Ogulitsa ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthira mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira Industrial automation to imaging yachipatala.
M'nkhaniyi, tifotokoza mwachidule zomwe transducers ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Tiphimba zosiyana mitundu ya transducers, mawonekedwe awo, ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito:
Tanthauzo la transducer
Transducer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina. Ma transducer ambiri amatembenuka zoyimba kapena makina mphamvu (mwachitsanzo mafunde amawu kapena kugwedezeka) kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi kapena mosinthanitsa, ngakhale palinso ena omwe amatha kusintha mphamvu kuchokera ku kuwala, kutentha, kuthamanga, mphamvu ya maginito ndi malo osinthika kukhala magetsi oyezeka.
Zitsanzo za ma transducer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
- Mafonifoni zomwe zimatembenuza mphamvu yamayimbidwe kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi;
- zokuzira mawu zomwe zimatembenuza mafunde amagetsi kukhala mafunde amawu;
- ma thermitors zomwe zimasintha kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kukhala ma voltages oyezeka;
- makristasi a piezoelectric zomwe zimatha kupanga zizindikiro zamagetsi poyankha kusinthika kwa makina;
- zoyezera zovuta pozindikira kusiyana kwakung'ono pakusuntha kwakuthupi monga mphamvu kapena torque.
Ma transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku monga mafoni, kujambula kwachipatala ndi makina ozindikira matenda komanso machitidwe apadera oyang'anira monga ma seismographs ndi ma fiber-optic transmission network. Ma transducer amalola kusintha kosawoneka bwino kwa machitidwe a thupi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera mochulukira monga. kuyeza koyenda ndi kuyang'anira kuthamanga/kutentha kwa ntchito etc.
Mitundu ya ma transducers
Ogulitsa ndi zida zosinthira mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina. Pankhani ya machitidwe amawu, ma transducers amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kutembenuza mphamvu zakuthupi kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi, kapena kumbuyo - magetsi kukhala mafunde omveka. Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya transducers yomwe ilipo pamsika lero, onse amagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo zochepa zosavuta.
Mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wa transducer ndi piezoelectric transducer, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti maikolofoni yolumikizana kapena alireza mwachidule. Ma transducers a Piezo amasintha kugwedezeka kwamakina kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma piezoelectric zotsatira; magetsi amapangidwa kudzera kupsinjika kapena kugwedezeka pamene zida zina za dielectric (monga quartz) zimakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina. Mphamvu yamagetsi iyi imatha kukulitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala mawu omveka kudzera pama speaker kapena mahedifoni.
Mtundu wina wotchuka wa transducer ndi electromagnetic coil transducer - nthawi zina amatchedwa a mic. Izi zimakhala ndi maginito a electromagnet wokutidwa ndi waya; ikakumana ndi mafunde amawu, koyilo iyi imapanga magetsi ake, omwe amatha kukulitsidwa ndikufalitsidwa kudzera pa okamba kapena mahedifoni. Pamene amakonda kuyankha molondola kwambiri pazigawo zosiyanasiyana kuposa momwe zida zopangira piezo zimachitira, ma mics amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma studio ojambulira komanso zisudzo zofanana.
Pomaliza, pali digito Converter box (DAC) transducers; izi zimagwira ntchito pokonza zidziwitso za digito ndikuzisintha kukhala ma analogi (kapena mosemphanitsa). Zipangizozi ndizofunikira potumiza ma siginecha amawu pamanetiweki a digito monga kulumikizana ndi Bluetooth; pamenepa, DAC ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusefa mbali zina za siginecha zomwe zingasokoneze kuseweredwa kwamtundu wapamwamba musanatumizidwe pamalumikizidwe opanda zingwe.
ntchito Mfundo
Transducer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuza mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina. Zimagwira ntchito potenga mphamvu zowonjezera, monga magetsi kapena kuwala, ndikusintha kukhala makina kuyenda kapena phokoso.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma transducers ndiko kutembenuza ma siginecha amagetsi kukhala mafunde amawu. Mtundu uwu wa transducer umagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makina omvera, zida zamankhwala, ndi zida zankhondo.
