Piezoelectricity: Kalozera Wathunthu Womvetsetsa Zimango ndi Ntchito Zake

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kupanga magetsi zikakumana ndi zovuta zamakina komanso mosinthanitsa. Mawuwa amachokera ku Greek piezo kutanthauza kuthamanga, ndi magetsi. Idapezeka koyamba mu 1880, koma lingaliroli ladziwika kwa nthawi yayitali.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha piezoelectricity ndi quartz, koma zida zina zambiri zimawonetsanso chodabwitsa ichi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri piezoelectricity ndiko kupanga ultrasound.

M'nkhaniyi, ndikambirana za piezoelectricity, momwe imagwirira ntchito, ndi zina mwazinthu zambiri zothandiza za chodabwitsachi.

Kodi piezoelectricity ndi chiyani?

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kupanga chaji yamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Ndilo kuyanjana kwa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Zida za piezoelectric zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a wotchi, zida zamagetsi, ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano.

Zida za piezoelectric zimaphatikizapo makhiristo, zoumba zina, zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA, ndi mapuloteni. Mphamvu ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthu cha piezoelectric, imatulutsa magetsi. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zida zamagetsi kapena kupanga magetsi.

Zida za piezoelectric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:
• Kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu
• Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric
• Kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri
• Majenereta a mawotchi
• Zipangizo zamagetsi
• Ma microbalance
• Yendetsani akupanga nozzles
• Ma Ultrafine amayang'ana kwambiri zowonera
• Masamba kwa magitala owonjezera pamagetsi
• Zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamakono
• Kupanga zopsereza zoyatsira gasi
• Zipangizo zophikira ndi zotenthetsera
• Miyuni ndi zoyatsira ndudu.

Kodi mbiri ya piezoelectricity ndi yotani?

Piezoelectricity inapezeka mu 1880 ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie. Ndiwo mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Liwu loti 'piezoelectricity' limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya' kapena 'press', ndi 'elektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lopangira magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kudziwa kophatikizana kwa a Curies pa pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwa makristalo omwe ali pansi pake kunapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu momwe makristalo amachitira. Izi zinawonetsedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe ndi mchere wa Rochelle.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie.

Piezoelectricity yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zothandiza, kuphatikiza kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a mawotchi ndi zida zamagetsi, ma microbalances, ma nozzles a ultrasonic drive, kuyang'ana kwambiri kwamakasitomala owoneka bwino, ndi mawonekedwe a maziko a sikani ma microscopes kuti athetse zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu.

Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka kuti ziwotche gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi mphamvu ya pyroelectric, pomwe chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha.

Kukula kwa sonar pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse kunagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira piezoelectric opangidwa ndi Bell Telephone Laboratories. Izi zidapangitsa kuti magulu ankhondo a Allied achite nawo ziwopsezo zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito wailesi ya ndege. Kukula kwa zida ndi zida za piezoelectric ku United States zidapangitsa kuti makampani akhazikitse zoyambira zankhondo panthawi yankhondo, kupeza ma patent opindulitsa azinthu zatsopano.

Japan idawona ntchito zatsopano ndikukula kwamakampani a piezoelectric aku United States ndipo adapanga okha. Adagawana zambiri mwachangu ndikupanga titanate ya barium ndipo pambuyo pake adatsogolera zida za zirconate titanate zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito.

Piezoelectricity yafika kutali kuyambira pomwe idapezeka mu 1880, ndipo tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zatsiku ndi tsiku. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupita patsogolo mu zipangizo kafukufuku, monga akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers, amene kutumiza akupanga zimachitika kudzera nkhani kuyeza kusinkhasinkha ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Momwe Piezoelectricity Imagwirira Ntchito

Mugawoli, ndikhala ndikuwunika momwe piezoelectricity imagwirira ntchito. Ndikhala ndikuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa magetsi muzinthu zolimba, kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical, ndi njira yosinthira yomwe imapanga chodabwitsa ichi. Ndikambilananso mbiri ya piezoelectricity ndi magwiritsidwe ake.

Kuchuluka kwa Magetsi mu Solids

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndilo kuyankha kupsinjika kwa makina ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo dzina lake limachokera ku mawu achi Greek "piezein" (finya kapena kusindikiza) ndi "ēlektron" (amber).

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, pomwe kutulutsa kwamkati kwa zovuta zamakina kumabwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka zimaphatikizapo lead zirconate titanate makhiristo.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi amphamvu kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi monga microbalances. ndikuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles kwa ultrafine kuyang'ana pamisonkhano yamaso. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta, komanso zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku popanga zipsera zoyatsira gasi, pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi mphamvu ya pyroelectric, pomwe chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi. Zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie compensator mu Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect. Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anaphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndikumvetsetsa zazitsulo zomwe zili pansi pa galasi, zomwe zinayambitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity. Anatha kuneneratu za khalidwe la kristalo ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity. Disiki ya piezoelectric imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi ikapunduka, ndipo kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kumakokomeza kwambiri pachiwonetsero cha Curies.

Iwo adatha kufotokozera zotsatira za piezoelectric zotsutsana, ndipo zotsatira zotsutsana zinapangidwa ndi masamu ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto- kuwonongeka kwamakina mu makristasi a piezoelectric.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), yomwe idafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mosamalitsa kusanthula kwa piezoelectric kudzera mumayendedwe amtundu wa tenzoelectric. Uku kunali kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric, ndipo sonar idapangidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake adapanga chojambulira chamadzimadzi chomwe chimapanga akupanga.

Chowunikiracho chinali ndi a transducer zopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamalitsa ku mbale zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti azindikire zomwe zabwerera. Potulutsa mkulu pafupipafupi kugunda kwa transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akudumpha pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho. Anagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar ikhale yopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric. Kwa zaka zambiri, zipangizo zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano za zipangizozo zinafufuzidwa ndi kupangidwa, ndipo zipangizo za piezoelectric zinapeza nyumba m'madera osiyanasiyana. Makatiriji a Ceramic phonograph amathandizira kamangidwe ka osewera ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo komanso olondola omwe anali otsika mtengo kuwasamalira komanso osavuta kupanga.

Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku.

Linear Electromechanical Interaction

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kupanga ndalama zamagetsi zikakumana ndi zovuta zamakina. Mawuwa amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kufinya" ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza "amber", omwe anali gwero lakale la magetsi.

Piezoelectricity inapezeka mu 1880 ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie. Zimatengera kuyanjana kwa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, momwe mawotchi amapangidwira mkati amatuluka kuchokera kumagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka zikapunduka kuchokera ku mawonekedwe awo osasunthika zimaphatikizapo makhiristo a lead zirconate titanate. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

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Piezoelectricity yagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, monga:

• Kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu
• Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric
• Kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri
• Wotchi jenereta
• Zipangizo zamagetsi
• Ma microbalance
• Yendetsani akupanga nozzles
• Ma Ultrafine amayang'ana kwambiri zowonera
• Amapanga maziko osanthula maikulosikopu kuti athetse zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu
• Ma Pickups mu magitala okulitsidwa pakompyuta
• Zoyambitsa mu ng'oma zamakono zamakono
• Kupanga zopsereza zoyatsira gasi muzophika ndi zotenthetsera
• Miyuni ndi zoyatsira ndudu

Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku mu pyroelectric effect, yomwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi. Komabe, zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Kuwona kristalo wa piezo mu Curie compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chiwonetsero champhamvu ya piezoelectric. Inali ntchito ya abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie yomwe inafufuza ndi kufotokozera za kristalo zomwe zimasonyeza piezoelectricity, zomwe zinafika pachimake pa kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zinalongosola makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants kudzera mu kusanthula kwa tensor, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric.

Sonar anapangidwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, pamene France a Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anapanga akupanga sitima zapamadzi chowunikira. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamalitsa ku mbale zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti izindikire echo yobwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera pa transducer. Poyesa nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho, pogwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity. Kupambana kwa pulojekitiyi kunayambitsa chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi cha zipangizo za piezoelectric kwa zaka zambiri, ndi zipangizo zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano za zipangizozi zikufufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Zida za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo ambiri, monga makatiriji a ceramic phonograph, omwe amathandizira kamangidwe ka osewera ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo komanso olondola, komanso otsika mtengo komanso osavuta kumanga ndi kukonza.

Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola mosavuta muyeso wa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, magulu ochita kafukufuku odziimira paokha ku United States, Russia, ndi Japan anapeza gulu latsopano la zipangizo zopangira zinthu zotchedwa ferroelectrics, zomwe zinkasonyeza zopinga za piezoelectric nthawi zambiri kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wozama kuti apange barium titanate, ndipo kenako kutsogolera zirconate titanate, zida zomwe zili ndi zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha kugwiritsa ntchito makristasi a piezoelectric chinapangidwa ndi Bell Telephone Laboratories pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Frederick R. Lack, akugwira ntchito mu dipatimenti yokonza matelefoni a wailesi,

Njira Yosinthira

Piezoelectricity ndi mtengo wamagetsi womwe umalowa muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndilo kuyankha kwazinthu izi kupsinjika kwamakina. Mawu akuti 'piezoelectricity' amachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein' kutanthauza 'finya' kapena 'press' ndi 'ēlektron' kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka zimaphatikizapo lead zirconate titanate makhiristo. Pamene mawonekedwe osasunthika a makhiristo awa akupunduka, amabwerera kumalo awo oyambirira, ndipo mosiyana, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, amasintha mawonekedwe awo, kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo a ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi amphamvu kwambiri, mawotchi amagetsi, zipangizo zamagetsi, microbalances, yendetsani ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana magalasi owoneka bwino. Zimapanganso maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi muzophika ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, momwe zinthu zimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, adaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, ndi René Haüy m'zaka zapakati pa 18th, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha amber. Antoine César Becquerel adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi chaji yamagetsi, koma zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Alendo opita ku Hunterian Museum ku Glasgow amatha kuwona Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, chiwonetsero champhamvu cha piezoelectric chopangidwa ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizira chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu machitidwe a kristalo. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Kusintha kwa mawonekedweku kunakokomeza kwambiri ndi a Curies kulosera za kusintha kwa piezoelectric. Zotsatira zotsutsana zidachokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zidalongosola makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tensor.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric, monga sonar, zidapangidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito adapanga chowunikira chomwe chimapanga sitima yapamadzi. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone yozindikira echo yobwerera. Mwa kutulutsa kugunda kwafupipafupi kwambiri kuchokera ku transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho. Anagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar iyi ikhale yopambana. Pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri zipangizo zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano za zipangizozi zinafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Piezoelectric zipangizo

Kodi Piezoelectricity imayambitsa chiyani?

Mu gawoli, ndikhala ndikuwunika momwe piezoelectricity imayambira komanso zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuwonetsa chodabwitsachi. Ndikhala ndikuyang'ana liwu lachi Greek loti 'piezein', gwero lakale lamphamvu yamagetsi, komanso mphamvu ya pyroelectricity. Ndikambilananso zomwe Pierre ndi Jacques Curie adatulukira komanso kakulidwe ka zida za piezoelectric m'zaka za zana la 20.

Mawu achi Greek Piezein

Piezoelectricity ndi kudzikundikira kwa magetsi muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Zimayamba chifukwa cha kuyankhidwa kwa zinthu izi pogwiritsira ntchito makina opanikizika. Mawu akuti piezoelectricity amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakuti "piezein", kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kusindikiza", ndi "ēlektron", kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale la magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect ndipo amapanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi monga ma microbalance. , kuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndi mbadwo wa mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, inaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pawo. kupsinjika kwamakina ndi kulipiritsa magetsi. Zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Kunyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku Scotland, alendo amatha kuona piezo crystal Curie compensator, kuwonetseratu kwa piezoelectric effect ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizira chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu momwe kristaloyo idzakhalire. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz kuchokera Rochelle mchere anasonyeza piezoelectricity, ndi piezoelectric litayamba amapanga magetsi pamene chipunduka. Kusintha kwa mawonekedweku ndikokokomeza kwambiri pachiwonetsero cha Curies.

The Curies anapitiliza kupeza umboni wochulukira wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zidafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants kudzera pakuwunika kwa tensor.

Izi zothandiza ntchito piezoelectricity zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha sonar pa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Mu France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anapanga akupanga sitima zapamadzi chowunikira. Chowunikiracho chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi timakristali woonda wa quartz womata mosamala ku mbale zachitsulo, zomwe zimatchedwa hydrophone, kuti zizindikire zomwe zimabwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali. Transducer anayeza nthawi yomwe inatenga kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akudumpha pa chinthu kuti awerengere kutalika kwa chinthucho. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa piezoelectricity mu sonar kunali kopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric kwa zaka zambiri.

Zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa, ndipo zida za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo ambiri, monga makatiriji agalamafoni a ceramic, omwe amathandizira kapangidwe kawo ndikupangira zotsika mtengo, zolondola kwambiri zojambulira osewera zomwe zinali zotsika mtengo kuzisamalira komanso zosavuta. kumanga. Chitukuko

Gwero Lakale Lamagetsi Amagetsi

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Zimayamba chifukwa cha kuyankha kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina. Mawu akuti 'piezoelectricity' amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya kapena kusindikiza', ndi liwu loti 'elektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika mumtundu wa piezoelectric effect, kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric inapezedwa mu 1880 ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikiza kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a mawotchi, ndi zida zamagetsi monga ma microbalances ndikuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles poyang'ana kwambiri pamisonkhano yamaso. Zimapanganso maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku popanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndi kupanga mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, inaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel omwe adayika ubale pakati pa makina. kupsinjika ndi mtengo wamagetsi. Komabe, zoyeserera zawo sizinatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a piezo crystal ndi Curie compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland akuwonetseratu piezoelectric effect. Inali ntchito ya abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie yomwe inafufuza ndi kufotokozera za kristalo zomwe zimasonyeza piezoelectricity, zomwe zinafika pachimake pa kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zinalongosola makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndipo amatanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants kudzera mu kusanthula kwa tensor, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric.

Sonar anapangidwa pa Nkhondo Yadziko I ndi France Paul Langevin ndi anzake, amene anapanga akupanga sitima zapamadzi chowunikira. Chodziwiracho chinali ndi cholumikizira chopangidwa ndi kristalo wopyapyala wa quartz womata bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti izindikire zomwe zabwerera. Mwa kutulutsa kugunda kwa ma frequency apamwamba kuchokera ku transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho. Anagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar iyi ikhale yopambana. Pulojekitiyi idapanga chitukuko chachikulu komanso chidwi ndi zida za piezoelectric kwazaka zambiri.

Pyroelectricity

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Ndilo kuyanjana kwa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zida za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Mawu akuti "piezoelectricity" amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek "piezein", lomwe limatanthauza "kufinya kapena kusindikiza", ndi liwu lachi Greek "ēlektron", lomwe limatanthauza "amber", gwero lakale la magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric inapezedwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France a Jacques ndi Pierre Curie mu 1880. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zipangizo zowonetsera piezoelectric effect zimasonyezanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi mbadwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka zimaphatikizapo lead zirconate titanate makhiristo. Pamene malo osasunthika apunduka, amabwereranso kumalo ake oyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu ya piezoelectric inverse imapangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafunde a ultrasound apangidwe.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zothandiza, kuphatikiza kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a mawotchi, ndi zida zamagetsi monga ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano. Ndiwonso maziko owonera maikulosikopu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta, komanso zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, inaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale. pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi kulipiritsa magetsi. Komabe, zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo ku Curie Compensator Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect. Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anaphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kwazitsulo zomwe zili pansi pa galasi kuti apange kumvetsetsa kwa pyroelectricity ndikudziwiratu khalidwe la kristalo. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adapezeka kuti akuwonetsa piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakokomedwa kwambiri ndi a Curies kulosera zakusintha kwa piezoelectric. Zotsatira zotsutsana zidadziwika ndi masamu ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).

