UGeorge William Fullerton (ngoMatshi 7, 1923 - Julayi 4, 2009) wayengumhlobo wexesha elide. Leo Fender kwaye, kunye ifenda kunye noDale Hyatt, umseki we I-G&L Izixhobo Zomculo. Unikwe imbeko ngegalelo loyilo elikhokelele ekwenziweni kwekatala yokuqala yombane eveliswe ngobuninzi.
UGeorge Fullerton wayenguvulindlela owenza isiginci waseMelika owanceda ekudaleni nasekulolongeni isandi seziginkci zombane zanamhlanje.
Uyilo lwakhe olutsha, olufana neFullerton IStratocaster, ishiye impembelelo engapheliyo kwihlabathi lomculo kunye nokudlala isiginci. Kodwa ngubani kanye kanye lo ngqondongqondo umenzi wesiginci waseMelika?
Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga iinkcukacha zobomi kunye nomsebenzi kaGeorge Fullerton.
Isishwankathelo sikaGeorge Fullerton
UGeorge Fullerton (1924-2009) wayengumdlali weluthier waseMelika kunye nesiginkci owaseka iFender Musical Instruments Corporation ngo-1946. Wayesebenza kunye noLeo Fender kunye noDon Randall, kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yenkampani, ukusuka ekudaleni isiginci seStratocaster. ukwandisa ukufikelela kwayo kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. UFullerton uphinde wayila i-Fender amplifiers kunye neekhabhathi zesithethi, kunye nezixhobo ezifana negitare yokuqala yombane, i-Precision Bass.
UFullerton wazalelwa eLos Angeles, eCalifornia kwaye wayenemvelaphi ebanzi yomculo ngaphambi kokujoyina imikhosi kunye neFender. Wafunda i-chemistry e-UCLA ngelixa esebenza okwethutyana kwiivenkile zokulungisa unomathotholo. Ngala mava wafumana ulwazi lobunjineli bombane awathi walusebenzisa kwintsebenziswano yakhe neFender. UFullerton wayengumntu ophambili ekuphuhliseni iamplifiers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ziimvumi zanamhlanje, uyilo lwakhe luvumela amanqanaba aphezulu emveliso aququzelele izimbo zomculo owandisiweyo odumileyo kwirock n roll.
Eyaziwa ngokuba ingqwalaselo yakhe echubekileyo kwiinkcukacha, uFullerton waseka umgangatho ozinzileyo wobugcisa kwilutherie enikwe amandla ngabadlali abaninzi ngokubabonelela ngezixhobo ezihambisa ngokuchanekileyo ithowuni abayifunayo kwaye yaphefumlela umdlalo wabo eqongeni kunye nakwirekhodi. Njengobungqina bempumelelo yakhe kunye nokuzinikela ekugqweseni, izixhobo ezininzi zeFender ziyaqhubeka ziveliswa ngokuhambelana noyilo lukaGeorge lokuqala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 emva kokuba zadalwa iigitala zanamhlanje eziziingcali zifunga ngabo kanye njengokuba abanduleli babo benza amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwabo!
Obomi bakwangoko
UGeorge Fullerton wayeyimvumi yaseMelika kunye nomqambi owaziwa kakhulu ngokwenza ikatala yombane ye-Fender Stratocaster ngo-1954. Wazalelwa e-Anaheim, eCalifornia, ngo-1921, ubuntwana bukaFullerton babuzaliswe ngumculo kunye nokwakha iirediyo kwiindawo ezisecaleni. Wayedla ngokutyelela ivenkile yomculo yasekuhlaleni apho wayenokuzilolonga aze eve umculo orekhodiweyo wamva nje. Ngeminyaka yoo-1940, waqala ukusebenza noLeo Fender, umseki weFender Music Corp, kwaye bekunye baqalisa ukwenza ezinye zeemodeli zokuqala zesiginci sombane.
Wazalelwa phi kwaye nini uGeorge Fullerton?