Tsopano tiyeni tifufuze momwe transducer imagwirira ntchito ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana.
Momwe ma transducer amagwirira ntchito
Transducer ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza chizindikiro chamagetsi kukhala kuchuluka kwake monga phokoso, kutentha, kapena kuyenda. Kutembenuka uku kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito sensa kuti apange chizindikiro cha analogi kapena chizindikiro cha digito. Chizindikiro cha analogi chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe owerengeka amagetsi kapena apano. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma transducers ilipo kuti izindikire mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro zamagetsi monga makina kugwedezeka ndi kuthamanga.
Ma transducer ali ndi zinthu zitatu zofunika: gwero (zolowetsa), chinthu chapakatikati (amplifier), ndi chowunikira (chotulutsa). Gwero limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati mphamvu, mafunde omveka, magetsi, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimatha kuzindikiridwa ndi chinthu chapakati ndikukulitsa ngati n'kofunikira musanatumizidwe kuti muzindikire. Pamene chinthu wapakatikati amalandira athandizira mphamvu komanso detects aliyense anakonzeratu katundu monga pafupipafupi ndi matalikidwe. Chowunikira chimazindikira zinthuzi ndikuzitembenuza kukhala chinthu choyezeka monga magetsi kapena chapano pagawo lotulutsa kuti chigwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Muzochita zokha, ma module opangira ngati ma robot amaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu transducers kuti athe kuzindikira mphamvu zakunja zomwe zimagwira pa mkono wa robot ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuyenda kwake kumakhala kotetezeka mkati mwa malire ogwirira ntchito. Ma transducer amphamvu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'machitidwe owongolera mafakitale komwe mafunde ndi ma voltages ayenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino kwa kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kulondola muzochita zokha. M'makina opangira nyumba, maloko a zitseko amagwiritsa ntchito masensa kuti athe kuyatsa magetsi munthu akayandikira chitseko kapena kutsegula mazenera pamene munthu akuyenda m'malo a nyumba.
Mitundu ya ma transducer
Ogulitsa ndi zigawo za dongosolo ntchito kusintha mtundu wina wa mphamvu kukhala ina. Amayesa, kumva, ndi kutumiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro monga magetsi, makina, matenthedwe, ndi kuwala. Zizindikiro za transducer zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: Analog ndi digito.
Ma transducers a analogi amayezera zambiri zakuthupi kuchokera ku chilengedwe kuti apange ma analogi omwe amayimira chidziwitsocho mumtundu wamagetsi. Deta monga kupanikizika, kutentha, kuthamanga ndi kuthamanga kungasinthidwe kukhala zizindikiro za analogi pogwiritsa ntchito transducers pofuna kuyesa kapena kuwongolera. Zitsanzo za transducers analogi zikuphatikizapo maikolofoni omwe amasintha mafunde a mawu kukhala magetsi amagetsi; piezoelectric accelerometers omwe amasintha kugwedezeka kwamakina kukhala magetsi; thermocouples omwe amazindikira kutentha; ndi zina.
Ma transducers a digito amasintha chizindikiro kuchokera pazigawo zakuthupi (monga kuwala kapena phokoso) kukhala zoyimira digito zomwe zitha kupangidwa pokhapokha pomaliza kukonza pa purosesa ya digito yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi transducer yokha. Mosiyana ndi ma siginecha aanalogi, ma siginecha a digito amakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana monga ma 0 ndi ma 1s olingana ndi malo omwe adafotokozedweratu m'malo mopitilira mphamvu yamagetsi kapena mulingo wapano ngati ali ndi analogi. Kukonzekera kwa digito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina olumikizirana ma telefoni ngati mafoni a m'manja, masensa ngati nyali za LED, mapanelo a dzuwa etc., komwe deta ya digito imayenderera pamanetiweki pa liwiro lapamwamba poyerekeza ndi data ya mnzake-analogi. Ndi chifukwa mtengo wopangira mabwalo amtundu umodzi wopatsirana ndi wocheperako kuposa womwe umalumikizidwa ndi mapangidwe a mabwalo otumizira ma audio waveform chidutswa ndi chidutswa pama frequency angapo patali.
