Ungase wazi ngama-radio frequenties, kodwa wazi kahle ukuthi ayini?
Amaza omsakazo awuchungechunge lwamaza kagesi asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana, futhi asizungezile. Ngeke uzibone kodwa ziwubuchwepheshe obunika amandla imisakazo yethu, omabonakude, omakhalekhukhwini nokunye.
Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizokhuluma ngokuthi ayini amaza omsakazo, asebenza kanjani, nokuthi asetshenziswa kanjani.
Ayini amaza omsakazo?
Amaza omsakazo (RF) amagagasi kazibuthe kagesi azulazula ngenani lamanje kagesi ashintshanayo kanye ne-voltage, adala insimu kazibuthe nekagesi.
Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekunikezeni amandla amadivaysi kagesi kuya ekudluliseni idatha. I-RF imvamisa kusuka ku-20 kHz kuya ku-300 I-GHz, umkhawulo ophezulu kuba amaza omsindo futhi umkhawulo ophansi ube amafrikhwensi e-infrared.
Amandla e-RF asetshenziselwa ukwakha amaza omsakazo, angasetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Imisinga ye-RF inezinto ezikhethekile ezizenza zihluke kumanje oqondile. Imvamisa yomsindo ephansi eshintshashintshayo yamanje inemvamisa engu-60 Hz, futhi isetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi. Ama-RF currents, nokho, angangena ajule kumakhondakta kagesi, futhi athambekele ekugelezeni ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, into eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesikhumba.
Lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni, ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi. Imisinga ye-RF nayo inamandla okwenza i-ionize emoyeni, idale indlela yokuhambisa. Lesi sakhiwo sixhashazwa ngamayunithi amafrikhwensi aphezulu wokushisela i-arc kagesi. Ama-currents e-RF nawo angasetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, njengoba ikhono lawo lokubonakala ligeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo njenge-dielectric insulator noma i-capacitor iwenza afanelekele le njongo. I-RF current futhi inomkhuba wokukhombisa ukungaqhubeki kukhebula noma izixhumi, okubangela isimo esibizwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, i-RF current ivamise ukuthwalwa ngendlela ephumelelayo ngezintambo zokudlulisela noma izintambo ezingama-coaxial. I-spectrum yomsakazo ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi, ngamagama ajwayelekile aqokwe yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU). I-RF isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini yokuxhumana, njengama-transmitter, izamukeli, amakhompyutha, omabonakude, nomakhalekhukhwini. Ibuye isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ucingo nokulawula amasekhethi, nakubuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe be-MOS. I-RF iphinde isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha, ezifana ne-radiofrequency ablation kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Imishini yokuhlola yamafrikhwensi omsakazo ihlanganisa amathuluzi ajwayelekile asekupheleni kobubanzi, namafrikhwensi aphezulu adinga okokusebenza okukhethekile kokuhlola.
Uyini umlando wamafrikhwensi omsakazo?
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo abe khona amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho asetshenziselwa khona ukuxhumana. Ngo-1895, uGuglielmo Marconi, umsunguli wase-Italy, wabonisa ukuthunyelwa kocingo olungenantambo oluhamba ibanga elide oluyimpumelelo. Lokhu kwasho ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwamaza omsakazo ukuxhumana. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amaza omsakazo ayesetshenziswa ukudlulisa izwi nomculo. Isiteshi sokuqala somsakazo wezohwebo sasungulwa ngo-1920 eDetroit, eMichigan. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukusungulwa kwemisakazo eminingi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngawo-1930, ukusakazwa kokuqala kukamabonakude kwaqala ukusebenzisa amaza omsakazo. Lokhu kwenza abantu bakwazi ukubuka izinhlelo zethelevishini ezindlini zabo. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amaza omsakazo ayesetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalezo eyimfihlo phakathi kwamasosha. Ngawo-1950, isathelayithi yokuqala yethulwa emkhathini, futhi yasebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuze idlulise amasignali. Lokhu kwavumela ukudluliswa kwamasignali kamabonakude ezindaweni ezikude. Ngawo-1960, kwasungulwa omakhalekhukhwini bokuqala, futhi basebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukudlulisa izwi nedatha. Ngawo-1970, kwasungulwa amafoni okuqala angenazintambo, futhi asebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukudlulisa amasignali. Lokhu kwavumela abantu ukuthi bashaye izingcingo ngaphandle kwesidingo sentambo. Ngawo-1980, amanethiwekhi okuqala amaselula asungulwa, futhi asebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukudlulisa izwi nedatha. Namuhla, amaza omsakazo asetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ukuxhumana, ukuzulazula, nokuzijabulisa. Asetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini, ithelevishini yesathelayithi, kanye ne-inthanethi engenantambo. Amaza omsakazo asehambe ibanga elide kusukela asakazwa okokuqala uMarconi, futhi asaqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu.