UGeorge Fullerton wazalwa ngoAprili 25, 1902 eDecatur, Illinois. Uyise, uGeorge Claud Fullerton, wayesebenza njenge-bellman kwihotele yasekhaya kwaye umama wakhe uGrace Everingham wayengumfazi wendlu. Usapho lwafudukela eLos Angeles ngo-1910 xa uGeorge wayeneminyaka esibhozo kwaye wayenomfanekiso-ngqondweni osebenzayo ukususela emncinci kakhulu. Wayekuthanda kakhulu ukukhenkceza ngezixhobo zombane, njengoko abazali bakhe babemkhuthaza ukuba enze izinto ngaphandle kwesikolo. Njengoko wayekhula, umdla kaFullerton kumculo kunye ne-electronics waqhakaza waza wakha i-mandolin yombane eneentambo ezimbini eneminyaka eyi-13. Ngomdla ongaphakathi wokudala izinto ezintsha kwizinto zakudala, ukuthanda kwakhe ubunjineli kwaphuhliswa okuza kuthi kamva kube negalelo ukwenziwa kwesinye sezona zixhobo zomculo zidumileyo kwihlabathi-isiginkci seFender Stratocaster.
Yayinjani intsapho yakhe?
UGeorge Fullerton wazalwa ngo-Oktobha 26, 1950 eMzantsi California. Abazali bakhe, uMoses kunye noCarla Fullerton, babephuma kwisiNgesi nesiFrentshi ngokulandelelanayo. Uyise wayeneshishini lokuchwela losapho kwaye umama wakhe wayengumakhi wekhaya. UGeorge wayenomkhuluwa omnye u-Arthur kunye nabantakwabo abancinci ababini, amawele uCharley noEugene.
Ukukhula uGeorge wachitha ixesha elininzi kunye nabazalwana bakhe besakha imodeli yeenqwelomoya kwi-balsa wood kwi-workshop yokuba uyise wabaleka ukusuka kwisiseko sendlu yabo yentsapho apho wayekhuthaza khona eGeorge uthando lokuxubusha ngezinto ukuze zibe ngcono. Kwakhona waba noxabiso ngomculo ngokumamela iirekhodi umkhuluwa wakhe awayedla ngokuza nawo ekhaya evela ekholejini apho wayefunda khona ngelo xesha.
UGeorge wafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi iMonroe kufutshane nekona apho akhulele khona emva koko waya kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseGarfield ngaphambi kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo iLincoln. Ngexesha leSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo umdla kaGeorge kwisayensi yezomzimba uye wakhula emva kokufumanisa i-electronics kwakunye noomatshini- wasebenzisa olu lwazi ukuphonononga izinto ezifana nonomathotholo kunye neenkqubo zesithethi ngelixa ezifundisa ithiyori yomculo ngexesha lakhe angenzi nto ngalo.
Wade waqalisa ukusebenza kwikhaya lakhe ngokulungisela abahlobo bakhe iiamplifiers eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu! Emva kokuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uFullerton wenze isigqibo sokugxila ekwenzeni umculo ube ngumsebenzi wakhe owathi ekugqibeleni wamkhokelela ekubeni enze ezinye zeemveliso zakhe eziye zatshintsha indlela iigitala ezenza ngayo namhlanje.
Yayiyintoni imfundo yakhe?
UGeorge Fullerton wayeyinkosi ezifundisa ngokwakhe ukuyila kunye nobuchule. Ukhulela emaphandleni e-Ontario, wafumana intuthuzelo ngoomatshini kunye ne-elektroniki. Lo msebenzi wokuzilibazisa waguquka ngokukhawuleza waba luthando lwakhe, kwaye waqala ukuhlolisisa ngokunyanisekileyo iteknoloji yeegita zombane.
Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-14, uFullerton wasuka e-Ontario waya eCalifornia ngokuyalelwa nguyise waya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo iLaguna Beach. Emva kokugqweswa kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, waya kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford apho wafumana idigri yobunjineli bombane ngo-1941. Kamva wakhululwa kwinkonzo yempi ngenxa yemeko yentliziyo, emvumela ukuba agxininise ekuthandeni kwakhe ubugcisa begitare.
