Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los tsim hluav taws xob thaum raug kev ntxhov siab thiab lwm yam. Lo lus los ntawm Greek piezo lub ntsiab lus siab, thiab hluav taws xob. Nws tau pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1880, tab sis lub tswv yim tau paub ntev ntev.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm piezoelectricity yog quartz, tab sis ntau lwm yam ntaub ntawv kuj qhia qhov tshwm sim no. Kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm piezoelectricity yog kev tsim khoom ntawm ultrasound.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuv yuav tham txog dab tsi piezoelectricity yog, nws ua haujlwm li cas, thiab qee qhov kev siv ntau yam ntawm qhov tshwm sim zoo kawg nkaus.
piezoelectricity yog dab tsi?
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv los tsim hluav taws xob los teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog linear electromechanical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tuaj yeem siv los tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom rau cov khoom sib dhos.
Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric muaj xws li cov muaju, qee cov ceramics, cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li cov pob txha thiab DNA, thiab cov proteins. Thaum lub zog siv rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric, nws tsim cov nqi hluav taws xob. Cov nqi no tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis tsim hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, xws li:
• Ntau lawm thiab nrhiav kom tau suab
• Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv
• Tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab
• Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos
• Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
• Microbalances
• Tsav ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos
• Lub Neej Nqa rau electronically amplified guitars
• Ua rau lub nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub
• Kev tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab
• Cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov
• Teeb thiab lub teeb cigarette.
Dab tsi yog keeb kwm ntawm piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1880 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie. Nws yog cov nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee yam khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg, hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', txhais tau tias 'squeeze' lossis 'press', thiab 'elektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', lub hauv paus ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob.
Cov Curies 'ua ke kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib thiab Rochelle ntsev.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie.
Piezoelectricity tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, ultrafine tsom ntawm optical sib dhos, thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Lub hauv paus ntawm scanning sojntsuam microscopes los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms.
Piezoelectricity tseem pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim cov hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab cov nyhuv pyroelectric, qhov twg cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sonar thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Kuv pom kev siv piezoelectric crystals tsim los ntawm Tswb Xov Tooj Laboratories. Qhov no tau tso cai rau Allied cov tub rog huab cua los koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke kev tawm tsam siv xov tooj cua aviation. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm piezoelectric cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau khaws cov tuam txhab hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tsov rog pib hauv kev txaus siab, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo patents rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.
Nyiv pom cov ntawv thov tshiab thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev lag luam piezoelectric thiab sai sai tsim lawv tus kheej. Lawv tau sib koom cov ntaub ntawv sai sai thiab tsim barium titanate thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv zirconate titanate nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Piezoelectricity tau dhau los ntev txij li nws tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1880, thiab tam sim no tau siv ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub. Nws kuj tau siv los ua kom muaj kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv, xws li ultrasonic lub sij hawm domain reflectometers, uas xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab kev cuam tshuam kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom cam khwb cia hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom.
Piezoelectricity ua haujlwm li cas
Hauv seem no, kuv yuav tshawb xyuas seb piezoelectricity ua haujlwm li cas. Kuv mam li saib ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob sib txuas hauv cov khib nyiab, cov kab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam, thiab cov txheej txheem thim rov qab uas ua rau qhov tshwm sim no. Kuv tseem yuav tham txog keeb kwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nws cov ntawv thov.
Electric Charge Accumulation nyob rau hauv cov khoom
Piezoelectricity yog cov nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee cov khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab, thiab nws lub npe los ntawm Greek lo lus "piezein" (squeeze lossis nias) thiab "ēlektron" (amber).
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig rov qab piezoelectric, qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab strain tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals.
Fabkis physicists Pierre thiab Jacques Curie nrhiav tau piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv 1880. Nws tau siv txij li thaum muaj ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau kev tsim thiab nrhiav kom tau suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li microbalances. thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom ntawm optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv niaj hnub hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob, hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, lub teeb cigarette, thiab cov nyhuv pyroelectric, qhov twg cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie compensator nyob rau hauv Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua, uas ua rau muaj kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity. Lawv muaj peev xwm kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua thiab ua kom pom cov nyhuv hauv cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Lub piezoelectric disk tsim ib qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed, thiab qhov kev hloov ntawm cov duab yog exaggerated nyob rau hauv lub Curies 'ua qauv qhia.
Lawv muaj peev xwm los kwv yees qhov converse piezoelectric effect, thiab converse effect yog lej deduced los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann nyob rau hauv 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd paub tseeb tias lub hav zoov ntawm converse nyhuv, thiab mus rau kom tau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm tag nrho reversibility ntawm electro-elasto- mechanical deformations nyob rau hauv piezoelectric crystals.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tsom xam. Qhov no yog qhov siv tau ntawm cov khoom siv piezoelectric, thiab sonar tau tsim thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum XNUMX. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector.
Lub detector muaj ib tug transducer ua los ntawm nyias quartz muaju ua tib zoo glued rau steel daim hlau, thiab ib tug hydrophone los xyuas cov echo rov qab. Los ntawm emitting lub siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Lawv siv piezoelectricity los ua kom muaj kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim, thiab cov khoom siv piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw. Ceramic phonograph cartridges simplified player tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig thiab raug cov ntaub ntawv players uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab tsim kom yooj yim dua.
Kev txhim kho ntawm ultrasonic transducers tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv.
Linear Electromechanical Interaction
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los tsim kom muaj hluav taws xob thaum raug cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus "kom nyem los yog nias" thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias "amber", uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectricity tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1880 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie. Nws yog ua raws li cov kab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum deformed los ntawm lawv cov qauv zoo li qub muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv zoo li qub dimension thaum ib tug sab nraud hluav taws xob teb yog siv, uas yog hu ua inverse piezoelectric nyhuv thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ultrasonic tsis.
Piezoelectricity tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, xws li:
• Ntau lawm thiab nrhiav kom tau suab
• Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv
• Tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab
• Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos
• Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
• Microbalances
• Tsav ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos
• Tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms
• Pickups hauv electronically amplified guitars
• Ua rau hauv lub nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub
• Tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom ua noj thiab cua sov
• Teeb thiab lub teeb cigarette
Piezoelectricity kuj pom kev siv txhua hnub hauv cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog cov khoom siv uas tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Saib lub piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Nws yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie uas tshawb nrhiav thiab txhais cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas mus li los ntawm tensor tsom xam, ua rau kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric.
Sonar tau tsim tawm thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ib, thaum Fabkis tus Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz siv lead ua ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab los tom qab emitting lub siab zaus mem tes los ntawm transducer. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom, siv piezoelectricity. Qhov kev vam meej ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau tsim muaj kev loj hlob hnyav thiab kev txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric ntau xyoo dhau los, nrog cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Cov cuab yeej Piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg uas ua ntawv tsim thiab ua rau cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv pheej yig dua thiab raug dua, thiab pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim rau kev tsim thiab tswj.