Kukula kwa sonar kunali kopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi idapanga chitukuko chachikulu komanso chidwi ndi zida za piezoelectric. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Zipangizo za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo ambiri, monga makatiriji agalamafoni a ceramic, omwe amathandizira kamangidwe ka osewera ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo, olondola kwambiri omwe anali otsika mtengo kuwasamalira komanso osavuta kumanga. Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola kuti mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, magulu ochita kafukufuku odziimira paokha ku United States, Russia, ndi Japan anapeza gulu latsopano la zipangizo zopangira zinthu zotchedwa ferroelectrics, zomwe zinkasonyeza mphamvu za piezoelectric constants.

Piezoelectric Zida

Mugawoli, ndikambirana za zida zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric, yomwe ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kuti ziwunjike ndalama zamagetsi potengera kupsinjika kwamakina. Ndikhala ndikuyang'ana makristasi, ceramics, biological matter, fupa, DNA ndi mapuloteni, ndi momwe onse amachitira ndi piezoelectric effect.

timibulu

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Mawu akuti piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza 'finya' kapena 'press' ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi. Zida za piezoelectric zimaphatikizapo makhiristo, zoumba, zamoyo, mafupa, DNA, ndi mapuloteni.

Piezoelectricity ndi njira yolumikizirana ma electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu zamakristali okhala ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka zimaphatikizapo makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate, omwe amatha kupunduka ku kukula kwawo koyambirira kapena mosiyana, kusintha mawonekedwe ake osasunthika pomwe gawo lamagetsi lakunja likugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi monga monga ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ma ultrafine omwe amayang'ana kwambiri misonkhano. Zimapanganso maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Ma pickups a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa m'ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku popanga zoyaka zoyaka gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, komanso mumiuni ndi zoyatsira ndudu. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndi mbadwo wa mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, inaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus m'zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa makina. kupsinjika ndi mtengo wamagetsi. Kuyesera kutsimikizira chiphunzitsochi kunali kosakwanira.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect. Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie adaphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zili pansi pa makristalo kuti athe kulosera za pyroelectricity. Anatha kuneneratu za khalidwe la kristalo ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity. Disiki ya piezoelectric imapanga magetsi ikapunduka; kusintha kwa mawonekedwe ndikokokomeza kwambiri pachiwonetsero cha Curies.

Anathanso kulosera za momwe piezoelectric zotsatira zake zimakhalira ndikuzindikira masamu mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic kumbuyo kwake. Gabriel Lippmann anachita izi mu 1881. The Curies nthawi yomweyo adatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pofalitsa buku la Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), lomwe limafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mosamalitsa kusanthula kwa piezoelectric pogwiritsa ntchito ma piezoelectric constants.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric mu sonar zidapangidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito adapanga chowunikira chomwe chimapanga sitima yapamadzi. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamalitsa ku mbale zachitsulo, zotchedwa hydrophone, kuti zizindikire zomwe zimabwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali. Poyeza nthawi imene imafunika kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, iwo ankatha kudziwa mtunda wopita ku chinthucho. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa piezoelectricity mu sonar kunali kopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric kwa zaka zambiri.

zoumbaumba

Zida za piezoelectric ndi zolimba zomwe zimaunjikira magetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza 'finya' kapena 'press' ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi. Zida za piezoelectric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, ndi kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri.

Zida za piezoelectric zimapezeka mu makhiristo, zoumba, zamoyo, mafupa, DNA, ndi mapuloteni. Ceramics ndi zida zodziwika bwino za piezoelectric zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Ma Ceramics amapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwazitsulo zachitsulo, monga lead zirconate titanate (PZT), zomwe zimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuti zikhale zolimba. Ceramics ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika.

Piezoelectric ceramics ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi wophikira ndi kutenthetsa, monga miyuni ndi zoyatsira ndudu.
• Kupanga mafunde a ultrasound kwa kujambula kwachipatala.
• Kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri opangira mawotchi ndi zida zamagetsi.
• Kupanga ma microbalance kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito poyezera molondola.
• Kuyendetsa akupanga nozzles kwa ultrafine molunjika wa kuwala misonkhano.
• Kupanga maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu.
• Ma Pickups a magitala okulitsidwa pakompyuta ndi zoyambira zamang'oma amakono amagetsi.

Piezoelectric ceramics amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamagetsi ogula mpaka kujambula kwachipatala. Zimakhala zolimba kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Biological Nkhani

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek loti 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya kapena kusindikiza', ndi 'ēlektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lopangira magetsi.

Zachilengedwe monga fupa, DNA, ndi mapuloteni ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zimawonetsa piezoelectricity. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zida izi ndi monga lead zirconate titanate makhiristo, omwe amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe ake osasunthika apunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika, kutulutsa mafunde a ultrasound kupyolera mu inverse piezoelectric effect.

Kutulukira kwa piezoelectricity kunapangidwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie mu 1880. Kuyambira pamenepo wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, monga:

• Kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu
• Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric
• Kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri
• Wotchi jenereta
• Zipangizo zamagetsi
• Ma microbalance
• Yendetsani akupanga nozzles
• Ma Ultrafine amayang'ana kwambiri zowonera
• Amapanga maziko a maikulosikopu osanthula
• Konzani zithunzi pa sikelo ya maatomu
• Ma Pickups mu magitala okulitsidwa pakompyuta
• Zoyambitsa mu ng'oma zamakono zamakono

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku monga kuphika ndi kutenthetsa gasi zida, miyuni, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, inaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18. Kutengera chidziwitso cha René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi amagetsi, koma kuyesa kwawo sikunatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie Compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect. Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anaphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa makristasi omwe ali pansi pake kuti athe kulosera za pyroelectricity ndi kulosera za khalidwe la kristalo. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakulitsidwa kwambiri ndi a Curies kulosera zamphamvu ya piezoelectric. Zotsatira zotsutsana zidachokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).

bone

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Bone ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zotere zomwe zikuwonetsa chodabwitsa ichi.

Bone ndi mtundu wa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mapuloteni ndi mchere, kuphatikizapo collagen, calcium, ndi phosphorous. Ndi piezoelectric kwambiri kuposa zida zonse zamoyo, ndipo imatha kupanga magetsi ikakumana ndi zovuta zamakina.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric mu fupa ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera. Amapangidwa ndi maukonde a collagen fibers omwe amaphatikizidwa mu matrix a mineral. Pamene fupa limakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, ulusi wa collagen umayenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mcherewo ukhale polarized ndikupanga magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric mu fupa ili ndi ntchito zingapo zothandiza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zachipatala, monga ultrasound ndi X-ray imaging, kuti azindikire kuthyoka kwa mafupa ndi zolakwika zina. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafupa othandizira kumva, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya piezoelectric kutembenuza mafunde a phokoso kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi zomwe zimatumizidwa mwachindunji ku khutu lamkati.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric m'mafupa imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafupa a mafupa, monga ziwalo zopangira ndi ziwalo zopangira. Ma implants amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya piezoelectric kuti asinthe mphamvu zamakina kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu chipangizocho.

Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ya piezoelectric mu fupa ikufufuzidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga chithandizo chamankhwala chatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza akufufuza kugwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mafupa ndi kukonza minofu yowonongeka.

Ponseponse, mphamvu ya piezoelectric mu fupa ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi chokhala ndi ntchito zambiri zothandiza. Ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala ndi zamakono, ndipo ikufufuzidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mankhwala atsopano.

DNA

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. DNA ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoterezi zomwe zimasonyeza izi. DNA ndi molekyu yachilengedwe yomwe imapezeka mu zamoyo zonse ndipo ili ndi maziko anayi a nucleotide: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), ndi thymine (T).