UFullerton waqala ukusebenza njengenjineli enamashishini ahlukeneyo okhuselo ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, kodwa oku ekugqibeleni kwabuyela kubuchwephesha bakhe besiginci njengoko izikhulisi zetyhubhu kunye nezinye izinto zombane zaqala ukujikeleza ngokubanzi phakathi kweemvumi. Emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile, uFullerton wagqiba ekubeni aqhubeke nomsebenzi wokuba ngumqambi ozimeleyo okhethekileyo ekudaleni izixhobo zesiko leemvumi. Enye yezi zinto ziyiliweyo iya kuqhubeka nokuguqula imbali yomculo ngonaphakade: i-Fender Electric Guitar!
umsebenzi
UGeorge Fullerton wayeyinjineli yombane enguvulindlela owayesebenzela iFender Musical Instruments Corporation. Uzukiswa ngokuyila isiginci se-Fender Stratocaster, kwaye amanye amagalelo akhe kwinkampani abandakanya i-groundbreaking Fender Precision Bass kunye ne-Amplifaya. Umsebenzi kaFullerton wawuzinikele kakhulu ekuphandeni nasekuphuhliseni iindlela ezingcono zokusebenzisa itekhnoloji yesiginci sombane. Wayekwanoxanduva lokwenza isiginci sombane sokuqala esiqinileyo ngo-1950.
Yayiyintoni ikhondo lakhe lomsebenzi?
UGeorge Fullerton wayenomsebenzi omde nonika umdla, eqala esemncinci eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu xa wayebhalisela uMkhosi waManzi wase-United States. Emva kokhenketho lweminyaka emine, waphishekela imfundo eyongezelelekileyo waza wangena kwicandelo lobunjineli bombane waza wafumana amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza anxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe.
Njengenjineli, wasebenza kwiinkampani ezininzi apho wafumana amava kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli, ukusuka kwimveliso yamandla ukuya kuyilo lwe-electromechanical. Amava akhe omsebenzi ekugqibeleni amkhokelela ekubeni azibandakanye neqela leenjineli zabasebenzi kwiNkampani yeFender Electric Instruments eFullerton, eCalifornia. E-Fender, uGeorge wayenendima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni iziginci zombane kunye ne-amplifiers kwabanye babaculi ababalaseleyo bexesha lethu abanjengo-Eric Clapton.
UGeorge wahlala noFender de kwangowe-1964 ngaphambi kokuba athathe isigqibo sokulandela ezinye izinto ezinomdla ezifana nokuba ngunjingalwazi kwiKholeji yaseFullerton apho wayefundisa khona izifundo ze-acoustics kunye ne-electronics iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi elinesithathu de wafumana umhlala-phantsi ngo-1977. Ngeli xesha uGeorge waqhubeka ehlala esebenza ngezixhobo zomculo Ukuqamba iingoma zomculo ezinceda abadlali besiginci kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje.
Unjineli odumileyo wasweleka nge-29 kaNovemba ka-2008 eneminyaka engama-85 emncinci emva kokushiya ngasemva ilifa eliye lachaphazela abantu abaninzi kwiminyaka emininzi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe enkulu njengenjineli yombane.
Ziziphi ezinye zezinto awazifezayo?
UGeorge Fullerton uhlala ebongwa ngokuvelisa ezinye zezona guitar zihlonitshwayo kwihlabathi. Waqala njengomfundi e-Fender ngo-1945 kwaye wayehlala apho phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane, ekugqibeleni wenyuka waya kusekela mongameli kunye nomphathi jikelele.