Kev txhim kho ntawm ultrasonic transducers tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, uas ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv. Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX, pab pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Russia, thiab Nyij Pooj tau tshawb pom cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws hu ua ferroelectrics, uas nthuav tawm piezoelectric tas li ntau zaus ntau dua li cov khoom siv ntuj tsim. Qhov no coj mus rau kev tshawb fawb hnyav los tsim barium titanate, thiab tom qab ntawd ua cov zirconate titanate, cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov piezoelectric crystals yog tsim los ntawm Tswb Xov Tooj Laboratories tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Frederick R. Lack, ua hauj lwm hauv xov tooj cua xov tooj cua engineering department,
Cov txheej txheem thim rov qab
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho hluav taws xob uas muaj nyob rau hauv qee yam khoom siv, xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein' lub ntsiab lus 'squeeze' lossis 'press' thiab 'ēlektron' lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals. Thaum cov qauv zoo li qub ntawm cov pob zeb no deformed, lawv rov qab mus rau lawv qhov qub qub, thiab qhov sib txawv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, lawv hloov lawv qhov loj me, ua cov ultrasonic tsis.
Fabkis physicists Jacques thiab Pierre Curie nrhiav tau piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv 1880. Nws tau txij li thaum tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau kev tsim thiab nrhiav kom tau lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob high voltage, moos generators, electronics, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity tseem pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, qhov twg cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, thiab René Haüy nyob rau nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub txog amber. Antoine César Becquerel tau tshaj tawm txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab thiab hluav taws xob, tab sis kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Cov neeg tuaj saib mus rau Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Glasgow tuaj yeem saib Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nrog cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los tsim kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab no tau nthuav dav heev los ntawm Curies los kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric nyhuv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li siv tensor tsom xam.
Kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric, xws li sonar, tau tsim thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz muaju ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab. Los ntawm emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm mus hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Lawv siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov no ua tiav. Qhov project no tsim kev loj hlob thiab kev txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric, thiab ntau xyoo dhau los cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Piezoelectric cov khoom siv
Dab tsi ua rau Piezoelectricity?
Hauv seem no, kuv yuav tshawb txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm piezoelectricity thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv uas nthuav tawm qhov tshwm sim no. Kuv mam li saib lo lus Greek 'piezein', qhov qub ntawm hluav taws xob, thiab cov nyhuv pyroelectricity. Kuv tseem yuav tham txog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Pierre thiab Jacques Curie thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv piezoelectric hauv xyoo pua 20th.
Greek Lo Lus Piezein
Piezoelectricity yog tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv qee cov khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no rau kev siv txhua yam kev nyuaj siab. Lo lus piezoelectricity los ntawm Greek lo lus "piezein", txhais tau hais tias "tso los yog nias", thiab "ēlektron", txhais tau tias "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, uas yog lub npe hu ua cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse thiab yog qhov tsim ntawm ultrasound tsis.
Cov kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj Jacques thiab Pierre Curie tau tshawb pom piezoelectricity hauv xyoo 1880. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau siv los siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim thiab tshawb nrhiav cov suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li microbalances. , tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, torches, luam yeeb, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog lub cim ntawm hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm mechanical stress thiab hluav taws xob. Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland, cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj yeem pom piezo siv lead ua Curie compensator, ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Ua ke lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz los ntawm Rochelle ntsev nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab lub piezoelectric disk generates voltage thaum deformed. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab no yog exaggerated heev nyob rau hauv lub Curies 'ua qauv qhia.
Cov Curies tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li los ntawm tensor tsom xam.
Qhov kev siv tau zoo ntawm piezoelectricity tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm sonar thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes tau muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm cov pob zeb quartz nyias ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, hu ua hydrophone, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ncha xa rov qab tom qab emitting lub siab zaus pulse. Lub transducer ntsuas lub sijhawm nws siv los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawm ntawm ib qho khoom los xam qhov nrug ntawm qhov khoom. Kev siv piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv sonar yog ib qho kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim ib qho kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric rau ntau xyoo lawm.
Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim, thiab cov khoom siv piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg ua si tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig dua, cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau dua uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab yooj yim dua. tsim. Txoj kev loj hlob
Ancient Source of Electric Charge
Piezoelectricity yog cov nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee cov khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus teb ntawm cov khoom siv rau mechanical stress. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', uas txhais tau hais tias ' nyem lossis nias', thiab lo lus 'elektron', uas txhais tau tias 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov muaju hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse, ua ultrasound tsis.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau pom nyob rau hauv 1880 los ntawm Fabkis physicists Jacques thiab Pierre Curie. Nws yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li microbalances thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom ntawm optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv txhua hnub hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, lub teeb cigarette, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog kev tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuab. kev nyuaj siab thiab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Kev pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua thiab Curie compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland qhia tau hais tias cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Nws yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie uas tshawb nrhiav thiab txhais cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li los ntawm tensor tsom xam, tso cai rau kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric.
Sonar tau tsim tawm thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX los ntawm Fabkis tus Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes tau muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz siv lead ua ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab. Los ntawm emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm mus hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Lawv siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov no ua tiav. Qhov project tsim ib qho kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric rau ntau xyoo lawm.
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog linear electromechanical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob xeev ntawm crystalline cov ntaub ntawv nrog inversion symmetry. Lo lus "piezoelectricity" yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus "piezein", uas txhais tau hais tias "tshem los yog nias", thiab lo lus Greek "ēlektron", uas txhais tau tias "amber", uas yog ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau tshawb pom los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb Jacques thiab Pierre Curie hauv xyoo 1880. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals. Thaum tus qauv zoo li qub deformed, nws rov qab mus rau nws qhov qub qub. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse yog tsim, uas ua rau zus tau tej cov ultrasonic tsis.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws tseem yog lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, torches, luam yeeb, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog kev tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau muaj kev sib raug zoo. nruab nrab ntawm mechanical stress thiab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua ntawm Curie Compensator Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua los ua kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm pyroelectricity thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz tau pom los ua pov thawj piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los tsim qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov no tau nthuav dav heev los ntawm Curies los kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric nyhuv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom qab, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sonar yog ib qho kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim ib qho kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric. Hauv kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Cov cuab yeej Piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg ua si tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig dua, cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau dua cov players uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab tsim kom yooj yim dua. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ultrasonic transducers tau tso cai rau qhov yooj yim ntsuas ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, uas ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv.
Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov pab pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Russia, thiab Nyij Pooj tau tshawb pom cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws hu ua ferroelectrics, uas nthuav tawm cov piezoelectric tas li uas yog
Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv
Hauv seem no, kuv yuav tham txog cov ntaub ntawv uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric, uas yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Kuv mam li saib cov muaju, ceramics, biological teeb meem, pob txha, DNA thiab proteins, thiab yuav ua li cas lawv tag nrho cov teb rau cov nyhuv piezoelectric.
muaju
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm cov lus Greek πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus 'squeeze' lossis 'press' thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias 'amber', qhov qub ntawm hluav taws xob. Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li crystals, ceramics, biological teeb meem, pob txha, DNA, thiab cov proteins.
Piezoelectricity yog linear electromechanical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals, uas tuaj yeem deformed rau lawv qhov qub dimension los yog conversely, hloov lawv qhov ntev zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua inverse piezoelectric effect, thiab yog siv los tsim ultrasound nthwv dej.
Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie tau tshawb pom piezoelectricity hauv xyoo 1880. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li raws li microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectric pickups kuj tseem siv tau hauv electronically amplified guitars thiab triggers nyob rau hauv niaj hnub electronic nruas.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv txhua hnub hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cov khoom siv cua sov, nrog rau cov teeb taws thiab cov taws teeb cigarette. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog lub cim ntawm hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv tshuab. kev nyuaj siab thiab hluav taws xob. Kev sim los ua pov thawj qhov kev xav no tsis muaj tseeb.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog qhov ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua los ua kom muaj kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity. Lawv muaj peev xwm kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua thiab ua kom pom cov nyhuv hauv cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Lub piezoelectric disk tsim hluav taws xob thaum deformed; Qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab yog qhov ua tau zoo heev hauv Curies 'kev ua qauv qhia.
Lawv kuj muaj peev xwm kwv yees qhov converse piezoelectric nyhuv thiab ua lej txiav tawm cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic hauv qab nws. Gabriel Lippmann tau ua qhov no hauv xyoo 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tsom xam.
Kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric hauv sonar tau tsim tawm thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz muaju ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, hu ua hydrophone, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ncha rov qab tom qab emitting lub siab zaus mem tes. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawm ntawm ib qho khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm qhov khoom. Qhov kev siv piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv sonar yog ib qho kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim ib qho kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric ntau xyoo lawm.
ceramics
Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv yog cov khoom khib nyiab uas suav nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus 'squeeze' lossis 'press' thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric yog siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb xyuas lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, thiab tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab.
Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv muaju, ceramics, biological teeb meem, pob txha, DNA, thiab cov proteins. Ceramics yog cov khoom siv piezoelectric ntau tshaj plaws siv hauv kev siv niaj hnub. Ceramics yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau oxides, xws li txhuas zirconate titanate (PZT), uas yog rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias los ua ib qho khoom. Ceramics yog qhov ruaj khov thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias.
Piezoelectric ceramics muaj ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog:
• Tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab rau cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, xws li lub teeb taws thiab lub teeb cigarette.
• Tsim cov yoj ultrasound rau kev kuaj mob.
• Tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
• Tsim cov microbalances rau siv nyob rau hauv precision hnyav.
• Tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom ntawm optical sib dhos.
• Tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms.
• Pickups rau electronically amplified guitars thiab triggers rau niaj hnub electronic drums.
Piezoelectric ceramics yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau kev kho mob duab. Lawv muaj zog heev thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau kev siv ntau yam kev lag luam.
Teeb meem lom
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', lub ntsiab lus ' nyem los yog nias', thiab 'ēlektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha, DNA, thiab cov proteins yog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj piezoelectricity. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no muaj xws li lead zirconate titanate crystals, uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov qub. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov muaju hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub, ua ultrasound nthwv dej los ntawm qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm piezoelectricity yog tsim los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie hauv xyoo 1880. Nws tau raug siv los siv rau ntau yam kev siv, xws li:
• Ntau lawm thiab nrhiav kom tau suab
• Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv
• Tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab
• Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos
• Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
• Microbalances
• Tsav ultrasonic nozzles
• Ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos
• Tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes
• daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms
• Pickups hauv electronically amplified guitars
• Ua rau hauv lub nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub xws li roj ua noj thiab cov khoom siv cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog kev tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov hloov pauv kub, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo. Kos rau qhov kev paub ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, lawv tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob, tab sis lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie Compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha. Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua los ua kom muaj kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los tsim kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Cov nyhuv no tau nthuav dav heev los ntawm Curies los kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric nyhuv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Pob Txha
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Pob txha yog ib yam khoom uas nthuav tawm qhov tshwm sim no.
Pob txha yog ib hom kab mob lom uas muaj cov proteins thiab cov zaub mov, suav nrog collagen, calcium, thiab phosphorus. Nws yog piezoelectric tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv roj ntsha, thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum raug kev ntxhov siab rau txhua yam.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric hauv pob txha yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub network ntawm collagen fibers uas yog embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug matrix ntawm minerals. Thaum cov pob txha raug kev ntxhov siab, cov collagen fibers txav mus, ua rau cov zaub mov ua polarized thiab tsim hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric hauv cov pob txha muaj ntau yam kev siv tswv yim. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob imaging, xws li ultrasound thiab X-ray imaging, los xyuas cov pob txha fractures thiab lwm yam txawv txav. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv cov pob txha conduction pob ntseg, uas siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los hloov cov suab nthwv dej rau hauv hluav taws xob cov cim uas xa ncaj qha mus rau hauv pob ntseg.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric nyob rau hauv cov pob txha kuj tseem siv rau hauv orthopedic implants, xws li cov pob qij txha thiab cov ceg pob txha. Cov implants siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los hloov cov tshuab hluav taws xob rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas yog siv los ua lub zog ntawm lub cuab yeej.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyhuv piezoelectric hauv cov pob txha raug tshawb nrhiav los siv rau hauv kev txhim kho cov kev kho mob tshiab. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tshawb nrhiav kev siv piezoelectricity los txhawb cov pob txha loj hlob thiab kho cov ntaub so ntswg puas.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov nyhuv piezoelectric nyob rau hauv cov pob txha yog ib qho zoo heev tshwm sim nrog ntau yam kev siv tswv yim. Nws yog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev kho mob thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, thiab tau tshawb nrhiav los siv rau hauv kev tsim kho tshiab.
DNA
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. DNA yog ib qho khoom siv uas ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim no. DNA yog ib tug lom molecule pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob nyob thiab yog tsim los ntawm plaub nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thiab thymine (T).
DNA yog ib qho nyuaj molecule uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim hluav taws xob thaum raug kev nyuaj siab. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias DNA molecules yog tsim los ntawm ob strands ntawm nucleotides uas yog tuav ua ke los ntawm hydrogen bonds. Thaum cov nyiaj no tawg lawm, cov nqi hluav taws xob raug tsim tawm.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric ntawm DNA tau siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog:
• Tsim hluav taws xob rau kev cog hniav kho mob
• Tshawb xyuas thiab ntsuas cov khoom siv dag zog hauv cov hlwb
• Tsim cov nanoscale sensors
• Tsim biosensors rau DNA sequencing
• Tsim cov yoj ultrasound rau cov duab
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric ntawm DNA tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav rau nws cov peev xwm siv hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, xws li nanowires thiab nanotubes. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau kev cia lub zog thiab kev paub.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric ntawm DNA tau kawm ntau heev thiab tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tsim qauv uas tab tom nrhiav los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis.
Hauv kev xaus, DNA yog ib yam khoom uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric, uas yog lub peev xwm los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Cov nyhuv no tau siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev cog ntoo kho mob, nanoscale sensors, thiab DNA sequencing. Nws tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav rau nws cov peev txheej siv hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, xws li nanowires thiab nanotubes.
Cov nqaijrog
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric, xws li cov proteins, muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA, pom cov nyhuv no. Proteins, tshwj xeeb, yog cov khoom siv piezoelectric tshwj xeeb, vim lawv muaj cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids uas tuaj yeem deformed los tsim hluav taws xob.