DNA ndi molekyu yovuta yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga magetsi a magetsi pamene ikukhudzidwa ndi makina. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti mamolekyu a DNA amapangidwa ndi timizere tiwiri ta nucleotide tomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi ma hydrogen bond. Zomangirazi zikasweka, magetsi amapangidwa.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ya DNA yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Kupanga magetsi a implants zachipatala
• Kuzindikira ndi kuyeza mphamvu zamakina m'maselo
• Kupanga masensa a nanoscale
• Kupanga ma biosensor otsatizana ndi DNA
• Kupanga mafunde a ultrasound pojambula

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ya DNA ikufufuzidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zatsopano, monga nanowires ndi nanotubes. Zidazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kusungirako mphamvu ndi kuzindikira.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ya DNA yaphunziridwa mozama ndipo yapezeka kuti imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupsinjika kwamakina. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chida chofunikira kwa ofufuza ndi mainjiniya omwe akuyang'ana kupanga zida zatsopano ndi matekinoloje.

Pomaliza, DNA ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric, yomwe imatha kudziunjikira magetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo implants zachipatala, masensa a nanoscale, ndi DNA sequencing. Ikufufuzidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zida zatsopano, monga ma nanowires ndi nanotubes.

Mapuloteni

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Zida za piezoelectric, monga mapuloteni, makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA, zimawonetsa izi. Mapuloteni, makamaka, ndi chinthu chapadera cha piezoelectric, chifukwa amapangidwa ndi zovuta za amino acid zomwe zimatha kupunduka kuti apange magetsi.

Mapuloteni ndi mtundu wochuluka kwambiri wa zinthu za piezoelectric, ndipo zimapezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Atha kupezeka mu mawonekedwe a michere, mahomoni, ndi ma antibodies, komanso mu mawonekedwe a mapuloteni opangidwa ngati collagen ndi keratin. Mapuloteni amapezekanso mu mawonekedwe a mapuloteni a minofu, omwe amachititsa kuti minofu iwonongeke komanso kumasuka.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ya mapuloteni ndi chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa ndi mapangidwe ovuta a amino acid. Ma amino acidwa akapunduka, amapanga magetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi iyi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zida zosiyanasiyana, monga masensa ndi ma actuator.

Mapuloteni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazachipatala zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni ena m’thupi, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira matenda. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya ndi ma virus ena, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira matenda.

Mapuloteni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masensa ndi ma actuators panjira zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga ndege ndi magalimoto ena.

Pomaliza, mapuloteni ndi chinthu chapadera cha piezoelectric chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe ovuta a amino acid omwe amatha kupunduka kuti apange magetsi amagetsi, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala ndi mafakitale.

Kukolola Mphamvu ndi Piezoelectricity

Mu gawoli, ndikambirana momwe piezoelectricity ingagwiritsire ntchito kukolola mphamvu. Ndikhala ndikuyang'ana machitidwe osiyanasiyana a piezoelectricity, kuyambira kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric mpaka ma generator a wotchi ndi ma microbalance. Ndikhala ndikuwunikanso mbiri ya piezoelectricity, kuyambira pomwe Pierre Curie adapeza mpaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Pomaliza, ndikhala ndikukambilana momwe makampani a piezoelectric alili pano komanso kuthekera kokulirakulira.

Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kupanga chaji yamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Liwu loti 'piezoelectricity' limachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein' (kufinya kapena kusindikiza) ndi 'elektron' (amber), gwero lakale lopangira magetsi. Zida za piezoelectric, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, monga jenereta ya wotchi, pazida zamagetsi, komanso ma microbalance. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyendetsa akupanga nozzles ndi ultrafine molunjika kuwala misonkhano. Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric ndi ntchito yotchuka yaukadaulo uwu. Uwu ndi mtundu wosindikiza womwe umagwiritsa ntchito makristalo a piezoelectric kuti apange kugwedezeka kwakukulu, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa madontho a inki patsamba.

Kutulukira kwa piezoelectricity kunayamba mu 1880, pamene akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie anapeza zotsatira zake. Kuyambira pamenepo, mphamvu ya piezoelectric yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku monga zophikira ndi zotenthetsera gasi, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi ma pickups mu magitala okulitsa ndi zoyambitsa mu ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza zasayansi. Ndiwo maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers, amene kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zinthu ndi kuyeza zonyezimira kuti azindikire discontinuities ndi kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu.

Kupanga zida ndi zida za piezoelectric kwayendetsedwa ndi kufunikira kochita bwino komanso njira zosavuta zopangira. Ku United States, kupanga makristasi a quartz kuti agwiritse ntchito malonda kwakhala chinthu chachikulu pakukula kwa makampani opanga piezoelectric. Mosiyana ndi izi, opanga ku Japan atha kugawana mwachangu zambiri ndikupanga mapulogalamu atsopano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti msika wa Japan ukhale wofulumira.

Piezoelectricity yasintha momwe timagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kuchokera kuzinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku monga zoyatsira mpaka ku kafukufuku wapamwamba wa sayansi. Ndi luso lamakono lomwe latithandiza kufufuza ndi kupanga zipangizo zatsopano ndi ntchito, ndipo zidzapitiriza kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu kwa zaka zambiri.

Kupanga Magetsi Okwera Kwambiri

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina zolimba kuti ziwunjike magetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Liwu loti 'piezoelectricity' limachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein' kutanthauza 'kufinya' kapena 'press' ndi 'ēlektron' kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi. Piezoelectricity ndi njira yolumikizirana ma electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu zamakristali okhala ndi inversion symmetry.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndi njira yosinthira; Zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, m'badwo wamkati wamakina azovuta chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, chodabwitsa chotchedwa inverse piezoelectric effect, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri. Zipangizo za piezoelectric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, posindikiza inkjet ya piezoelectric, mu ma jenereta a wotchi, pazida zamagetsi, m'ma microbalances, m'mipukutu yamagetsi yamagetsi, komanso pamisonkhano yoyang'ana kwambiri.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazantchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, mumiuni, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zida za pyroelectric effect, zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi amagetsi, ngakhale kuyesa kwawo sikunatsimikizike.

Chidziwitso chophatikizana cha pyroelectricity komanso kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity ndikutha kulosera zamakhalidwe a kristalo. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakokomeza kwambiri powonetsa Curies's Direct piezoelectric effect.

Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie adapeza umboni wokwanira wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pofalitsa buku la Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), lomwe limafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mosamalitsa kusanthula kwa piezoelectric pogwiritsa ntchito ma piezoelectric constants.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za piezoelectric kunayamba ndi chitukuko cha sonar pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akugwira nawo ntchito anapanga chojambulira cha akupanga sitima yapamadzi. Chodziwiracho chinali ndi cholumikizira chopangidwa kuchokera ku timakristali tating'ono ta quartz womata bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone yozindikira zomwe zabwerera. Mwa kutulutsa kugunda kwafupipafupi kwambiri kuchokera ku transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho. Anagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar ikhale yopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira.

Zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Zida za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo osiyanasiyana, monga makatiriji a galamafoni a ceramic, omwe amathandizira kamangidwe ka osewera ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo, olondola kwambiri omwe anali otsika mtengo kusamalira komanso osavuta kumanga. Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yapadziko Lonse inachititsa magulu ochita kafukufuku odziimira okha ku United States, Russia, ndi Japan kupeza gulu latsopano la zipangizo zopangira zotchedwa fer.

Wotchi Generator

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina kuti ziwunjikire ndalama zamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Chodabwitsa ichi chagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zingapo zothandiza, kuphatikiza ma jenereta a wotchi. Majenereta a wotchi ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kupanga ma siginecha amagetsi ndi nthawi yolondola.

Majenereta a mawotchi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga makompyuta, matelefoni, ndi makina amagalimoto. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazida zamankhwala, monga ma pacemaker, kuti atsimikizire nthawi yolondola yamagetsi. Majenereta a mawotchi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafakitale ndi ma robotics, pomwe nthawi yolondola ndiyofunikira.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imatengera kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu zamakristali okhala ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimathanso kupanga zovuta zamakina pomwe magetsi ayikidwa. Izi zimadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Majenereta a wotchi amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti apange ma siginecha amagetsi ndi nthawi yolondola. Zinthu za piezoelectric zimapunthwa ndi gawo lamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizigwedezeka pafupipafupi. Kugwedezeka kumeneku kumasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga chizindikiro cholondola cha nthawi.