Ngexesha lakhe e-Fender, uFullerton wenza iimodeli ezininzi ezidumileyo zezixhobo eziqhubela phambili ukubumba isandi somculo odumileyo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Wayila isiginci sombane sokuqala esiyimpumelelo esinomzimba oqinileyo, esazisa iimpawu ezifana neentonga zetruss kunye neecontours ezitofotofo ezithe zasusa ezinye zeengxaki zezixhobo zombane zangaphambili. Umsebenzi wakhe wawumisela ngokuqinileyo umgangatho abanokuthi abanye abavelisi bazilinganise ngawo.
UFullerton ubeke isiseko esikhulu semodeli yemveliso yanamhlanje ngezakhono zakhe zokuyila xa enceda ukucokisa uyilo lukaLeo Fender lwantlandlolo lube ziziqwenga ezinophawu njengeMustang, Bronco kunye neMusicmaster guitar. Ukuphumelela kwakhe okukhulu kwakukudala i-headstock ye-XNUMX-in-line-innovation eyavumela abavelisi ukuba bavelise ubunzima ngokulula ezi zixhobo ezibonakalayo ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokunciphisa inkangeleko okanye umgangatho wabo.
Lo mzekelo wahlengahlengiswa ngokukhawuleza waba nelayisensi ngokukhululekileyo kwiinkampani ezininzi, ezifana noGretsch noRickenbacker, abasebenzisa njengeqonga apho babenokwakha khona izixhobo zabo ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo kaFullerton yokuphucula ukudlala kunye nokunyaniseka kwetoni.
Ukongeza ekubeni noxanduva lokuyila izinto ezintsha ezidumileyo zeFender Guitars, uFullerton ubhale amanqaku aliqela obugcisa malunga nokwakhiwa kwesiginci kwaye wabhala iincwadi zemiyalelo zombini kubadlali abaziingcali kunye nabafuna ukuzonwabisa ngendlela efanayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, wabhala "iGuitar Player Repair Guide" (1977), "I-Fender Telecaster: Imbali kunye noPhuhliso" (1992) kunye ne "Guitar Player Repair Guide Volume 2: Iigita zoMbane - Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sokuSeta kunye noLondolozo" (2005). UGeorge Fullerton naye wancedisa ekusekeni imibutho emibini engeyiyo yomculo eyayizinikele kwimfundo: I-International Academy of Design & Technology (eyayiyi-LACTI) eLa Jolla, CA; Kunye ne-Eclipse Aviation yase-Albuquerque New Mexico-Inkampani Ngoku Yenze iiJets eziKhala kakhulu ngelixa kwangaxeshanye iphuhlisa iSoftware yoQeqesho loQhagamshelwano ukuze isetyenziswe ziZikolo zeFlight kulo lonke elaseMelika nakwiHlabathi liphela.
Ilifa
UGeorge Fullerton wayeyinkosi yesiginkci sombane, esenza ezinye zezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo zoyilo lweshishini. Eyona ndalo yakhe idumileyo yayizigitala zeFender Stratocaster kunye neTelecaster, zombini uyilo oluphambili kushishino. Wayesaziwa nangokuthanda kwakhe umculo kunye nesayensi, nto leyo eyamkhuthazayo ukuba enze ezona zixhobo zinempembelelo kwimbali yomculo werock kunye ne-roll. Makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwilifa lakhe.
Ngawaphi amanye amagalelo akhe abalulekileyo?
UGeorge Fullerton ngumntu odumileyo kwimbali yomculo kunye nobunjineli besiginci. Wenza i-Fender Stratocaster guitar, enye yezona guitar zombane ezidumileyo ngalo lonke ixesha. Ukwaphuhlise i-Fender Precision Bass, isiginkci sokuqala sombane esinebass.
IStratocaster yincutshe yomculo eqhubeka isetyenziswa ziimvumi zanamhlanje kunye nee-aficionados ngokufanayo. Ibonwe kwizizukulwana kuluhlu olubanzi lweesetingi zomculo, kubandakanya i-rock, i-jazz, ilizwe kunye ne-blues kwaye ibe luphawu lomfanekiso kubo bonke abafuna isandi sabo esikhethekileyo.