Mapulogalamu
Transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, monga zida zojambula zamankhwala, masensa agalimoto, ndi machitidwe owongolera njira zama mafakitale. Ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu kuchokera ku mawonekedwe amodzi, analogi kapena digito, kupita ku mawonekedwe ena. Kuphatikiza apo, ma transducer ndiye maziko a makina aliwonse amakono chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuka kwa siginecha ndikusintha kwazizindikiro.
Tiyeni tiwone mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma transducers:
magalimoto
Ma transducers agalimoto amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga magalimoto pazinthu zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake, kukula kwake kochepa, komanso kutsika mtengo. Ndizida zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira magalimoto kuti athe kuyeza magawo osiyanasiyana monga kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi malo.
Ma transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu injini zamagalimoto kuyeza liwiro, malo a zigawo monga pistoni kapena camshafts, kuthamanga kwa utsi kapena zowononga, kutentha kapena kuthamanga. Ma transducer atha kuthandizira kuzindikira zovuta zosayembekezereka zomwe njira zowunikira wamba zingaphonye. Mwachitsanzo, transducer yozungulira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kusinthasintha kulikonse mu injini ya RPM yomwe ingasonyeze kutha kwapang'onopang'ono, kuyaka kwachilendo kapena kusayanjanitsidwa bwino.
Mumagetsi agalimoto amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire ma siginecha amagetsi ndikupereka mayankho ngati ali mkati mwazomwe wopanga amapangira ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi mavuto amagetsi mkati mwagalimoto. Ntchito zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kuyeza batire panopa ndi ma voltage (kuwongolera kuchuluka kwacharge), kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta (kuwunika kulondola kwa mlingo) komanso kuzindikira nthawi yoyaka moto pa injini zonse za dizilo ndi petulo (kuonetsetsa kuyaka koyenera.) Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza m'makina a mpweya wabwino kuphatikizapo kuwongolera kusinthana kwa mpweya pakati pa mpweya wakunja ndi mkati mwa cabins pofuna kuwongolera chitonthozo.
Kuphatikiza apo ukadaulo wa transducer ukupangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito mu makina opangira makina a fakitale komwe masensa amatumizidwa kumalo opangira makina opangira makina opangira makina komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amakina opangidwa ndi makina. Apa deta yochokera ku ma transducers imatha kujambulidwa ndi maloboti oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta osangoyang'ana nthawi zonse kukonza komanso ntchito zovuta monga. kuzindikira zovuta za kuyanjanitsa kapena zolakwika zokhudzana ndi kutseka m'mizere yopanga.
Industrial
Mapulogalamu a mafakitale ma transducers amapezeka muzochita zokha zamafakitale, kuwongolera njira, ndi ma robotiki. Wamba mafakitale masensa ndi kuthamanga, kuyenda, kugwedezeka, kuthamanga/mphamvu, kutentha, kusamuka/utali/malo ndi kukhudza. Mapulogalamu amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala njira imodzi yolumikizirana momwe transducer imasinthira ma siginecha amphamvu kupita kumagetsi ngati mayankho ku purosesa yowunikira kapena ngati chothandizira kuwongolera mayendedwe omwe amakhudza momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma actuator monga ma mota kapena solenoid.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sensa imalola kuti ma transducers agwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale monga kudula ndi kupanga zitsulo, pobowola ndi kuyeretsa malo opangira mafuta (SPM), makina owotcherera ndi makina osonkhana. Kutengera ndi mtundu wa ntchito yomwe transducer imagwiritsidwira ntchito, pangakhale kofunikira kutembenuza chizindikiro chamagetsi kuchokera ku mtundu wina wa mphamvu kupita ku mawonekedwe ena oyenera (kutentha mu kuthamanga kapena kusamuka kupita ku liwiro).