Ma jenereta a mawotchi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pazida zamankhwala kupita ku makina opanga makina. Ndizodalirika, zolondola, komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala odziwika pamapulogalamu ambiri. Piezoelectricity ndi gawo lofunikira laukadaulo wamakono, ndipo ma jenereta a mawotchi ndi amodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi.

Zipangizo Zamagetsi

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina zolimba kuti ziwunjike magetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Chodabwitsa ichi, chomwe chimadziwika kuti piezoelectric effect, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, kuchokera pazithunzi zamagitala opangidwa ndimagetsi mpaka zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza "kufinya" kapena "press" ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale lopangira magetsi. Zida za piezoelectric ndi makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi mapuloteni a DNA, omwe amawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndi kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, chodabwitsa chotchedwa inverse piezoelectric effect, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Kutulukira kwa piezoelectricity kumatchulidwa kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie, omwe adawonetseratu piezoelectric effect mu 1880. Chidziwitso chawo chophatikizana cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mapangidwe a kristalo apansi kunapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectric effect, ndi luso lodziwiratu. khalidwe la kristalo linawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle.

Piezoelectricity yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyaka gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zida za pyroelectric zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi. Kuyesera kunakhala kosakwanira, komabe, mpaka maonekedwe a piezo crystal ku Curie compensator Museum ku Scotland adawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric ya abale a Curie.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, kuyambira pazithunzi zamagitala okulitsidwa pakompyuta mpaka zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a mawotchi, ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ma ultrafine omwe amayang'ana kwambiri magetsi. Piezoelectricity ndiyenso maziko owunikira ma microscopes, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu.

Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwa zida zina zolimba kuti ziwunjike magetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein), kutanthauza "kufinya" kapena "press", ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale lopangira magetsi.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pophikira ndi kutenthetsera zida, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, komanso kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira magetsi okwera kwambiri, ndipo ndiye maziko a mawotchi opangira mawotchi ndi zida zamagetsi monga ma microbalances. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles ndi ultrafine yolunjika pamisonkhano yamaso.

Kutulukira kwa piezoelectricity kumatchedwa akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France a Jacques ndi Pierre Curie ku 1880. Abale a Curie anaphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa mapangidwe a kristalo omwe ali pansi pake kuti apange lingaliro la piezoelectricity. Anatha kuneneratu za khalidwe la kristalo ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso. Kukula kwa sonar pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse kunali kupambana kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, magulu ochita kafukufuku odziimira paokha ku United States, Russia, ndi Japan anapeza gulu latsopano la zipangizo zopangira zinthu zotchedwa ferroelectrics, zomwe zinkasonyeza ma piezoelectric constants kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Izi zinayambitsa kufufuza kwakukulu ndi chitukuko cha barium titanate ndipo kenaka kutsogolera zida za zirconate titanate, zomwe zinali ndi katundu wapadera pa ntchito zina. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha kugwiritsa ntchito makhiristo a piezoelectric adapangidwa ku Bell Telephone Laboratories pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.

Frederick R. Lack, yemwe amagwira ntchito mu dipatimenti ya uinjiniya wa telephony wa wailesi, anapanga kristalo wodulidwa umene umagwira ntchito pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Krustalo la Lack silinafune zida zolemetsa zamakristali am'mbuyomu, zomwe zimathandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu ndege. Kukula kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti magulu ankhondo a Allied achite nawo ziwopsezo zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito wailesi ya ndege.

Kupanga zida za piezoelectric ndi zida ku United States zidasunga makampani angapo mu bizinesi, ndipo kupanga makristalo a quartz kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda. Zida za piezoelectric zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kujambula kwachipatala, kuyeretsa akupanga, ndi zina.

Thamangitsani Akupanga Nozzle

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndi yankho la kupsinjika kwa makina ndipo limachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya' kapena 'press', ndi 'elektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndi kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zida za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi lead zirconate titanate makhiristo, omwe amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti piezoelectric effect iwonongeke, yomwe ndi kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France a Jacques ndi Pierre Curie adapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880 ndipo wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso. Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi muzophika ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri.

Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, komanso zaka za m'ma 18 kujambula chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi mtengo wamagetsi. Kuyesera kutsimikizira izi kunali kosakwanira.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie Compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizira chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity ndipo adawalola kulosera za kristalo. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakokomedwa kwambiri ndi a Curies kulosera za piezoelectric zotsatira, zomwe zidatengedwa masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie pantchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectricity. Izi zidafika pachimake ndi kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), yomwe idafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mokhazikika ma piezoelectric constants kudzera mu kusanthula kwa tensor.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za piezoelectric kunayamba ndi sonar, yomwe idapangidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adapanga chowunikira chomwe chimapanga sitima yapamadzi. Chowunikiracho chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi timakristali woonda wa quartz womata mosamala ku mbale zachitsulo, zomwe zimatchedwa hydrophone, kuti zizindikire zomwe zimabwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali. Mwa kuyeza nthawi imene imatenga kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akuomba pa chinthu, amatha kudziwa mtunda wa chinthucho. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa piezoelectricity mu sonar kunali kopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inapanga chitukuko chachikulu ndi chidwi pa zipangizo za piezoelectric kwa zaka zambiri.

Zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa, ndipo zida za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo monga makatiriji agalamafoni a ceramic, omwe amathandizira kapangidwe kawo ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo, olondola kwambiri omwe anali otsika mtengo kusamalira komanso osavuta kumanga. . Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika kudzera chuma ndi kuyeza kuwonetsera ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu.

Ultrafine Focusing Optical Assemblies

Piezoelectricity ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kuti zidziunjikira magetsi zikakumana ndi zovuta zamakina. Ndilo kulumikizana kwamagetsi pakati pamagetsi ndi makina azinthu zamakristali okhala ndi inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity ndi njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Piezoelectricity yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, komanso kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito posindikiza inkjet, ma jenereta a wotchi, zida zamagetsi, ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano.

Piezoelectricity inapezeka mu 1880 ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zothandiza, monga kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, komanso kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri. Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito, komanso ma jenereta a mawotchi, zipangizo zamagetsi, ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano.

Piezoelectricity yapeza njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka kuti ziwotchere gasi wophikira ndi kutentha zida, miyuni, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zida za pyroelectric zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi. Zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie Compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity komanso kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa makristasi omwe ali pansi, adapereka mwayi wolosera za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu machitidwe a kristalo. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle.

Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate, ndi quartz ndi Rochelle mchere anasonyeza piezoelectricity, ndi piezoelectric litayamba ntchito kupanga voteji pamene wopunduka, ngakhale kusintha mawonekedwe anali mokokomeza kwambiri. The Curies ananeneratu zotsatira za piezoelectric zotsatira, ndipo zotsatira zake zinatengedwa masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zofunika kwambiri za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro- elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric makhiristo.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zidafotokoza za makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tensor kuti agwiritse ntchito zida za piezoelectric.

Kupanga kwa sonar kunali pulojekiti yopambana yomwe idapanga chitukuko chachikulu komanso chidwi ndi zida za piezoelectric. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Zipangizo za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo osiyanasiyana, monga makatiriji a ceramic phonograph, omwe amathandizira kamangidwe ka osewera ndikupangitsa osewera ojambulira kukhala otchipa komanso osavuta kukonza ndikumanga. Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola kuti mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Chiyambi cha gawo la zokonda za piezoelectricity zidatetezedwa ndi ma patenti opindulitsa azinthu zatsopano zopangidwa kuchokera ku makhiristo a quartz, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za piezoelectric. Asayansi adafufuza zida zapamwamba zogwirira ntchito, ndipo ngakhale zidapita patsogolo komanso kukhwima kwa njira zopangira, msika waku United States sunakule mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi izi, opanga ku Japan adagawana zambiri mwachangu ndipo ntchito zatsopano zakukukula mumakampani a piezoelectric ku United States zidavutika mosiyana ndi opanga aku Japan.