Elinye igalelo elikhulu likaFullerton kwihlabathi lomculo yayiyi-bass yeFender Precision, eyakhokelela ekubeni aphuhlise ezinye iimodeli ze-bass kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe kwi-Fender ezifana ne-Jazz bass, i-P-Bass (i-Precision Bass) kunye ne-Mustang bass. Nganye kwezi modeli zanika abadlali iinketho ezininzi malunga nobugcisa besandi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Namhlanje ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa ziimvumi ezaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela zijonge ukwahluka kwethoni ezongeziweyo kwizimbo zazo zokudlala.
Okokugqibela kodwa uGeorge Fullerton wasishiya neengcamango ezininzi awazisa ebomini ngexesha lakhe le-25 iminyaka kunye neFender Music Corporation; Enye yibhulorho ye-tremolo ephucula ukumodareyithwa kwesandi kwizixhobo ezineentambo ezifana neziginkci zombane kunye nevayolin yolawulo lwe-vibrato jikelele- oku kuye kwaziwa njengoMgangatho wase-Mexico namhlanje kwiintlobo ezininzi ezijikeleze izixhobo ezineentambo namhlanje ezinje ngeekatala zakudala njl.njl.
Ngaphandle kweempumelelo zakhe eziphambili ezikhankanywe ngasentla, uGeorge Fullerton ube negalelo elikhulu kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ezizodwa kulwakhiwo lweziginci ezifana nokubonelela ngebholiti-entanyeni ezichasene nokubulawa kweentamo ezincanyathisiweyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuyilo lwesixhobo esingenakubalwa ngelixa usebenza eFender ezenza ukuba zibonakale kude kube namhlanje Izandi eziqhelekileyo ezigcinwe ziphila kumashumi eminyaka ziphembelela phantse nasiphi na isandisi-lizwi sangoku okanye ibhokisi yestomp eyenzelwe ukusukela ngoko kubandakanya i-flanging/inqanaba/uxinzelelo lokukhanyisa isibane sokutshintsha itshaneli! Konke oku kuqinisekisa isixhobo esilungeleleneyo ngakumbi xa sidlalwa kwinqanaba ngalinye elinokucingeleka kwihlabathi liphela sinika izandi zakudala esazinandiphayo ngoku!
Ingaba umsebenzi wakhe ube nefuthe njani kwishishini lesiginci?
UGeorge Fullerton, owazalwa ngo-Agasti 1, 1923, ungumntu obalulekileyo kwishishini lesiginci. Umsebenzi wakhe kunye noLeo Fender kunye neFender Musical Instruments udale uninzi lweemodeli ezinophawu lweFender ezisadumile namhlanje.
UFullerton usebenzisane noLeo Fender ngo-1946 ukwenza ezinye zezona guitar zaziwayo kunye neamplifiers ezakha zenziwa yiFender Musical Instruments. Phakathi kwezinto abazidalileyo yiTelecaster, iPrecision Bass, iStratocaster kunye neJazzmaster. Igalelo laba babini alitshintshanga nje isandi sanamhlanje sokudlala ikatala kodwa liphinde libe nguvulindlela kwisixhobo esiveliswe ngobuninzi esivumela abadlali begitare abangasafundanga ukuba bazibandakanye kwizangqa ezichubekileyo ngokulula kunangaphambili.
Impembelelo ye-Fullerton kunye ne-Fender's invention isavakala namhlanje kulo lonke ishishini lomculo. Abadlali bazo zonke iintlobo bayawuthanda umsebenzi wabo, kuquka ijazz, irock & roll kunye nabadlali beblues abasebenzisa ezi guitar kakhulu kwimidlalo yabo. Amakhulu abadlali kwihlabathi liphela basebenzisa iiTelecasters kunye neStratocasters njengenxalenye yezixhobo zabo eziqhelekileyo xa bedlala bukhoma okanye berekhoda kwizitudiyo. Iigitare zotyikityo ezenzelwe abadlali abadumileyo ziqhubekile nokukhululwa ukusukela oko imodeli yazo yantlandlolo yaphuhliswa ngo-1946, ibonisa indlela uFullerton noFaulkner ababecinga ngayo phambili.