Ma transducer amathanso kulumikizidwa mumanetiweki ovuta okhala ndi mizere ya fiber optic yomwe nthawi zambiri imalumikiza mfundo za 'strategic' m'malo akuluakulu opanga makina. Zipangizo zotulutsa zimatha kulumikizidwa chimodzimodzi kuchokera ku mapurosesa kuti achitepo kanthu pazokhudza chilengedwe. Ma transducer a mafakitale amachokera ku kupanga miyeso kuti ifikire anthu (chiwonetsero cha data terminal) kuchita mawerengedwe pazidziwitso zokhudzana ndi mapulogalamu osungidwa okhudzana ndi magawo ovomerezeka (ma servo-systems otsekedwa).
Medical
Ma transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wazachipatala pazinthu zingapo. Ntchito imodzi yotere ndi electrocardiography (ECG) zomwe zimayesa mphamvu zamagetsi zapamtima pakapita nthawi ndikuziwonetsa ngati graph. Pochita izi, ma electrodes amaikidwa pamadera a thupi, monga miyendo kapena chifuwa ndikuwatsogolera ku makina a ECG. Ma elekitirodi amazindikira mphamvu yamagetsi yamtima kuti awone kugunda kulikonse kosakhazikika kapena vuto lina lililonse lodziwika lomwe limakhudzana ndi zochitika zamtima.
Ma transducers ena azachipatala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kujambula ndi ultrasound. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotchedwa ultrasound probe kuti chitulutse mafunde omveka kwambiri m'madera ena a thupi kuti apange zithunzi zomwe zimasonyeza minofu yofewa ndi ziwalo monga mafupa, minofu, tendons, ligaments, cartilage ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Zithunzizi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira matenda mkati mwa thupi, monga kuyeza zotupa kapena matenda ena monga khansa.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito zida zowunikira - zida zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chenicheni cha momwe wodwalayo alili kuyambira nthawi ina kupita ku ina pakapita nthawi - kuphatikiza:
- Pulse oximeters zomwe zimayesa kuchuluka kwa oxygen m'magazi.
- Oyang'anira EKG zomwe zimayezera kugunda kwa mtima kapena kusayenda bwino kwa mtima.
- Oyang'anira kwa kutentha, kupuma ndi zizindikiro zina zofunika monga kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kuchuluka kwa glucose.
ogula Electronics
Consumer electronics ndi ena mwa ntchito zofala kwambiri za transducers. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ma transducers amatha kusintha mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mawu, omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olankhula mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamawu. Kuonjezera apo, ma transducer amagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina kuti apititse patsogolo chiŵerengero cha phokoso ndi phokoso pa TV ndi mawailesi. Amakhalanso ndi gawo losintha ma siginecha amagetsi kukhala mafunde omveka kuti athe kukulitsa.
Zitsanzo zina zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni ndi mahedifoni, komwe amathandizira kukulitsa mawu komanso kuchepetsa phokoso lakumbuyo. Ma transducer amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'zida zojambulira mavidiyo, monga makamera ndi makamera a digito, kutembenuza ma siginecha owoneka kukhala amagetsi kotero kuti amatha kusungidwa pakompyuta kapena kusinthidwa ndi kompyuta. Pomaliza, zida Zachipatala nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa transducer kujambula kwa ultrasound ndi zolinga zina.
Ubwino ndi Zoyipa
Transducer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimatha kusintha mtundu wina wa mphamvu kukhala mphamvu ina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga kuyeza mphamvu, kutentha, malo, liwiro, ndi zina zakuthupi.
M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana ubwino ndi zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito ma transducers. Pomvetsetsa ubwino ndi kuipa kwa transducer, mutha kupanga chisankho mwanzeru pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
ubwino
Transducer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina, nthawi zambiri ndi cholinga choyeza kuchuluka kwa thupi. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma transducer, iliyonse yogwirizana ndi cholinga chake. Ma transducer amapereka maubwino ambiri pankhani ya kuphweka komanso kulondola, ndipo akhala zigawo zofunika kwambiri paukadaulo wamakono.
