektroniki, apho isetyenziselwa ukubona ukungcangcazela kweentloko zegubu kwaye ziguqulelwe kumqondiso wombane.

Iinjini ze-piezoelectric zikwasetyenziselwa ukuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezisebenzisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ukuhambisa iprobe encinci kumphezulu. Oku kuvumela imakroskopu ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. Iinjini zePiezoelectric zikwasetyenziswa kwiiprinta ze-inkjet, apho zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa intloko yoshicilelo umva naphambili ngapha kwephepha.

Iinjini zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya izixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zemoto, kunye ne-elektroniki yabathengi. Zikwasetyenziswa kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, njengokuveliswa kwamacandelo achanekileyo kunye nokuhlanganisa amacandelo anzima. Isiphumo se-piezoelectric sikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound, asetyenziswa kwimifanekiso yezonyango kunye nokufumanisa iimpazamo kwizinto eziphathekayo.

Ngokubanzi, iinjini zepiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka ekuxhobiseni izixhobo ezincinci ukuya kumandla koomatshini abakhulu. Zisetyenziswa kwiipickuphu iigitala ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki, amagubu e-elektroniki ale mihla, iimakroskopu zokuskena, iiprinta ze-inkjet, izixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zemoto, kunye nombane wabathengi. Isiphumo se-piezoelectric sikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound kunye nokufumanisa iziphene kwizinto eziphathekayo.

Zixhokonxa amaGubu oMbane wanamhlanje

I-Piezoelectricity yintlawulo yombane eqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Yimpendulo yezi zixhobo ekusebenziseni uxinzelelo lomatshini. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi "piezein", elithetha "ukucofa okanye ukucofa", kunye negama elithi "elektron", elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

I-piezoelectric motors zizixhobo ezisebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect ukuvelisa intshukumo. Esi siphumo siphumela kwi-linear electromechanical interaction phakathi kwe-mechanical and electrical states of crystalline materials with inversion symmetry. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, intsingiselo yezixhobo ezibonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ikwabonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric esibuyela umva, esisisizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo woku ziikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate, ezivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo olungagungqiyo lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo bokuqala. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenzisiweyo, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo osisigxina, ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound.

Iinjini zePiezoelectric zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla, ezinje ngale:

• Ukuvelisa iintlantsi ezitshisa irhasi kwizixhobo zokupheka nezokufudumeza
• Iitotshi, izilayitisi zecuba, kunye nemathiriyeli yepyroelectric effect
• Ukuvelisa amandla ombane ukuphendula utshintsho lobushushu
• Ukuveliswa nokufunyanwa kwesandi
• Ushicilelo lwe-inkjet yePiezoelectric
• Ukuveliswa kombane wamandla aphezulu
• Ijenereyitha yewotshi kunye nezixhobo zombane
• Iibhalansi ezincinci
• Qhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iiassemblies zamehlo
• Yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes
• Sombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom
• Iipickups elektroniki amplified guitar
• Icupha amagubu e-elektroniki ale mihla.

IModeli ye-Electromechanical ye-Piezoelectric Transducers

Kweli candelo, ndiza kuphonononga imodeli ye-electromechanical yee-piezoelectric transducers. Ndiza kujonga kwimbali yokufunyanwa kwe-piezoelectricity, iimvavanyo ezingqina ubukho bayo, kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo zombane kunye nemathiriyeli. Kwakhona ndiza kuxoxa ngamagalelo eengcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie, uCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus, uRene Hauy noAntoine Cesar Becquerel, uGabriel Lippmann, kunye noWoldemar Voigt.

Iingcali zeFiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical apho intlawulo yombane iqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Le ntlawulo yenziwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha 'ukucudisa okanye ukucofa', kunye ne'elektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphuma kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto ezine-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, apho ukuveliswa kwangaphakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kuveliswa ngokuphendula kwintsimi yombane esetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenziswe, iikristali zitshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static, ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect.

Ngo-1880, iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie bafumanisa impembelelo ye-piezoelectric kwaye sele isetyenzisiwe kwizicelo ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanya ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, ushicilelo lwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye ne-elektroniki. izixhobo ezinje nge-microbalances kunye nokuqhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic ye-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso ngokomlinganiselo weeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezixhokonxa zemigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwafumana ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okufana nokuvelisa iintlantsi zokucima igesi kwizixhobo zokupheka kunye nokufudumeza, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Umphumo we-pyroelectric, apho umbane uvelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, wafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18, ukudweba kulwazi lukaRené Hauy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi uxinzelelo koomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, nangona iimvavanyo zabo zingqineke zingenasiphelo.

Ngokudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal eziphantsi, i-Curies yakwazi ukunika ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kweekristale. Oku kubonakaliswe kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye nequartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity. Idiski yepiezoelectric ivelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile, nangona oku kubaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries. Bakwazile ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-piezoelectric eguqukayo kwaye bayifumana ngokwezibalo kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, i-piezoelectricity yahlala inomdla kwilabhoratri de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity yafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Incwadi yeSifundo seCrystal Physics).

Iimvavanyo zingqineke azigqibelelanga

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical apho intlawulo yombane iqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Yimpendulo kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo, kwaye igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lithatyathwe kumagama esiGrike athi 'piezein', elithetha 'ukucudisa okanye ukucofa', kunye no'ēlektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wokutshaja umbane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva; imathiriyeli ebonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric ikwabonisa isiphumo se-piezoelectric esingasemva, esisisizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini oluphuma kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Ukususela ngoko iye yasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo eziluncedo, kuquka ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, i-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane ezifana ne-microbalances. , qhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki, kunye nezinto ezibangela imigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity ifumana usetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla ekuveliseni iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayishi zecuba, nokunye. Umphumo we-pyroelectric, apho umbane uvelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa, wafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18, ukudweba kulwazi lukaRené Hauy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane. phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Uvavanyo alukhange lugqibe.

Ulwazi oludibeneyo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwanikezela ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kweekristale. Oku kwaboniswa kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Oku kwabaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries wesiphumo esithe ngqo sepiezoelectric.

Abazalwana uPierre kunye noJacques Curie baqikelele ngempembelelo ye-piezoelectric eguqukayo, kwaye isiphumo se-converse sathathwa ngokwezibalo kwimigaqo ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. ukuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, kodwa yayisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonise i-piezoelectricity ifikelele ekupapashweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics). Oku kuchaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo ii-piezoelectric constants zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-tensor. Le yayiyisicelo sokuqala esisebenzayo se-piezoelectric transducers, kwaye i-sonar yaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector.

UCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical apho intlawulo yombane iqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo ezifana neekristale, iiseramikhi, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Lo mrhumo uveliswa ngokuphendula kuxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuka kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha "ukucudisa okanye ukucinezela" kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity zikwabonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, eyimveliso yangaphakathi yoxinzelelo lomatshini oluvela kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Ngo-1880, iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uJacques noPierre Curie bafumanisa impembelelo ye-piezoelectric kwaye sele isetyenzisiwe kwizicelo ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanya ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukuprintwa kwe-inkjet yepiezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ombane ophezulu, iijenereyitha zewotshi, izixhobo zombane, ii-microbalances. , qhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxininisa iindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimicroscopes zeprobe, ezisetyenziselwa ukusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezixhokonxa zemigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

I-Piezoelectricity nayo ifumaneka ekusebenziseni imihla ngemihla, njengokuvelisa i-sparks ukuvutha igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumeni izixhobo, iitotshi, izilayidi ze-cigarette, kunye nefuthe le-pyroelectric, apho into ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa. Esi siphumo saphononongwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18, bezotywa kulwazi oluvela kuRené Hauy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane, nangona iimvavanyo zabo zingqineke zingagqibekanga.

Umbono we-piezo crystal kwi-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wefuthe elithe ngqo le-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwanikezela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz evela kwityuwa ye-Rochelle ibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric ivelisa i-voltage xa ikhubazekile, nangona oku kubaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries.

Ukuqikelelwa kwempembelelo ye-piezoelectric ephikisanayo kunye nokuxhuzulwa kwayo kwimathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic yenziwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ye-converse, kwaye yaqhubeka ifumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto- ukuguqulwa komatshini kwiikristale ze-piezoelectric. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie, abayisebenzisayo ukuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Oku kwafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo seCrystal Physics), echaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo i-piezoelectric constants usebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-tensor.

Olu setyenziso olusebenzayo lwe-piezoelectric transducers lukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye nabasebenzi asebenza nabo bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Umtshina wawuquka i-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye ne-hydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu evela kwi-transducer. Ngokulinganisa ixesha abalithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama wento leyo. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olunzulu kunye nomdla kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric.