Proteins yog cov khoom siv piezoelectric ntau tshaj plaws, thiab lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov enzymes, cov tshuaj hormones, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov proteins xws li collagen thiab keratin. Proteins kuj pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nqaij proteins, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov leeg nqaij contraction thiab so.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric ntawm cov protein yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids complex. Thaum cov amino acids no deformed, lawv tsim hluav taws xob. Cov nqi hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem siv los siv rau ntau yam khoom siv, xws li sensors thiab actuators.
Proteins kuj tseem siv rau ntau yam kev siv kho mob. Piv txwv li, lawv tau siv los kuaj pom muaj qee yam proteins hauv lub cev, uas tuaj yeem siv los kuaj kab mob. Lawv kuj tseem siv los kuaj pom muaj qee yam kab mob thiab kab mob, uas tuaj yeem siv los kuaj kab mob.
Proteins kuj tseem siv rau ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, lawv tau siv los tsim cov sensors thiab actuators rau ntau yam kev lag luam. Lawv kuj tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov dav hlau thiab lwm yam tsheb.
Hauv kev xaus, cov proteins yog cov khoom siv piezoelectric tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kev siv. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm ib tug complex qauv ntawm cov amino acids uas yuav deformed los tsim hluav taws xob nqi, thiab lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev kho mob thiab muaj kev siv.
Lub zog sau nrog Piezoelectricity
Hauv seem no, kuv yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas piezoelectricity tuaj yeem siv los sau lub zog. Kuv yuav tau saib ntau yam kev siv piezoelectricity, los ntawm piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv mus rau moos generators thiab microbalances. Kuv kuj tseem yuav tshawb txog keeb kwm ntawm piezoelectricity, los ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm Pierre Curie rau nws siv hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Thaum kawg, kuv mam li tham txog lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev lag luam piezoelectric thiab lub peev xwm rau kev loj hlob ntxiv.
Piezoelectric Inkjet luam ntawv
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv los tsim hluav taws xob los teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein' (kom nyem lossis nias) thiab 'elektron' (amber), ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric, xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA, yog siv ntau yam kev siv.
Piezoelectricity yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, ua lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab hauv microbalances. Nws kuj yog siv los tsav ultrasonic nozzles thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv yog ib daim ntawv thov nrov ntawm cov tshuab no. Qhov no yog ib hom kev luam ntawv uas siv piezoelectric crystals los ua kom muaj kev vibration siab, uas yog siv los tshem tawm cov kua dej ntawm tus number case rau ntawm nplooj ntawv.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm piezoelectricity hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo 1880, thaum Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie nrhiav pom cov nyhuv. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo. Piezoelectricity yog siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub xws li roj ua noj thiab cov khoom siv cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers, uas xa ultrasonic pulses mus rau hauv ib yam khoom thiab ntsuas cov reflections kom ntes discontinuities thiab nrhiav flaws nyob rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau thiab pob zeb khoom.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv piezoelectric thiab cov khoom siv tau raug tsav los ntawm kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yooj yim dua. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kev tsim cov quartz siv lead ua rau kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam piezoelectric. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, Japanese manufacturers tau sai sai qhia cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsim tshiab daim ntaub ntawv, ua rau kom loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv Nyiv kev lag luam.
Piezoelectricity tau hloov pauv txoj kev uas peb siv lub zog, los ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub xws li lub teeb rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog ntau yam thev naus laus zis uas tau ua rau peb tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab kev siv, thiab nws tseem yuav yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub neej rau xyoo tom ntej.
Generation ntawm High Voltage Hluav Taws Xob
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein' lub ntsiab lus 'squeeze' lossis 'press' thiab 'ēlektron' lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob. Piezoelectricity yog linear electromechanical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab; Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab strain tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, qhov tshwm sim hu ua qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric, uas yog siv hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog siv ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab. Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim thiab nrhiav kom tau suab, nyob rau hauv piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub moos generators, nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv microbalances, nyob rau hauv tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab nyob rau hauv ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos.
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov niaj hnub, xws li tsim cov hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cov khoom siv cua sov, hauv cov hluav taws xob, cov taws teeb cigarette, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov nyhuv no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob, txawm tias lawv qhov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov no tau nthuav dav heev hauv Curies 'kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha.
Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau mus ntxiv kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tsom xam.
Kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric tau pib nrog kev txhim kho ntawm sonar thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes tau muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm cov pob zeb quartz nyias ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab. Los ntawm emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm mus hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Lawv tau siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov ua tau zoo, thiab qhov project tau tsim kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric nyob rau ntau xyoo tom ntej.
Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Cov cuab yeej Piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg ua si tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig dua, cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau dua cov players uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab tsim kom yooj yim dua. Kev txhim kho ntawm ultrasonic transducers tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II pom cov pab pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Russia, thiab Nyij Pooj tau pom cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws hu ua fer
Clock Generator
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov tshwm sim no tau siv los tsim ntau daim ntawv thov siv tau, suav nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos yog cov cuab yeej siv piezoelectricity los tsim hluav taws xob teeb liab nrog lub sijhawm meej.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos yog siv ntau yam kev siv, xws li hauv computers, telecommunications, thiab automotive systems. Lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv cov khoom siv kho mob, xws li pacemakers, los xyuas kom meej lub sij hawm ntawm hluav taws xob teeb liab. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam automation thiab robotics, qhov tseeb lub sijhawm yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog raws li cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum siv hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog hu ua inverse piezoelectric effect thiab yog siv los tsim ultrasound nthwv dej.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos siv qhov kev hloov pauv piezoelectric no los tsim cov teeb liab hluav taws xob nrog lub sijhawm meej. Cov khoom siv piezoelectric yog deformed los ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws vibrate ntawm ib zaus. Qhov kev vibration no yog tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau hauv lub teeb liab hluav taws xob, uas yog siv los tsim cov teeb liab lub sijhawm.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos yog siv ntau yam kev siv, los ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob mus rau kev lag luam automation. Lawv txhim khu kev qha, raug, thiab siv tau yooj yim, ua rau lawv muaj kev xaiv nrov rau ntau daim ntawv thov. Piezoelectricity yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos tsuas yog ib qho ntawm ntau qhov kev siv ntawm qhov tshwm sim no.
Cov Cuab Yeej Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov tshwm sim no, hu ua piezoelectric effect, yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) txhais tau tias "squeeze" lossis "press" thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric yog cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li cov pob txha thiab DNA proteins, uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog ib txoj kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, qhov tshwm sim hu ua qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric, uas yog siv hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm piezoelectricity tau txais txiaj ntsig rau Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb Pierre thiab Jacques Curie, uas tau qhia txog cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha nyob rau xyoo 1880. Lawv cov kev paub sib xyaw ua ke ntawm pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm cov txiaj ntsig pyroelectric, thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees. Crystal cwj pwm tau pom nrog cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev.
Piezoelectricity tau siv ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim hluav taws xob los teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg, txawm li cas los xij, kom txog rau thaum qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua ntawm Curie compensator tsev cia puav pheej hauv Scotland tau pom cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm Curie cov kwv tij.
Piezoelectricity yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim thiab nrhiav kom tau suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tiam ntawm high voltage hluav taws xob, moos generators, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Piezoelectricity tseem yog lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms.