Ubwino wa transducers ndi awa:
- Kulimba: Ma transducer sakhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi chilengedwe ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatentha kwambiri komanso zinthu zina zowopsa. Amafuna kusamalidwa pang'ono pa moyo wawo wonse.
- Liwilo lalikulu: Masensa ambiri amatha kuwerengera mkati mwa milliseconds, kulola nthawi yoyankha mwachangu komanso kuwongolera mayankho ngati pakufunika.
- Kusagwirizana: Ntchito zambiri zimatheka chifukwa cha kuthekera kochulukira kwa ma transducers, kuyambira pakuwongolera njira kupita ku diagnostics azachipatala.
- mwandondomeko: Chizindikiro chotuluka kuchokera ku transducer nthawi zambiri chimakhala cholondola kwambiri poyerekeza ndi miyeso yopangidwa ndi manja kapena njira zina zosadalirika. Zolakwika zoyezera zimatha kukhala zotsika kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimachokera ku njira zamanja.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo: Mtengo wa ma transducer watsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, zomwe tsopano zikuwapangitsa kuti azifikirika pamapulogalamu ambiri.
kuipa
Ogulitsa ali ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwake. Ngakhale kuti ndi njira yabwino, yothandiza komanso yotsika mtengo yosinthira mphamvu kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku ina, ali ndi malire.
Choyipa chachikulu cha ma transducers ndi kuthekera kwawo kusokoneza phokoso. Izi ndizowona makamaka poyesa kuwerengera kocheperako. Ma transducer amatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma siginecha ena amagetsi omwe amabweretsa kuwerengeka kolakwika ndi zotsatira zolakwika.
Kuipa kwina kwa ma transducer ndiko kusiyanasiyana kwawo nthawi yofulumira kuyankha poyerekeza ndi njira zina zosinthira mphamvu monga zida zamakina kapena ma aligorivimu. M'machitidwe ena, mwachitsanzo pomwe zisankho zachangu zikufunika kapena pakafunika kulondola kwambiri, njira zachikhalidwe zitha kukhala zoyenera kuposa ma transducer.
Ma transducer amafunikiranso luso lapadera kuziyika ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosayenera kwa mapulogalamu ambiri pomwe anthu opanda luso alipo kapena chilengedwe chimafuna kutumizidwa mwachangu komanso kugwira ntchito kosavuta kuti mugwire bwino ntchito.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, osinthitsa ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri komanso zida zamoyo. Amatha kusintha mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina ndi mosemphanitsa, kulola kuti miyeso yofunikira itengedwe zomwe sizinatheke m'mbuyomu. Ma transducer amaphimba madera osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi kuti apange miyeso yolondola kwambiri.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanasiyana pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito; Akupanga transducers zothandiza makamaka kwa kuyesa kosawononga chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuyeza makulidwe a zinthu popanda kusokoneza chinthucho mwanjira iliyonse. Piezoelectric transducers sinthani zovuta zamakina kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kujambula zithunzi zachipatala popeza amapereka zithunzi zomveka bwino za ziwalo zamkati. Pomaliza, otsutsa otsutsa ndiabwino kwambiri kuyeza kusintha kwa kutentha komwe kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto monga kuyang'anira kutentha kwa injini.
Ponseponse, ma transducers amagwira ntchito zambiri zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ndipo ndikofunikira kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amvetsetse momwe zidazi zimagwirira ntchito kuti athe kusankha mtundu woyenera pazosowa zawo. Pamene luso lamakono likupita patsogolo, padzakhala mwayi wochuluka woti anthu agwiritse ntchito masensa owonjezera omwe amadalira ukadaulo wa transducer kotero ndikofunikira kukhala ophunzira pankhaniyi!
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.