Impumelelo enkulu ezonwatyelwa zizixhobo zeFender isukela kumbono kaGeorge Fullerton wohlobo olutsha lwesixhobo esinokufikelela kwicandelo lemarike elikhulu kunanini na ngaphambili kuye nawuphi na umdlali wekatala okanye umqhubi wevenkile yomculo. Kungenxa yeenzame zakhe ukuba izigidi kwihlabathi liphela ziye zaba ngabanini beamplifier be-Ampeg kunye nabalandeli beTelecaster okanye iStratocaster - ukuba bekungengenxa yobuchule bakhe obutsha kwiminyaka engama-70 eyadlulayo, akukho nanye kwezi ibinokwenzeka namhlanje!
isiphelo
UGeorge Fullerton wayengomnye wabaxhasi ababalulekileyo kwinkampani yegitare yeFender kwihlabathi. Wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuyilweni nasekuphuhliseni isiginci esidumileyo seStratocaster, kwaye impembelelo yakhe inokubonwa kwiikatala ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ziimvumi namhlanje. Ukuzinikela kwakhe, ukuyila kunye nothando lwakhe lwaluphawuleka ngokwenene kwaye lwashiya ilifa elihlala lihleli kwishishini lesiginci. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ubomi bukaGeorge Fullerton kunye nefuthe elingapheliyo eliye laba nalo kwihlabathi lomculo.
Isishwankathelo sobomi bukaGeorge Fullerton kunye nomsebenzi wakhe
UGeorge Fullerton wazalelwa e-Akron, eOhio ngo-1922. Wafudukela eSeattle ngaphambi kokuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II iqale. Wayesebenza njengombane kuMkhosi wamanzi ngexesha lemfazwe kwaye waphucula izakhono zakhe ngombane kunye ne-elektroniki. Emva kwemfazwe, waya kwinto namhlanje eyiYunivesithi yaseWashington waza wafumana isidanga kubunjineli bombane, elandelwa sisidanga se-master's kwiZiko leTekhnoloji laseCalifornia (Caltech).
Amava kaFullerton kwizinto zombane, adityaniswe nobuchule bakhe kwezenzululwazi nobunjineli, amenza waba ngumqali ofunwayo. Mhlawumbi eyona nto idumileyo, uFullerton waziwa njengomnye wabahlobo bokuqala bakaLeo Fender kwiNkampani yeFender Electric Instruments. Yena, uClif 'Mr.Tremolo' Wineright, kunye noDoc Kauffman bayile enye yoyilo lokuqala lwegitare yombane kwaye benza eyabo inguqulelo emva kokufakwa kwiFender. Ukongeza kweli galelo liphambili kwimbali yomculo, uFullerton ukwasebenze kwezinye izinto ezininzi eziqanjiweyo ezinje ngeamplifiers, pre-amps kunye neefoto ze-elektroniki zezixhobo zomculo.
U-Fullerton ufumene impumelelo kuzo zombini i-Fender kwaye kamva kwi-G&L Guitars kaRandall Smith amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokusweleka ngenxa yomhlaza ngoJanuwari 10th 2002; wayeneminyaka engama-79 ubudala. Ilifa lakhe njengomqambi linokubonwa kwiinkalo ezininzi zemveliso yomculo yanamhlanje ukusuka kwisixhobo sesandi ukuya kwiikhomputha kunye nokuhlonishwa nge-Posthumously yi-NAMM (i-National Association Music Merchants). UGeorge Fullerton ngokwenene wayitshintsha ikhosi yembali yomculo ngeembono zakhe kunye nezinto ezintsha; hayi ngeekatala kuphela kodwa ngee-amps kunye nezinye izixhobo zesandi ezinceda ukwenza isandi esinamandla sisasonwabela namhlanje.
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.