Izinhlobo zamafrikhwensi omsakazo: kHz, GHz, RF
Njengami, ngizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezihlukene zamaza omsakazo, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwansuku zonke, izinzuzo nezinselele zokusebenza nazo, izicelo zazo zesikhathi esizayo, nomthelela wazo emvelweni, ezempi, ukuxhumana, ibhizinisi, nempilo. Sizophinde sibheke indima yamafrikhwensi omsakazo endaweni ngayinye kulezi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwansuku zonke Kwemisakazo Yomsakazo: Ithelevishini, Omakhalekhukhwini, Amakhompyutha
Amaza omsakazo (RF) amaza kagesi ahamba emoyeni ngesivinini sokukhanya. Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zansuku zonke, njengomabonakude, omakhalekhukhwini, namakhompyutha. Amaza e-RF anohlu olubanzi lwamaza, asukela ku-20 kHz kuya ku-300 GHz.
Isiphetho esingezansi sobubanzi sisetshenziselwa amaza omsindo, kanti indawo engaphezulu isetshenziselwa amaza e-infrared. Amagagasi e-RF asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene, njengokushisela i-arc kagesi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, kanye nokungena kwamakhondatha kagesi. Angabuye asetshenziselwe ukuxhumana, njengoba angaguqulwa abe ukukhanya komsakazo namaza omsindo. Amagagasi e-RF angasetshenziswa futhi ukukala ubude beza nobuningi. Ukusebenzisa amaza e-RF kungaletha izinselelo ezithile, njengamagagasi amile, umphumela wesikhumba, nokushiswa kwe-RF. Amagagasi amile ayenzeka lapho amaza e-RF ehamba emugqeni wokudlulisela futhi abonakale emuva, okubangela isimo esibizwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile. Umthelela wesikhumba ukuthambekela kokuthi imisinga ye-RF ingene ijule kumakhondatha kagesi, kuyilapho ukushiswa kwe-RF kuwukusha okukha phezulu okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwemisinga ye-RF emzimbeni. Ikusasa lamagagasi e-RF liyathembisa, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe besekethe, kanye nokuxhumana okungenantambo. Amagagasi e-RF nawo asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamagagasi omsakazo futhi asetshenziswa kwezempi ukuqanjwa kwe-spectrum yomsakazo namafrikhwensi. Amagagasi e-RF anohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ebhizinisini, njengocingo, amasekhethi okulawula, kanye ne-MRI. Ziphinde zibe nomthelela empilweni, njengoba zingabangela ukushaqeka kukagesi, ubuhlungu, ukuhlinza ngogesi, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-radiofrequency. Sekukonke, amagagasi e-RF ayingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yesimanje, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyanda. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zansuku zonke, futhi izicelo zazo ezingase zibe khona zikhula kuphela. Ziletha izinselele ezithile, kodwa izinzuzo zazo zizidlula kude izingozi.
Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa Amafrikhwensi Omsakazo: I-Electric Arc Welding, Ukusabalalisa Amandla, Ukungena Kwamakhonda Kagesi
Amaza omsakazo amagagasi kagesi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zansuku zonke. Zikalwa nge-kilohertz (kHz), i-gigahertz (GHz), kanye nefrikhwensi yomsakazo (RF). Amafrikhwensi omsakazo anezinzuzo eziningi, njengokusetshenziselwa ukushisela i-arc kagesi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, kanye nekhono lokungena kumakhondatha kagesi. Ukushisela i-arc kagesi kuyinqubo esebenzisa imisinga ephakeme kakhulu ukuze kwakhe i-arc kagesi phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili zensimbi. Le arc incibilikisa insimbi futhi iyivumele ukuthi ihlanganiswe ndawonye. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kusebenzisa imisinga ye-RF ukuhamba ngama-insulators e-dielectric nama-capacitor, okuvumela ugesi ukuthi usabalaliswe amabanga amade.
Ama-RF currents nawo anamandla okungena ajule kumakhondatha kagesi, okuwusizo ekulawuleni amandla kagesi. Nokho, kunezinselelo ezithile lapho usebenza namaza omsakazo. Amagagasi amile ayenzeka lapho amaza e-RF enziwa ngezintambo zikagesi ezijwayelekile, futhi angabangela ukuphazamiseka ekudluliselweni kwamasignali. Umphumela wesikhumba ungenye inselele, njengoba imisinga ye-RF esetshenziswa emzimbeni ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha.
Ukushiswa kwe-RF nakho kungenzeka, okuwukushisa okukha phezulu okubangelwa i-ionization yomoya. Ikusasa lamafrikhwensi omsakazo libukeka liqhakazile, njengoba asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, ubuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe, kanye nezokuxhumana okungenantambo. Lobu buchwepheshe bube nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, njengoba i-ionization yomoya ingakha indlela yokuhambisa engaba yingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo nawo anendima enkulu kwezempi, njengoba asetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa i-spectrum yomsakazo ube amabhendi amafrikhwensi futhi aqoke amagama abizwa ngokuthi yi-NATO kanye ne-EU. Amaza omsakazo nawo anomthelela omkhulu ekuxhumaneni, njengoba angasetshenziswa ukuguqula ukukhanya komsakazo namaza omsindo abe amaza amaza namaza. Okokugcina, amaza omsakazo nawo asetshenziswa ebhizinisini ukwenza ucingo, amasekhethi okulawula, kanye ne-MRI. Ziphinde zibe nomthelela empilweni, njengoba ukushaqeka kukagesi nobuhlungu kungabangelwa imisinga ye-RF, futhi i-electrosurgery ne-radiofrequency ablation ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha umdlavuza. Sekukonke, amaza omsakazo ayingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu, futhi anenhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza. Asetshenziselwa ukushisela, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, ukuxhumana, ngisho nokwelashwa imbala. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukusetshenziswa kwamaza omsakazo kuzokwanda kakhulu.