URene Hauy kunye no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical eyenzeka xa izinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye nomcimbi webhayoloji njengethambo kunye ne-DNA, ziqokelela intlawulo yombane ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo lomatshini. I-Piezoelectricity ithathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'piezein', elithetha 'ukucudisa okanye ukucofa', kunye ne'elektron', elithetha 'iamber', umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, okanye ukuveliswa kwangaphakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kumhlaba osetyenziswayo wombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa intsimi yombane yangaphandle isetyenzisiweyo, okubangelwa yimpembelelo ye-piezoelectric inverse kunye nokuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie bafumanisa umphumo we-piezoelectric ngo-1880. Esi siphumo siye sasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, ukushicilelwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi kunye nezixhobo zombane. njengee-microbalances, ukuqhuba ii-nozzles ze-ultrasonic, kunye ne-ultrafine egxile kwiindibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. I-Piezoelectricity ikwasetyenziswa kwii-pickup zeegitare ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki, kunye nezinto ezibangela imigqomo ye-elektroniki yale mihla.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric yaqala ukufundwa nguCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRene Hauy kunye no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Noko ke, iimvavanyo zangqineka zingenabungqina. Idityaniswe nolwazi lwe-pyroelectricity, kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristale ezingaphantsi, oku kubangele ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity, kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwekristale. Oku kubonakaliswe kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Esi siphumo sasibaxwa kakhulu kumboniso weCuries kwiMyuziyam yaseSkotlani, ebonisa umphumo othe ngqo we-piezoelectric.

Abazalwana uPierre kunye noJacques Curie baqhubela phambili befumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Lo msebenzi uhlolisise kwaye uchaze izakhiwo ze-crystal ezibonise i-piezoelectricity, ekugqibeleni ukupapashwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo se-Crystal Physics).

IiCuries zaqinisekisa ngoko nangoko ubukho besiphumo esiguquguqukayo, kwaye yaqhubeka kwimathematika ukufumanisa imigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic yesiphumo esihambelanayo. Oku kwenziwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Piezoelectricity yayisetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa i-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha i-high frequency pulse kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha entweni, banokubala umgama oya kuloo nto.

Ukusetyenziswa kweekristale ze-piezoelectric kwaphuhliswa ngakumbi yiBell Telephone Laboratories emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza kwisebe lobunjineli bocingo lukanomathotholo, waphuhlisa ikristale esikiweyo enokusebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo obushushu. Ikristale yokunqongophala ayizange ifune izixhobo ezinzima zeekristale zangaphambili, eziququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwinqwelomoya. Olu phuhliso lwavumela imikhosi yomoya ye-Allied ukuba ibandakanyeke kuhlaselo oluninzi olulungelelanisiweyo, isebenzisa unomathotholo wenqwelomoya. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kunye nemathiriyeli e-United States yagcina iinkampani kuphuhliso lwexesha lemfazwe endle, kunye nomdla wokufumana amalungelo awodwa omenzi anenzuzo kwizinto ezintsha eziphuhlisiwe. Iikristale ze-quartz zazixhatshazwa ngokurhweba njengempahla ye-piezoelectric, kwaye izazinzulu zafuna izinto zokusebenza eziphezulu. Ngaphandle kokuhambela phambili kwezinto kunye nokuvuthwa kweenkqubo zokuvelisa, i-United States

UGabriel Lippmann

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical apho intlawulo yombane iqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Kuyisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kweemeko zoomatshini kunye nombane kwizinto ezine-inversion symmetry. I-Piezoelectricity yafunyanwa okokuqala ngoososayensi baseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie ngo-1880.

I-Piezoelectricity isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufunyanwa kwesandi, ukushicilelwa kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, kunye nokuveliswa kombane ophezulu. I-Piezoelectricity ithathwe kumagama esiGrike athi πιέζειν (piezein) athetha "ukucudisa okanye ukucinezela" kunye ne-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wokutshajiswa kombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric sibuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zibonisa i-reverse piezoelectric effect, apho isizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini siphumela ekusetyenzisweni kwendawo yombane. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo bokuqala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikristale zinokutshintsha ubungakanani bazo obumileyo xa kusenziwa indawo yombane yangaphandle, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect. Le nkqubo ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaza e-ultrasound.

Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ifundwe ukususela kwi-18 yenkulungwane, xa uCarl Linnaeus kunye noFranz Aepinus, bezoba kulwazi lukaRené Hauy kunye no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeka ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo lomatshini kunye nentlawulo yombane. Noko ke, iimvavanyo zangqineka zingenabungqina. Kwakungekho de kube ulwazi oludibeneyo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphantsi kwanikezela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity ukuba abaphandi bakwazi ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwe-crystal. Oku kubonakaliswe yimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, i-sugar cane, kunye ne-Rochelle ityuwa.

UGabriel Lippmann, ngo-1881, ngemathematika wafumanisa imigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic ye-converse piezoelectric effect. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ze-piezoelectric kwaqala ngokuphuhliswa kwe-sonar ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. UPaul Langevin kunye nabasebenzi asebenza nabo bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye nehydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo. Ngokukhupha i-high frequency pulse kwi-transducer kunye nokulinganisa ixesha elithathayo ukuva i-echo yamaza esandi ebetha entweni, baye bakwazi ukubala umgama ukuya kwinto. Oku kusetyenziswa kombane we-piezoelectricity kwi-sonar kube yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale umdla wophuhliso olukhulu kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric. Kwiminyaka emininzi, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kunye nezicelo ezitsha zezi zixhobo ziye zahlolwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. Izixhobo zePiezoelectric zifumene amakhaya kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiikhatriji ze-ceramic zegramafoni ezenza lula ukuyila komdlali kwaye zenza abadlali berekhodi abancinci, abachanekileyo bafikelele kwixabiso eliphantsi ukugcina nokwakha lula, kuphuhliso lwee-transducers ze-ultrasonic ezivumela ukulinganisa okulula kwe-viscosity kunye no-elasticity of fluids. kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, ezikhokelela kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kuphando lwezixhobo. I-Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers ithumela i-ultrasonic pulse kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilinganise ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuyeka ukufumana iimpazamo ngaphakathi kwezinto zetsimbi kunye nelitye, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaqela azimeleyo ophando eUnited States, eRashiya, naseJapan afumanisa udidi olutsha lwemathiriyeli eyenziweyo ebizwa ngokuba ziiferroelectrics ezibonisa izinto zombane zepiezoelectric ngokuphindwe kalishumi ngaphezu kwemathiriyeli yendalo. Oku kwakhokelela kuphando olunzulu ukuphuhlisa i-barium titanate, kwaye kamva iholele i-zirconate titanate, izixhobo ezineempawu ezithile zezicelo ezithile. Umzekelo obalulekileyo wokusetyenziswa kweekristale ze-piezoelectric zaphuhliswa

Woldemar Voigt

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical apho intlawulo yombane iqokelelana kwizinto ezithile eziqinileyo, ezifana neekristale, iiseramics, kunye ne-biological matter efana nethambo kunye ne-DNA. Le ntlawulo yenziwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lomatshini olusetyenziswayo. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lithatyathwe kwigama lesiGrike elithi "piezein", elithetha "ukucofa okanye ukucofa", kunye ne "elektron", elithetha "i-amber", umthombo wamandulo wentlawulo yombane.

Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siphumela kwintsebenziswano ye-electromechanical ehambelanayo phakathi kweemeko zomatshini kunye nombane wezinto zekristale kunye ne-symmetry ye-inversion. Esi siphumo sinokuguqulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zibonisa umphumo we-piezoelectric umva, apho isizukulwana sangaphakathi soxinzelelo lomatshini siphumela kwintsimi yombane esetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, iikristale ezikhokelayo ze-zirconate titanate zivelisa i-piezoelectricity enokumetwa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwe-static lukhubazekile ukusuka kubungakanani bayo basekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikristali ziyakwazi ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wazo we-static xa umbane wangaphandle usetyenziswa, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-inverse piezoelectric effect, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamaza e-ultrasound.

Iingcali zefiziksi zaseFransi uPierre noJacques Curie bafumanisa i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Impembelelo ye-piezoelectric ukususela ngoko isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kunye nokufumanisa isandi, i-piezoelectric inkjet yoshicilelo, ukuveliswa kombane ophezulu wombane, iijenereyitha zewotshi, kunye nezixhobo zombane. njengee-microbalances kunye nokuqhuba imilomo ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwi-ultrafine yeendibano zamehlo. Kwakhona yenza isiseko sokuskena iimakroskopu zeprobe, ezinokusombulula imifanekiso kwisikali seeathom. Ukongeza, ii-pickup kwiigitala ezandisiweyo nge-elektroniki kunye nezitshisi kwimigqomo yanamhlanje ye-elektroniki zisebenzisa i-piezoelectric effect.