Txim me ntsis
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm cov lus Greek πιέζειν (piezein), lub ntsiab lus "squeeze" lossis "press", thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), txhais tau tias "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectricity yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau ignite roj rau kev ua noj thiab cua sov, torches, luam yeeb, thiab lwm yam. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, thiab hauv piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv.
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv los tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li microbalances. Piezoelectricity kuj yog siv los tsav ultrasonic nozzles thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm piezoelectricity tau lees paub rau Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie hauv xyoo 1880. Cov kwv tij Curie tau ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua los ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm piezoelectricity. Lawv muaj peev xwm kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua thiab ua kom pom cov nyhuv hauv cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau siv rau kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sonar thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv piezoelectricity. Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX, pab pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Russia, thiab Nyij Pooj tau tshawb pom cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws hu ua ferroelectrics, uas nthuav tawm cov piezoelectric tas li mus txog kaum npaug siab dua li cov ntaub ntawv ntuj.
Qhov no tau ua rau kev tshawb fawb hnyav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm barium titanate thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv zirconate titanate, uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov piezoelectric crystals tau tsim nyob rau ntawm Tswb Xov Tooj Laboratories tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II.
Frederick R. Lack, ua hauj lwm hauv xov tooj cua telephony engineering department, tsim ib tug txiav siv lead ua uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam kub. Lack's Crystal tsis xav tau cov khoom siv hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los, ua kom yooj yim rau nws siv hauv dav hlau. Qhov kev txhim kho no tau tso cai rau Allied cov tub rog huab cua los koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke kev tawm tsam siv xov tooj cua aviation.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv piezoelectric thiab cov khoom siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau khaws ntau lub tuam txhab hauv kev lag luam, thiab kev tsim cov quartz siv lead ua tau ua lag luam. Piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv txij li thaum tau siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev kho mob, kev tu ultrasonic, thiab lwm yam.
Tsav Ultrasonic Nozzle
Piezoelectricity yog tus nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee yam khoom siv xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab thiab muab los ntawm cov lus Greek 'piezein', lub ntsiab lus 'squeeze' lossis 'press', thiab 'elektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electromechanical ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov hlau lead zirconate titanate crystals, uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov muaju hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub, ua rau cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse, uas yog cov khoom siv ntawm ultrasound.
Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie tau tshawb pom piezoelectricity hauv xyoo 1880 thiab nws tau siv txij li thaum muaj ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab. Piezoelectricity tseem pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam.
Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, thiab nruab nrab xyoo pua 18th kev paub txog kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel uas tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Kev sim los ua pov thawj qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie Compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv siv lead ua tau nce mus rau qhov kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab tso cai rau lawv los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nrog cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los tsim kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov no tau nthuav dav heev los ntawm Curies los kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric effect, uas tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie hauv lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li los ntawm tensor tsom xam.
Kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric pib nrog sonar, uas tau tsim thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes tau muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm cov pob zeb quartz nyias ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, hu ua hydrophone, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ncha xa rov qab tom qab emitting lub siab zaus pulse. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawm ntawm ib qho khoom, lawv tuaj yeem xam qhov deb ntawm qhov khoom. Qhov kev siv piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv sonar yog ib qho kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim ib qho kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric rau ntau xyoo lawm.
Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim, thiab cov khoom siv piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv thaj chaw xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg uas ua ntawv tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig dua, cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau dua uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab yooj yim rau kev tsim. . Kev txhim kho ntawm ultrasonic transducers tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic pulse los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab kev cuam tshuam kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb.
Ultrafine Focusing Optical Assemblies
Piezoelectricity yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob thaum raug cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog linear electromechanical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob thiab txhua yam xeev ntawm crystalline cov ntaub ntawv nrog inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim tsim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectricity tau siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb xyuas lub suab, thiab tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv rau hauv inkjet luam ntawv, lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos.
Piezoelectricity tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1880 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog siv rau hauv kev siv tau zoo, xws li kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, thiab tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab. Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv kuj tseem siv tau, nrog rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom rau cov khoom sib dhos.
Piezoelectricity tau pom nws txoj hauv kev rau kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, lub teeb cigarette, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim hluav taws xob los teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov nyhuv no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub los ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel uas tau tshaj tawm txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie Compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Ua ke nrog lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua, lawv tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev.
Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, thiab quartz thiab Rochelle ntsev tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed, txawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab tau nthuav dav heev. Cov Curies tau kwv yees cov txiaj ntsig ntawm converse piezoelectric, thiab cov txiaj ntsig sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro- elasto-mechanical deformations nyob rau hauv piezoelectric crystals.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas mus li siv tensor tsom rau kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sonar yog ib txoj haujlwm ua tiav uas tsim kom muaj kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric. Ntau xyoo tom qab, cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Cov cuab yeej Piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg uas ua ntawv tsim thiab ua rau cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim rau kev tswj thiab tsim. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ultrasonic transducers tau tso cai rau qhov yooj yim ntsuas ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, uas ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv.
Qhov pib ntawm thaj chaw ntawm piezoelectricity txaus siab tau ruaj ntseg nrog cov txiaj ntsig patents ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tsim los ntawm quartz siv lead ua, uas tau ua lag luam los ua cov khoom siv piezoelectric. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ua tau zoo dua, thiab txawm tias muaj kev nce qib hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, Tebchaws Asmeskas kev lag luam tsis loj hlob sai. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov tuam txhab Nyij Pooj tau qhia cov ntaub ntawv sai sai thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau kev loj hlob hauv Tebchaws Meskas kev lag luam piezoelectric raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom Nyij Pooj.
Piezoelectric Motors
Hauv seem no, kuv yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas piezoelectricity siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub technology. Los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas lub tshuab ntsuas ntsuas uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub, piezoelectricity tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Kuv mam li tshawb txog keeb kwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nws tau siv li cas hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
Forms Basis of Scanning Probe Microscopes
Piezoelectricity yog cov nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee cov khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab, thiab lo lus piezoelectricity los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus "squeeze" lossis "nias" thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) lub ntsiab lus "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectric motors yog cov khoom siv uas siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los ua kom muaj zog. Cov nyhuv no yog cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity yog lead zirconate titanate crystals.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog siv rau hauv kev siv tau zoo, xws li kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li microbalances thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom rau kev sib dhos kho qhov muag. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms.
Piezoelectricity tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1880 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie. Qhov kev pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua thiab Curie compensator tuaj yeem pom ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland, uas yog kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity, uas tso cai rau lawv los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, thiab quartz thiab Rochelle ntsev tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed, txawm hais tias qhov no tau dhau los ntawm Curies.
Lawv kuj tau kwv yees cov txiaj ntsig ntawm converse piezoelectric, thiab qhov no tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tham, thiab mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm electro-elasto- mechanical deformations nyob rau hauv piezoelectric crystals.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tsom xam.
Qhov no tau coj mus rau kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric, xws li sonar, uas tau tsim thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz siv lead ua ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab los tom qab emitting lub siab zaus mem tes los ntawm transducer. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov echo ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Lawv siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov no ua tiav, thiab qhov project tau tsim kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric rau ntau xyoo lawm.
Cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim, thiab cov khoom siv piezoelectric pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li ceramic phonograph cartridges, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg uas ua ntawv tsim thiab ua rau pheej yig dua thiab muaj tseeb cov ntaub ntawv players uas pheej yig dua los tswj thiab yooj yim dua. tsim. Kev txhim kho ntawm ultrasonic transducers tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab, ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv.
Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv United
daws cov duab ntawm Scale of Atoms
Piezoelectricity yog tus nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee yam khoom siv xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog ib qho lus teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab thiab muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', txhais tau tias nyem los yog nias. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry.
Piezoelectricity yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv thim rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv ntawm qhov no suav nrog cov hmoov lead zirconate titanate crystals, uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov qub. Conversely, muaju hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, uas yog lub npe hu ua cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse thiab siv hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie tau tshawb pom piezoelectricity hauv xyoo 1880. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li microbalances thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms.
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov ntawv thov niaj hnub, xws li tsim cov hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, torches, luam yeeb teeb, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog cov khoom siv uas tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov hloov pauv kub, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo. Kos rau qhov kev paub ntawm René Haüy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, lawv tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob, tab sis lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Cov neeg tuaj saib mus rau Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Glasgow tuaj yeem pom piezo siv lead ua Curie compensator, ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Ua ke nrog lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua, lawv tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, thiab quartz thiab Rochelle ntsev tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab lub piezoelectric disk generates voltage thaum deformed, txawm hais tias qhov kev hloov ntawm cov duab yog exaggerated heev. Cov Curies muaj peev xwm kwv yees qhov converse piezoelectric effect, thiab converse effect tau ua lej txiav los ntawm cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Pickups Electronically Amplified Guitars
Piezoelectric motors yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los hloov hluav taws xob rau hauv lub zog txhua yam. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv los tsim kom muaj hluav taws xob thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab rau cov neeg kho tshuab. Piezoelectric motors yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv, los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv me me xws li watches thiab moos kom muaj zog rau cov tshuab loj xws li cov neeg hlau thiab cov khoom siv kho mob.
Piezoelectric motors yog siv nyob rau hauv pickups electronically amplified guitars. Cov pickups no siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los hloov cov kev vibrations ntawm cov hlua guitar rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob. Cov teeb liab no ces amplified thiab xa mus rau lub amplifier, uas ua rau lub suab ntawm guitar. Piezoelectric pickups kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub, qhov chaw uas lawv tau siv los xyuas qhov kev vibration ntawm lub nruas taub hau thiab hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob teeb liab.
Piezoelectric motors kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric txav ib qho kev sojntsuam me me hla ib qho chaw. Qhov no tso cai rau lub microscope los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectric motors kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov tshuab luam ntawv inkjet, uas lawv tau siv los txav lub taub hau luam ntawv rov qab thiab tawm thoob plaws nplooj ntawv.
Piezoelectric motors yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog cov khoom siv kho mob, cov khoom siv tsheb, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kev siv, xws li nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov precision qhov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv lub sib dhos ntawm complex Cheebtsam. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis, uas yog siv rau hauv kev kho mob imaging thiab nrhiav pom qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, piezoelectric motors yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hom kev siv, los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv me me mus rau lub tshuab loj dua. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv pickups electronically amplified guitars, niaj hnub electronic drums, scanning sojntsuam microscopes, inkjet printers, cov khoom siv kho mob, automotive Cheebtsam, thiab cov neeg siv khoom electronics. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic nthwv dej thiab tshawb pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv.
Ua rau Niaj hnub nimno Electronic Drums
Piezoelectricity yog tus nqi hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke hauv qee yam khoom siv xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus "piezein", uas txhais tau hais tias "tshem los yog nias", thiab lo lus "elektron", uas txhais tau tias "amber", uas yog ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Piezoelectric motors yog cov khoom siv uas siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric los ua kom muaj zog. Cov nyhuv no tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov hlau lead zirconate titanate crystals, uas ua kom ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov muaju hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub, ua ultrasound tsis.
Piezoelectric motors yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub, xws li:
• Tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom ua noj thiab cua sov
• Teeb taws, cigarette lighters, thiab pyroelectric effect material
• Tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias
• Ntau lawm thiab nrhiav kom tau suab
• Piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv
• Tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab
• Lub tshuab hluav taws xob moos thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
• Microbalances
• Tsav ultrasonic nozzles thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos
• Tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes
• daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms
• Pickups electronically amplified guitars
• Ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Electromechanical Modeling ntawm Piezoelectric Transducers
Hauv seem no, Kuv yuav tshawb nrhiav cov qauv siv hluav taws xob ntawm piezoelectric transducers. Kuv mam li saib cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm piezoelectricity, cov kev sim uas ua pov thawj nws muaj, thiab kev tsim cov khoom siv piezoelectric thiab cov khoom siv. Kuv kuj tseem yuav tham txog kev koom tes ntawm Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Pierre thiab Jacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy thiab Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, thiab Woldemar Voigt.
Fabkis Physicists Pierre thiab Jacques Curie
Piezoelectricity yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm electromechanical qhov twg cov nqi hluav taws xob sib sau ua ke hauv qee cov khoom siv xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Tus nqi no yog tsim los teb rau qhov kev siv tshuab siv zog. Lo lus 'piezoelectricity' yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', txhais tau tias ' nyem los yog nias', thiab 'elektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab strain yog tsim los teb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov muaju hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub, ua ultrasound nthwv dej hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua inverse piezoelectric effect.
Xyoo 1880, Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau tshawb pom cov nyhuv piezoelectric thiab nws tau siv los siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim thiab tshawb pom cov suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab hluav taws xob. pab kiag li lawm xws li microbalances thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity tseem pom kev siv txhua hnub, xws li tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, qhov twg cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub ntawm René Hauy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm mechanical stress thiab hluav taws xob, txawm tias lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Los ntawm kev sib txuas lawv cov kev paub ntawm pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua, Curies muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov muaju. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Lub piezoelectric disk tsim ib qho hluav taws xob thaum deformed, txawm hais tias qhov no yog exaggerated nyob rau hauv lub Curies 'ua qauv qhia. Lawv kuj muaj peev xwm kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric cov txiaj ntsig thiab ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thermodynamic los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom qab, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis muaj tseeb
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho phenomenon ntawm electromechanical phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas hluav taws xob nqi accumulates nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom, xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab biological teeb meem xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog cov lus teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab, thiab lo lus 'piezoelectricity' yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', lub ntsiab lus ' nyem los yog nias', thiab 'ēlektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Nws yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab; Cov ntaub ntawv uas nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab strain tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, cov muaju tuaj yeem hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, lub npe hu ua cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse, uas yog siv los tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Fabkis physicists Pierre thiab Jacques Curie nrhiav tau piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv 1880. Nws tau siv txij li thaum muaj ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau kev tsim thiab nrhiav kom tau suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li microbalances. , tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity pom kev siv txhua hnub hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, lub teeb cigarette, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub ntawm René Hauy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau tsim kev sib raug zoo. nruab nrab ntawm mechanical stress thiab hluav taws xob. Cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev paub txog pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov muaju. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov no tau nthuav dav heev hauv Curies 'kev ua qauv qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha.
Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric effect, thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic tseem ceeb los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tham, thiab mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav. reversibility ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations nyob rau hauv piezoelectric muaju.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev xav paub hauv chav kuaj, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li siv tensor tsom xam. Qhov no yog thawj daim ntawv thov ntawm piezoelectric transducers, thiab sonar yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua hauj lwm tsim ib tug ultrasonic submarine detector.
Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho phenomenon ntawm electromechanical phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas hluav taws xob nqi accumulates nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom siv xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab biological teeb meem xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Tus nqi no yog tsim los teb rau kev siv tshuab kev ntxhov siab. Lo lus piezoelectricity los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus "kom nyem los yog nias" thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electromechanical ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, lub ntsiab lus cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, uas yog lub cim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, uas yog lub npe hu ua cov nyhuv piezoelectric inverse thiab siv hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Xyoo 1880, Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Jacques thiab Pierre Curie tau tshawb pom cov txiaj ntsig piezoelectric thiab nws tau siv los siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim thiab tshawb pom cov suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, hluav taws xob, microbalances. , tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas yog siv los daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ua kom nrov guitars thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Piezoelectricity kuj tseem pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv niaj hnub, xws li tsim hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob hauv kev ua noj thiab cua sov, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob, thiab cov nyhuv pyroelectric, uas yog thaum cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov nyhuv no tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub los ntawm René Hauy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, uas tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob, txawm tias lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tiav.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Ua ke lawv cov kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz los ntawm Rochelle ntsev nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab lub piezoelectric disk generates voltage thaum deformed, tab sis qhov no yog heev exaggerated nyob rau hauv lub Curies 'ua qauv qhia.
Kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm converse piezoelectric thiab nws cov lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thermodynamic yog tsim los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tham, thiab mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm electro-elasto- mechanical deformations nyob rau hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem nyob hauv chav sim xav paub txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie, uas siv nws los tshawb nrhiav thiab txhais cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li siv tensor tsom xam.
Qhov kev siv tau zoo ntawm piezoelectric transducers tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm sonar thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub detector muaj ib tug transducer ua los ntawm nyias quartz crystals ua tib zoo glued rau steel daim hlau, thiab ib tug hydrophone los xyuas cov rov qab ncha tom qab emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawm ntawm ib qho khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm qhov khoom. Lawv tau siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov no ua tiav, thiab qhov project tsim kev loj hlob hnyav thiab txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric.
Rene Hauy thiab Antoine Cesar Becquerel
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm electromechanical uas tshwm sim thaum qee cov khoom siv, xws li cov muaju, ceramics, thiab cov teeb meem lom neeg xws li cov pob txha thiab DNA, khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv kev teb rau kev siv tshuab. Piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus 'piezein', lub ntsiab lus ' nyem los yog nias', thiab 'elektron', lub ntsiab lus 'amber', ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electromechanical ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric kuj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov nyhuv rov qab piezoelectric, los yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, cov muaju tuaj yeem hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, ua rau cov nyhuv piezoelectric thim rov qab thiab tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Cov kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau tshawb pom cov nyhuv piezoelectric hauv xyoo 1880. Cov nyhuv no tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. zoo li microbalances, tsav ultrasonic nozzles, thiab ultrafine tsom optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Piezoelectricity kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, thiab ua rau cov nruas hluav taws xob niaj hnub.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau kawm thawj zaug los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab ntawm kev paub los ntawm Rene Hauy thiab Antoine Cesar Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej. Ua ke nrog kev paub txog pyroelectricity, thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua, qhov no ua rau muaj kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity, thiab muaj peev xwm los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Cov nyhuv no tau nthuav dav heev nyob rau hauv Curies 'kev ua qauv qhia ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Scotland, uas tau pom cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha.
Cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau mus ntxiv kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem nyob hauv chav kuaj xav paub, txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Txoj haujlwm no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab txhais cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kev ua lej txiav tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881. Piezoelectricity tau siv los tsim lub suab thaum lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz muaju ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab. Los ntawm emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm mus hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv yuav xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom.
Kev siv cov piezoelectric crystals tau tsim ntxiv los ntawm Tswb Xov Tooj Laboratories tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Frederick R. Lack, ua hauj lwm hauv xov tooj cua telephony engineering department, tsim ib tug txiav siv lead ua uas muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam kub. Lack's Crystal tsis xav tau cov khoom siv hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los, ua kom yooj yim rau nws siv hauv dav hlau. Qhov kev txhim kho no tau tso cai rau Allied cov tub rog huab cua los koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke kev tawm tsam, siv xov tooj cua aviation. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm piezoelectric cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau khaws cov tuam txhab hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tsov rog pib hauv thaj chaw, thiab kev txaus siab rau kev ruaj ntseg muaj txiaj ntsig patents rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tsim. Quartz muaju tau ua lag luam los ua cov khoom siv piezoelectric, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ua tau zoo dua. Txawm hais tias kev nce qib hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, Tebchaws Asmeskas
Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho phenomenon ntawm electromechanical phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas hluav taws xob nqi accumulates nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom, xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab biological teeb meem xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm Fabkis physicists Pierre thiab Jacques Curie xyoo 1880.
Piezoelectricity tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim khoom thiab tshawb xyuas lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, thiab tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab. Piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus πιέζειν (piezein) lub ntsiab lus "kom nyem lossis nias" thiab ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) txhais tau tias "amber", ib qho chaw qub ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj nthuav tawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric thim rov qab, uas cov khoom tsim sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab lim tau los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob teb. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Hloov pauv, cov muaju tuaj yeem hloov pauv lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, cov txheej txheem hu ua qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov yoj ultrasound.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tau kawm txij li nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, thaum Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus, kos duab ntawm kev paub ntawm René Hauy thiab Antoine César Becquerel, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim ua pov thawj tsis meej. Nws tsis yog txog thaum kev paub txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pyroelectricity thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv qab tau ua rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity uas cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev.
Gabriel Lippmann, hauv xyoo 1881, lej tau txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic ntawm kev sib tham piezoelectric effect. Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav txog kom txog thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre thiab Marie Curie. Lawv txoj haujlwm los tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity culminated hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Qhov no tau piav qhia cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas mus li nrog tensor tsom xam.
Kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric pib nrog kev txhim kho ntawm sonar thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX. Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz muaju ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab. Los ntawm emitting ib tug siab zaus mem tes los ntawm lub transducer thiab ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm kom hnov lub ncha ntawm lub suab nthwv dej bouncing tawm ib yam khoom, lawv muaj peev xwm xam qhov deb ntawm cov khoom. Qhov kev siv piezoelectricity rau sonar yog ib qho kev vam meej, thiab qhov project tsim ib qho kev nthuav dav txaus siab rau cov khoom siv piezoelectric. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric tshiab thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim. Piezoelectric cov cuab yeej pom cov tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm ceramic phonograph cartridges uas yooj yim rau cov neeg uas ua ntawv tsim thiab ua kom pheej yig, cov ntaub ntawv raug players pheej yig dua los tswj thiab yooj yim rau kev tsim, mus rau kev tsim cov ultrasonic transducers uas tso cai rau kev ntsuas yooj yim ntawm viscosity thiab elasticity ntawm cov kua. thiab cov khib nyiab, ua rau muaj kev nce qib loj hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Ultrasonic lub sij hawm sau reflectometers xa ib qho ultrasonic mem tes rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev xav thiab qhov tsis sib xws kom pom qhov tsis zoo hauv cov khoom siv hlau thiab pob zeb, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qauv.
Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX, pab pawg tshawb fawb ywj pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Russia, thiab Nyij Pooj tau tshawb pom cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws hu ua ferroelectrics uas nthuav tawm piezoelectric tas li mus txog kaum npaug siab dua li cov ntaub ntawv ntuj. Qhov no coj mus rau kev tshawb fawb hnyav los tsim barium titanate, thiab tom qab ntawd ua cov zirconate titanate, cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv piezoelectric crystals tau tsim
Woldema Voigt
Piezoelectricity yog ib qho phenomenon ntawm electromechanical phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas hluav taws xob nqi accumulates nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom, xws li muaju, ceramics, thiab biological teeb meem xws li pob txha thiab DNA. Qhov kev them nqi no yog tsim los teb rau qhov kev siv tshuab siv zog. Lo lus piezoelectricity yog muab los ntawm Greek lo lus "piezein", uas txhais tau hais tias " nyem los yog nias", thiab "elektron", uas txhais tau hais tias "amber", uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm hluav taws xob.
Cov nyhuv piezoelectric tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electromechanical ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv crystalline nrog inversion symmetry. Cov nyhuv no yog thim rov qab, txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm piezoelectricity kuj tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam rov qab piezoelectric, qhov twg cov txheej txheem sab hauv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab strain tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, lead zirconate titanate crystals tsim ntsuas piezoelectricity thaum lawv cov qauv zoo li qub deformed los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Conversely, muaju muaj peev xwm hloov lawv qhov zoo li qub thaum siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, qhov tshwm sim hu ua qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric, uas yog siv hauv kev tsim cov ultrasonic tsis.
Cov kws tshawb fawb Fabkis txoj Pierre thiab Jacques Curie tau tshawb pom piezoelectricity nyob rau xyoo 1880. Cov nyhuv piezoelectric txij li thaum tau siv rau ntau yam kev siv tau zoo, suav nrog kev tsim thiab tshawb pom lub suab, piezoelectric inkjet luam ntawv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, moos generators, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. zoo li microbalances thiab tsav ultrasonic nozzles rau ultrafine tsom ntawm optical sib dhos. Nws kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sojntsuam sojntsuam microscopes, uas tuaj yeem daws cov duab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm atoms. Tsis tas li ntawd, pickups hauv electronically amplified guitars thiab triggers nyob rau hauv niaj hnub electronic drums siv cov nyhuv piezoelectric.
Piezoelectricity tseem pom kev siv txhua hnub hauv kev tsim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov khoom siv ua noj thiab cua sov, hauv cov hluav taws xob, lub teeb cigarette, thiab lwm yam. Cov nyhuv pyroelectric, qhov twg cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov kub thiab txias, tau kawm los ntawm Carl Linnaeus thiab Franz Aepinus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, kos duab txog kev paub los ntawm Rene Hauy thiab Antoine Cesar Becquerel, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab. kev nyuaj siab thiab hluav taws xob. Kev sim los ua pov thawj qhov kev sib raug zoo no ua pov thawj tsis meej.
Qhov pom ntawm piezo siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Curie compensator ntawm Hunterian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Scotland yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov nyhuv piezoelectric ncaj qha los ntawm cov kwv tij Pierre thiab Jacques Curie. Ua ke lawv txoj kev paub txog pyroelectricity nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua tau nce mus rau kev kwv yees ntawm pyroelectricity, uas tso cai rau lawv los kwv yees tus cwj pwm siv lead ua uas lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov muaju xws li tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane qab zib, thiab Rochelle ntsev. . Sodium thiab potassium tartrate tetrahydrate thiab quartz kuj tau nthuav tawm piezoelectricity, thiab piezoelectric disk tau siv los tsim kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob thaum deformed. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov duab no tau nthuav dav heev hauv Curies qhov kev ua qauv qhia, thiab lawv tau mus rau kwv yees qhov kev sib tham piezoelectric effect. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tham tau ua lej txiav tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis los ntawm Gabriel Lippmann hauv xyoo 1881.
Cov Curies tam sim ntawd tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tham, thiab tau mus rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm electro-elasto-mechanical deformations hauv piezoelectric crystals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom qab, piezoelectricity tseem yog ib qho kev sim xav paub, mus txog rau thaum nws tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium los ntawm Pierre Marie Curie, uas tau siv nws los tshawb nrhiav thiab txhais cov qauv siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm piezoelectricity. Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), uas tau piav qhia txog cov chav kawm siv lead ua ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm piezoelectricity thiab nruj me ntsis txhais cov piezoelectric tas li siv tensor tsom xam.
Qhov no tau coj mus rau kev siv cov khoom siv piezoelectric, xws li sonar, uas tau tsim thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Nyob rau Fabkis, Paul Langevin thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim lub ultrasonic submarine detector. Lub tshuab ntes no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua los ntawm nyias quartz siv lead ua ua tib zoo txuas rau cov hlau phaj, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob los xyuas cov ncha rov qab los tom qab emitting lub siab zaus mem tes los ntawm transducer. Los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm los hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub suab nthwv dej tawm ntawm ib qho khoom, lawv tuaj yeem xam qhov deb ntawm qhov khoom. Lawv tau siv piezoelectricity los ua kom lub suab nrov no ua tiav, thiab qhov project tsim kev loj hlob thiab kev txaus siab rau.
Kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb
- Piezoelectric Actuators: Piezoelectric actuators yog cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob rau hauv cov tshuab ua haujlwm. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv cov neeg hlau, cov cuab yeej kho mob, thiab lwm yam kev siv uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev tswj xyuas kom meej.
- Piezoelectric Sensors: Piezoelectric sensors yog siv los ntsuas lub cev tsis zoo xws li siab, acceleration, thiab vibration. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab kev kho mob, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Piezoelectricity nyob rau hauv Xwm: Piezoelectricity yog ib tug tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab mob. Nws yog siv los ntawm qee cov kab mob kom nkag siab lawv ib puag ncig thiab sib txuas lus nrog lwm cov kab mob.
xaus
Piezoelectricity yog qhov tshwm sim zoo heev uas tau siv ntau yam kev siv, los ntawm sonar mus rau phonograph cartridges. Nws tau kawm txij li nruab nrab-1800s, thiab tau siv los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Cov ntawv blog no tau tshawb txog keeb kwm thiab kev siv piezoelectricity, thiab tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim no hauv kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Rau cov neeg xav paub ntxiv txog piezoelectricity, cov ntawv tshaj tawm no yog qhov pib zoo.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Neaera thiab tus neeg lag luam cov ntsiab lus, txiv, thiab nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab nrog guitar ntawm lub siab ntawm kuv txoj kev mob siab rau, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg, Kuv tau tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm blog txij li xyoo 2020. los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus thiab cov lus qhia guitar.