Piezoelectric Motors

Mu gawo ili, ndikulankhula za momwe piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwira ntchito muukadaulo wamakono. Kuchokera pakusanthula maikulosikopu omwe amatha kukonza zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu mpaka kujambula kwa magitala okulitsa ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi, piezoelectricity yakhala gawo lofunikira pazida zambiri. Ndifufuza mbiri ya piezoelectricity ndi momwe yagwiritsidwira ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Amapanga Maziko a Scanning Probe Microscopes

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndilo kuyankha kupsinjika kwa makina ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo liwu lakuti piezoelectricity limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza "kufinya" kapena "kusindikiza" ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale la magetsi.

Piezoelectric motors ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric effect kupanga kuyenda. Izi ndizomwe zimayenderana ndi ma electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina obwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka ndi lead zirconate titanate makhiristo.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zothandiza, monga kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, ma jenereta a mawotchi, ndi zida zamagetsi monga ma microbalances ndikuyendetsa ma nozzles akupanga kwa ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu.

Piezoelectricity inapezeka mu 1880 ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie. Mawonedwe a piezo crystal ndi Curie compensator amatha kuwonedwa ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland, zomwe zikuwonetseratu mphamvu ya piezoelectric yachindunji ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie.

Kuphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity, zomwe zidawalola kulosera momwe kristaloyo imakhalira. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate, ndi quartz ndi Rochelle mchere anasonyeza piezoelectricity, ndi piezoelectric litayamba ntchito kupanga voteji pamene wopunduka, ngakhale kuti anali kukokomeza kwambiri ndi Curies.

Iwo adaneneratu za converse piezoelectric effect, ndipo izi zinatengedwa masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zofunika kwambiri za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa converse effect, ndipo anapitiriza kupeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto- kuwonongeka kwamakina mu makristasi a piezoelectric.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pofalitsa buku la Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), lomwe limafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mosamalitsa ma piezoelectric constants ndi tentones.

Izi zinachititsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi za piezoelectric, monga sonar, zomwe zinapangidwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anayamba kupanga chojambulira cha akupanga sitima yapamadzi. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamalitsa ku mbale zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti izindikire echo yobwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera pa transducer. Poyeza nthawi imene imafunika kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, iwo ankatha kudziwa mtunda wa chinthucho. Anagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar iyi ikhale yopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi idapanga chitukuko chachikulu komanso chidwi ndi zida za piezoelectric kwazaka zambiri.

Zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa, ndipo zida za piezoelectric zidapeza nyumba m'magawo ambiri, monga makatiriji agalamafoni a ceramic, omwe amathandizira kapangidwe kawo ndikupangira osewera otsika mtengo komanso olondola kwambiri omwe anali otsika mtengo kusamalira komanso osavuta. kumanga. Kukula kwa akupanga transducers analola mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi ndi zolimba, chifukwa chachikulu kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo kafukufuku. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, magulu ofufuza odziimira okha ku United States

Konzani Zithunzi pa Sikelo ya Atomu

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndi kuyankha ku kupsinjika kwa makina ndipo limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza kufinya kapena kusindikiza. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry.

Piezoelectricity ndi njira yosinthira, ndipo zida zowonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo za izi ndi monga lead zirconate titanate makhiristo, omwe amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe ake osasunthika apunduka kuchokera kumayendedwe ake oyamba. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Jacques ndi Pierre Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi monga ma microbalances ndikuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu.

Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, zinaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18. Kutengera chidziwitso cha René Haüy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi amagetsi, koma kuyesa kwawo sikunatsimikizike.

Alendo opita ku Hunterian Museum ku Glasgow amatha kuwona piezo crystal Curie compensator, chiwonetsero champhamvu ya piezoelectric ya abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity komanso kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa galasi, zidapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu momwe kristalo imayendera. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate, ndi quartz ndi Rochelle mchere anasonyeza piezoelectricity, ndi piezoelectric litayamba amapanga voteji pamene kupunduka, ngakhale kusintha mawonekedwe ndi mokokomeza kwambiri. The Curies adatha kuneneratu zotsatira za piezoelectric, ndipo zotsatira zake zidachokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).

Pickups Electronically Amplified Guitars

Ma motors a piezoelectric ndi ma mota amagetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric kuti asinthe mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zina kupanga ndalama zamagetsi zikakumana ndi zovuta zamakina. Ma mota a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamagetsi ang'onoang'ono monga mawotchi ndi mawotchi mpaka kupatsa mphamvu makina akuluakulu monga maloboti ndi zida zamankhwala.

Ma mota a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta. Ma pickups awa amagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric effect kuti asinthe kugwedezeka kwa zingwe za gitala kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi. Kenako chizindikirochi chimakwezedwa n’kutumizidwa ku chokulitsa, chomwe chimatulutsa kulira kwa gitala. Zojambula za piezoelectric zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito muzitsulo zamakono zamakono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire kugwedezeka kwa mitu ya ng'oma ndikusintha kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi.

Ma mota a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwanso ntchito posanthula ma microscopes, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric effect kusuntha kachidutswa kakang'ono pamwamba. Izi zimathandiza maikulosikopu kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Ma motors a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu osindikiza a inkjet, komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha mutu wosindikiza uku ndi uku kudutsa tsamba.

Ma motors a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zida zamankhwala, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zamagetsi zogula. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafakitale, monga popanga magawo olondola komanso pakuphatikiza zinthu zovuta. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zamankhwala komanso kuzindikira zolakwika muzinthu.

Ponseponse, ma mota a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamagetsi ang'onoang'ono kupita kumagetsi opangira makina akuluakulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula magitala okulirapo pakompyuta, ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi, maikulosikopu yosanthula, makina osindikizira a inkjet, zida zamankhwala, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound komanso kuzindikira zolakwika muzinthu.

Zoyambitsa Ng'oma Zamakono Zamagetsi

Piezoelectricity ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadziunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndilo kuyankha kwazinthu izi kupsinjika kwamakina. Mawu akuti piezoelectricity amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakuti "piezein", kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kusindikiza", ndi mawu akuti "elektron", kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale la magetsi.

Piezoelectric motors ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric effect kupanga kuyenda. Izi zimachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthira, kutanthauza kuti zida zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi lead zirconate titanate makhiristo, omwe amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika, kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Ma mota a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga:

• Kupanga zopsereza zoyatsira gasi muzophika ndi zotenthetsera
• Ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zida za pyroelectric effect
• Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha
• Kupanga ndi kuzindikira mawu
• Kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric
• Kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri
• Jenereta ya wotchi ndi zipangizo zamagetsi
• Ma microbalance
• Yendetsani akupanga nozzles ndi ultrafine molunjika kuwala misonkhano
• Amapanga maziko a maikulosikopu osanthula
• Konzani zithunzi pa sikelo ya maatomu
• Pickups makompyuta amplified magitala
• Zimayambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamakono.

Electromechanical Modeling of Piezoelectric Transducers

Mu gawoli, ndikhala ndikuwunika ma electromechanical modeling a piezoelectric transducers. Ndikhala ndikuyang'ana mbiri ya kupezeka kwa piezoelectricity, kuyesa komwe kunatsimikizira kukhalapo kwake, ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo ndi zipangizo za piezoelectric. Ndikambitsirananso zopereka za akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy ndi Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, ndi Woldemar Voigt.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical pomwe mtengo wamagetsi umaunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Mtengo uwu umapangidwa poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawu akuti 'piezoelectricity' amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya kapena kusindikiza', ndi 'elektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu zokhala ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectric zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric athari, pomwe kupsinjika kwamkati kumapangidwa potengera mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, makhiristo amasintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika, kupanga mafunde a ultrasound mu njira yotchedwa inverse piezoelectric effect.

Mu 1880, akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie adapeza mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zamagetsi. zipangizo monga ma microbalances ndi kuyendetsa akupanga nozzles kwa ultrafine kuganizira kuwala misonkhano. Zimapanganso maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi muzophika ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, pomwe chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, adaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha René Hauy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pawo. kupsinjika kwamakina ndi kulipiritsa magetsi, ngakhale kuyesa kwawo sikunatsimikizike.