I-Piezoelectricity ikwafumana usetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla ekuveliseni iintlantsi zokucima igesi ekuphekeni nasekufudumezeni izixhobo, kwiitotshi, kwizilayiti zecuba, nokunye. Impembelelo ye-pyroelectric, apho i-material ivelisa amandla ombane ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobushushu, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ukudweba kulwazi oluvela kuRene Hauy kunye no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwane phakathi komatshini. uxinzelelo kunye nentlawulo yombane. Amalinge okungqina olu lwalamano angqineka engagqibekanga.

Umbono we-piezo crystal kwi-Curie compensator kwiMyuziyam yaseHunterian eSkotlani ngumboniso wefuthe elithe ngqo le-piezoelectric ngabazalwana uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukudibanisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kunye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristale ezingaphantsi kwabangela ukuqikelelwa kwe-pyroelectricity, eyabavumela ukuba baqikelele indlela yokuziphatha yekristale abayibonakalisileyo kwimpembelelo yeekristale ezifana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, iswekile yommoba, kunye netyuwa ye-Rochelle. . I-sodium kunye ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kunye ne-quartz nazo zibonise i-piezoelectricity, kunye nediski ye-piezoelectric yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla ombane xa ikhubazekile. Olu tshintsho kwimilo lwalubaxiwe kakhulu kumboniso weCuries, kwaye baqhubela phambili baqikelela isiphumo se-piezoelectric ehambelanayo. Impembelelo ephikisanayo yathathwa ngokwemathematika kwimigaqo esisiseko ye-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza ubukho bempembelelo ephikisanayo, kwaye yahamba ngokufumana ubungqina bobungakanani bokuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kwi-piezoelectric crystals. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi, de yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufumaneni ipolonium kunye neradium nguPierre Marie Curie, owayisebenzisa ukuphonononga kunye nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristale ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Oku kwafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokupapashwa kweWoldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi yeSifundo seCrystal Physics), echaze iiklasi zekristale zendalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-piezoelectricity kwaye zichaze ngokungqongqo i-piezoelectric constants usebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-tensor.

Oku kwakhokelela ekusebenziseni izixhobo ze-piezoelectric, ezifana ne-sonar, eyaphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. EFransi, uPaul Langevin kunye noogxa bakhe bavelisa i-ultrasonic submarine detector. Le detector yayine-transducer eyenziwe ngeekristale zequartz ezibhityileyo ezincanyathiselwe ngononophelo kwiipleyiti zentsimbi, kunye ne-hydrophone yokubona i-echo ebuyisiweyo emva kokukhupha i-pulse ephezulu evela kwi-transducer. Ngokulinganisa ixesha abalithabathayo ukuva isandi samaza esandi ebetha phezu kwento, banokuwubala umgama oya kuloo nto. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, kwaye iprojekthi idale uphuhliso olukhulu kunye nomdla kuyo.

Ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo

I-Piezoelectric Actuators: I-Piezoelectric actuators zizixhobo eziguqula amandla ombane abe yintshukumo yomatshini. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwiirobhothi, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezinye izicelo apho kufuneka ulawulo lwentshukumo oluchanekileyo.
I-Piezoelectric Sensors: I-Piezoelectric sensors isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iiparameters zomzimba ezifana noxinzelelo, ukukhawuleza, kunye nokungcangcazela. Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso nakwizicelo zonyango, nakwizinto zombane zabathengi.
I-Piezoelectricity kwiNdalo: I-Piezoelectricity yinto eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwizinto ezithile, kwaye ifumaneka kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Isetyenziswa zezinye izinto eziphilayo ukubona indawo ezikuyo kunye nokunxibelelana nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

isiphelo

I-Piezoelectricity yinto emangalisayo esetyenzisiweyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-sonar ukuya kwiikhatriji zegramafoni. Ifundwe ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1800, kwaye isetyenziswe ngesiphumo esihle kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bale mihla. Esi sithuba seblogi sihlolisise imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity, kwaye ibonise ukubaluleka kwesi siganeko kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bale mihla. Kwabo banomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-piezoelectricity, esi sithuba sisiqalo esihle.

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.

Ndijonge kwiYouTube apho ndizama khona zonke ezi zixhobo:

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