Mwa kuphatikiza chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwa makristasi omwe ali pansi, a Curies adatha kuwonetsa kulosera za pyroelectricity ndikulosera za machitidwe a makristasi. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity. Disiki ya piezoelectric imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi ikapunduka, ngakhale izi ndizokokomeza kwambiri powonetsa Curies. Adathanso kuneneratu za kusintha kwa piezoelectric ndikutengera masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic za Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).

Zoyeserera Zatsimikiziridwa Zosakwanira

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical momwe magetsi amaunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndilo kuyankha kupsinjika kwamakina, ndipo liwu loti 'piezoelectricity' limachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya kapena kusindikiza', ndi 'ēlektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zipangizo za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Ndi njira yosinthira; Zida zowonetsera piezoelectric effect zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi amphamvu kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi monga microbalances. , kuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta, komanso zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapeza ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku popanga zoyaka zoyatsira gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, chinaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha René Hauy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adakhazikitsa ubale. pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi kulipiritsa magetsi. Zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike.

Chidziwitso chophatikizana cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa makristasi zidapangitsa kuti anene za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu momwe makristasi amachitira. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakokomeza kwambiri powonetsa Curies's Direct piezoelectric effect.

Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie ananeneratu za zotsatira za piezoelectric, ndipo zotsatira zake zinatengedwa masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zofunika kwambiri za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. kusinthika kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric makhiristo.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, koma chidali chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zidalongosola makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tensor. Aka kanali koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma transducers a piezoelectric, ndipo sonar idapangidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito adapanga chowunikira chowunikira chapansi pamadzi.

Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical momwe magetsi amaunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Mtengo uwu umapangidwa poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawu akuti piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kukanikiza" ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale lopangira magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zida za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, yomwe ndi m'badwo wamkati wamakina amagetsi obwera chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika kuti inverse piezoelectric effect ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Mu 1880, akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France a Jacques ndi Pierre Curie adapeza mphamvu ya piezoelectric ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi amphamvu kwambiri, mawotchi amagetsi, zipangizo zamagetsi, ma microbalances. , kuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri. Zimapanganso maziko osanthula maikulosikopu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Piezoelectricity imapezekanso m'ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kupanga zoyaka kuti ziwotche gasi pazida zophikira ndi zotenthetsera, ma tochi, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi mphamvu ya pyroelectric, yomwe ndipamene chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha. Izi zidaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, potengera chidziwitso kuchokera kwa René Hauy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi amagetsi, ngakhale kuyesa kwawo sikunatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizira chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu momwe kristaloyo idzakhalire. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz kuchokera Rochelle mchere anasonyeza piezoelectricity, ndi piezoelectric litayamba amapanga voteji pamene kupunduka, ngakhale izi mokokomeza kwambiri mu Curies 'chionetsero.

Kuneneratu za converse piezoelectric effect ndi kuchotsera kwake masamu kuchokera ku mfundo zofunika kwambiri za thermodynamic kunapangidwa ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo anapitiriza kupeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto- kuwonongeka kwamakina mu makristasi a piezoelectric. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakupezedwa kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zimawonetsa piezoelectricity. Izi zidafika pachimake ndi kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), yomwe idafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mokhazikika ma piezoelectric constants pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tensor.

Izi zothandiza ntchito ya piezoelectric transducers zinachititsa chitukuko cha sonar pa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anapanga akupanga sitima zapamadzi chowunikira. Chowunikiracho chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamala ku mbale zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti izindikire zomwe zabwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera pa transducer. Poyeza nthawi imene imafunika kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, iwo ankatha kudziwa mtunda wa chinthucho. Adagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar iyi ikhale yopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi idapanga chitukuko chachikulu komanso chidwi pazida za piezoelectric.

Rene Hauy ndi Antoine Cesar Becquerel

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical chomwe chimachitika pamene zinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zamoyo monga fupa ndi DNA, zimawunjikana mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina. Piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek 'piezein', kutanthauza 'kufinya kapena kusindikiza', ndi 'elektron', kutanthauza 'amber', gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku kulumikizana kwamtundu wa electromechanical pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectric effect zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, kapena kutulutsa mkati kwa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti piezoelectric iwonongeke komanso kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anapeza mphamvu ya piezoelectric mu 1880. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. monga ma microbalances, ma ultrasonic nozzles, ndi ultrafine yoyang'ana kwambiri misonkhano. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Piezoelectricity imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pojambula magitala okulitsa pakompyuta, komanso zoyambitsa ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric idaphunziridwa koyamba ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera kwa Rene Hauy ndi Antoine Cesar Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi chaji yamagetsi. Komabe, zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso cha pyroelectricity, komanso kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo, izi zidapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity, komanso kuthekera kodziwiratu machitidwe a kristalo. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. Sodium potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Izi zidakokometsedwa kwambiri pachiwonetsero cha Curies ku Museum of Scotland, chomwe chidawonetsa mwachindunji piezoelectric effect.

Abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie adapeza umboni wokwanira wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchitoyi idasanthula ndikutanthauzira mawonekedwe a kristalo omwe amawonetsa piezoelectricity, zomwe zidafika pachimake ndi kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa converse effect, ndipo anapitiriza masamu kufotokoza mfundo zofunika thermodynamic za converse effect. Izi zinachitidwa ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881. Piezoelectricity idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sonar panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anapanga chowunikira cha akupanga pansi pamadzi. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone yozindikira echo yobwerera. Mwa kutulutsa kugunda kwamphamvu kwambiri kuchokera ku transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, amatha kuwerengera mtunda wopita ku chinthucho.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makhiristo a piezoelectric kudapangidwanso ndi Bell Telephone Laboratories pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Frederick R. Lack, yemwe amagwira ntchito mu dipatimenti ya uinjiniya wa telephony wa wailesi, adapanga kristalo yodulidwa yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana kutentha. Krustalo la Lack silinafune zida zolemetsa zamakristali am'mbuyomu, zomwe zimathandizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu ndege. Kukula kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti magulu ankhondo a Allied azitha kuchita nawo ziwopsezo zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito wailesi ya ndege. Kukula kwa zida ndi zida za piezoelectric ku United States zidapangitsa kuti makampani akhazikitse zoyambira zankhondo m'munda, komanso chidwi chofuna kupeza ma patent opindulitsa azinthu zatsopano zopangidwa. Makristalo a quartz adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za piezoelectric, ndipo asayansi adafufuza zida zapamwamba zogwirira ntchito. Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwazinthu ndi kukhwima kwa njira zopangira, United States

Gabriel Lippmann

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical momwe magetsi amaunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Ndi zotsatira za kuyanjana pakati pa makina ndi magetsi muzinthu zokhala ndi inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity idapezeka koyamba ndi akatswiri asayansi aku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie mu 1880.

Piezoelectricity yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, ndi kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri. Piezoelectricity amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti πιέζειν (piezein) kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kusindikiza" ndi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale lopangira magetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imatha kusinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric athari, momwe m'badwo wamkati wa zovuta zamakina umabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, njira yotchedwa inverse piezoelectric effect. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric idaphunziridwa kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pomwe Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus, potengera chidziwitso cha René Hauy ndi Antoine César Becquerel, adayika ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi magetsi. Komabe, zoyeserera sizinatsimikizike. Sizinali mpaka chidziwitso chophatikizana cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kuneneratu za pyroelectricity yomwe ofufuza adatha kulosera zamakhalidwe a kristalo. Izi zinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle.

Gabriel Lippmann, mu 1881, masamu adapeza mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic za converse piezoelectric effect. The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals.

Kwa zaka zambiri, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi chasayansi mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre ndi Marie Curie. Ntchito yawo yofufuza ndi kufotokozera zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa piezoelectricity zidafika pachimake pakusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Izi zidalongosola makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mozama ma piezoelectric constants ndi kusanthula kwa tensor.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za piezoelectric kunayamba ndi chitukuko cha sonar pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Paul Langevin ndi anzake adapanga chojambulira chamadzimadzi cha akupanga. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata bwino pazitsulo zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone yozindikira echo yobwerera. Mwa kutulutsa kugunda kwafupipafupi kwambiri kuchokera ku transducer ndi kuyeza nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, adatha kuwerengera mtunda wa chinthucho. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa piezoelectricity kwa sonar kunali kopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi inachititsa chidwi chachikulu pazida za piezoelectric. Kwa zaka zambiri, zida zatsopano za piezoelectric ndi ntchito zatsopano zazinthuzi zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Piezoelectric zipangizo anapeza nyumba m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ceramic galamafoni makatiriji kuti chosavuta wosewera mpira kamangidwe ndi kupanga wotchipa, zolondola mbiri osewera otchipa kusunga ndi zosavuta kumanga, kuti chitukuko cha akupanga transducers kuti analola kuti mosavuta kuyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi elasticity wa madzimadzi. ndi zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu kafukufuku wazinthu. Akupanga nthawi ankalamulira reflectometers kutumiza akupanga zimachitika mu zakuthupi ndi kuyeza zonyezimira ndi discontinuities kupeza zolakwika mkati kuponyedwa zitsulo ndi mwala zinthu, kuwongolera structural chitetezo.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, magulu ochita kafukufuku odziimira paokha ku United States, Russia, ndi Japan anapeza gulu latsopano la zipangizo zopangira zinthu zotchedwa ferroelectrics zomwe zinkasonyeza ma piezoelectric constants kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wozama kuti apange barium titanate, ndipo kenako kutsogolera zirconate titanate, zida zomwe zili ndi zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha kugwiritsa ntchito makristasi a piezoelectric chinapangidwa

Woldemar Voigt

Piezoelectricity ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi electromechanical momwe magetsi amaunjikira muzinthu zina zolimba, monga makhiristo, zoumba, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga fupa ndi DNA. Mtengo uwu umapangidwa poyankha kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawu akuti piezoelectricity amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek "piezein", kutanthauza "kufinya kapena kusindikiza", ndi "elektron", kutanthauza "amber", gwero lakale lamagetsi.

Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imachokera ku mgwirizano wamagetsi wamagetsi pakati pa makina ndi magetsi a zida za crystalline ndi inversion symmetry. Izi ndi zosinthika, kutanthauza kuti zida zowonetsera piezoelectricity zimawonetsanso reverse piezoelectric effect, pomwe kutulutsa kwamkati kwamakina kumabwera chifukwa cha magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makhiristo otsogolera a zirconate titanate amapanga piezoelectricity yoyezeka pomwe mawonekedwe awo osasunthika amapunduka kuchokera pamlingo wake woyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhiristo amatha kusintha mawonekedwe awo osasunthika pamene magetsi akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito, chodabwitsa chotchedwa inverse piezoelectric effect, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a ultrasound.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya ku France Pierre ndi Jacques Curie anapeza piezoelectricity mu 1880. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kuzindikira phokoso, kusindikiza kwa inkjet ya piezoelectric, kupanga magetsi okwera kwambiri, mawotchi opangira mawotchi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. monga ma microbalances ndikuyendetsa ma ultrasonic nozzles kwa Ultrafine kuyang'ana pamisonkhano yamaso. Zimapanganso maziko a makina oonera ma microscope, omwe amatha kuthetsa zithunzi pamlingo wa ma atomu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma pickups mumagitala okulitsa pakompyuta ndi zoyambitsa m'ng'oma zamakono zamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectric effect.

Piezoelectricity imapezanso ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku popanga zoyaka zoyaka gasi muzophikira ndi zotenthetsera, mumiuni, zoyatsira ndudu, ndi zina zambiri. Mphamvu ya pyroelectric, pomwe chinthu chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi poyankha kusintha kwa kutentha, adaphunziridwa ndi Carl Linnaeus ndi Franz Aepinus chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 18, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera kwa Rene Hauy ndi Antoine Cesar Becquerel, omwe adayika ubale pakati pa makina. kupsinjika ndi mtengo wamagetsi. Kuyesera kutsimikizira ubalewu sikunatsimikizike.

Mawonedwe a kristalo wa piezo mu Curie compensator ku Hunterian Museum ku Scotland ndi chisonyezero cha piezoelectric effect ndi abale Pierre ndi Jacques Curie. Kuphatikizira chidziwitso chawo cha pyroelectricity ndi kumvetsetsa kwazomwe zili pansi pa kristalo zidapangitsa kulosera za pyroelectricity, zomwe zidawalola kuneneratu zakhalidwe la kristalo lomwe adawonetsa pakukhudzidwa kwa makhiristo monga tourmaline, quartz, topazi, shuga wa nzimbe, ndi mchere wa Rochelle. . Sodium ndi potaziyamu tartrate tetrahydrate ndi quartz adawonetsanso piezoelectricity, ndipo piezoelectric disk idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi ikapunduka. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kumeneku kunakokomeza kwambiri pachiwonetsero cha a Curies, ndipo iwo anapitiriza kulosera za zotsatira za piezoelectric. Zotsatira zotsutsana zidachokera ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za thermodynamic ndi Gabriel Lippmann mu 1881.

The Curies nthawi yomweyo anatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zotsatira zotsutsana, ndipo adapeza umboni wochuluka wa kusinthika kwathunthu kwa electro-elasto-mechanical deformations mu piezoelectric crystals. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, piezoelectricity idakhalabe chidwi cha labotale, mpaka idakhala chida chofunikira pakutulukira kwa polonium ndi radium ndi Pierre Marie Curie, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza ndikutanthauzira zida za kristalo zomwe zidawonetsa mphamvu ya piezoelectricity. Izi zidafika pachimake ndi kusindikizidwa kwa Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), yomwe idafotokoza makalasi achilengedwe a kristalo omwe amatha kupanga piezoelectricity ndikutanthauzira mokhazikika ma piezoelectric constants pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tensor.

Izi zinachititsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi za piezoelectric, monga sonar, zomwe zinapangidwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Ku France, Paul Langevin ndi anzake akuntchito anayamba kupanga chojambulira cha akupanga sitima yapamadzi. Chodziwira ichi chinali ndi transducer yopangidwa ndi kristalo woonda wa quartz womata mosamalitsa ku mbale zachitsulo, ndi hydrophone kuti izindikire echo yobwerera pambuyo potulutsa kugunda kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera pa transducer. Mwa kuyeza nthawi imene imatenga kuti amve kulira kwa mafunde akugunda pa chinthu, iwo akanatha kuwerengera mtunda wopita ku chinthucho. Adagwiritsa ntchito piezoelectricity kuti sonar iyi ikhale yopambana, ndipo pulojekitiyi idapanga chitukuko komanso chidwi kwambiri.

Ubale wofunikira

• Piezoelectric Actuators: Piezoelectric actuators ndi zida zomwe zimasinthira mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala zoyenda zamakina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu robotics, zida zamankhwala, ndi ntchito zina pomwe kuwongolera kolondola kumafunika.
• Piezoelectric Sensor: Masensa a piezoelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza magawo akuthupi monga kuthamanga, kuthamanga, ndi kugwedezeka. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ndi azachipatala, komanso pamagetsi ogula.
• Piezoelectricity in Natural: Piezoelectricity ndizochitika mwachilengedwe m'zinthu zina, ndipo zimapezeka mu zamoyo zambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zamoyo zina kuzindikira malo omwe ali komanso kulankhulana ndi zamoyo zina.

Kutsiliza

Piezoelectricity ndi chodabwitsa chodabwitsa chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku sonar kupita ku makatiriji a phonograph. Lakhala likuphunziridwa kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndipo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zamakono zamakono. Tsamba ili labulogu lafufuza mbiri yakale komanso ntchito za piezoelectricity, ndipo zawonetsa kufunika kwa chodabwitsa ichi pakupanga ukadaulo wamakono. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri za piezoelectricity, positi iyi ndiyabwino poyambira.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.

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