Izinselelo Zokusebenza Ngemisakazo Yomsakazo: Amagagasi Amile, I-Skin Effect, I-RF Burns
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo ama-oscillation kagesi wesistimu yemishini, esukela ku-20 kHz ukuya ku-300 GHz. Lobu bubanzi befrikhwensi cishe buwumkhawulo ophezulu wamafrikhwensi omsindo kanye nomkhawulo ophansi wamafrikhwensi we-infrared. Imisinga ye-RF inezinto ezikhethekile ezabelwa ngazo amandla aqondile, kodwa imvamisa yomsindo ephansi eshintshashintshayo yamanje.
Ku-60 Hz, owamanje osetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi, imisinga ye-RF ingasakaza esikhaleni ngesimo samaza omsakazo. Imithombo ehlukene icacisa imingcele engaphezulu nephansi ehlukene yobubanzi befrikhwensi. Amaza kagesi azungeza kumaza omsakazo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene. Imisinga ye-RF ingangena ijule kumakhondakta kagesi futhi ijwayele ukugeleza ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesikhumba. Lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni, ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, noma ngisho nokushaqeka kukagesi.
Imisinga yefrikhwensi ephansi ingaveza ukuwohloka kwezinzwa, okwenza imisinga ye-RF ngokuvamile ingabi nangozi futhi ingakwazi ukubangela ukulimala kwangaphakathi noma ukusha okungaphezulu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF. I-RF yamanje nayo inendawo yokukwazi ukwenza i-ionize emoyeni, idale indlela yokuhambisa. Lesi sakhiwo sixhashazwa ngamayunithi amafrikhwensi aphezulu wokushisela i-arc kagesi. Ama-currents e-RF nawo angasetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, njengoba ikhono le-RF yamanje libonakala ligeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo, njenge-dielectric insulator noma i-capacitor, kwaziwa ngokuthi i-capacitive reactance.
Ngokuphambene, i-RF current ivinjwe ikhoyili noma ukujika okukodwa kocingo, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-inductive reactance. Njengoba imvamisa inyuka, ukusabela kwe-capacitive kuncipha, futhi ukusabela kwe-inductive kuyanda. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-RF current ingenziwa ngamakhebula kagesi ajwayelekile, kodwa ukuthambekela kwayo ekuboniseni ukungaqhubeki kukhebula, njengezixhumi, kungabangela isimo esibizwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile.
I-RF yamanje iphathwa kahle kakhulu ngezintambo zokudlulisela kanye nezintambo ezingama-coaxial. I-spectrum yomsakazo ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi, ngamagama ajwayelekile aqokwe yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amafrikhwensi angaphansi kuka-1 GHz ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-microwave, futhi amaza aphakathi kuka-30 no-300 GHz abizwa ngokuthi amaza amamilimitha. Ukuqokwa kwebhendi okunemininingwane kunikezwa emazingeni ajwayelekile e-IEEE letter-band frequency designations, kanye ne-NATO kanye ne-EU frequency designations.
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziswa kumadivayisi okuxhumana afana nezidluliseli, izamukeli, amakhompyutha, omabonakude, nomakhalekhukhwini, futhi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ucingo kanye namasekhethi okulawula. Ngokusabalala kwamanje kwemishini yezokuxhumana engenantambo yefrikhwensi yomsakazo, njengomakhalekhukhwini, amandla e-RF asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi zokwelapha, njengokukhishwa kwe-radiofrequency. I-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) iphinde isebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuze ikhiqize izithombe zomzimba womuntu.
Imishini yokuhlola yamafrikhwensi omsakazo ihlanganisa amathuluzi ajwayelekile asekupheleni kobubanzi, namafrikhwensi aphezulu adinga okokusebenza okukhethekile kokuhlola.
Ikusasa lamafrikhwensi omsakazo: Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamanje, Ubuchwepheshe Besifunda Esididiyelwe, Ezokuxhumana Okungenantambo
Amaza omsakazo (RF) amagagasi kagesi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zansuku zonke, kusukela kumabonakude nomakhalekhukhwini ukuya kumakhompyutha kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla. Amagagasi e-RF akhiqizwa ngokushintshana kwamandla kagesi kanye ne-voltage, futhi anezici ezikhethekile eziwenza abe usizo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Imisinga ye-RF ingangena ijule kumakhondakta kagesi, futhi ijwayele ukugeleza phezu kwamakhondakta, aziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesikhumba.
Lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni, ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi. Amaza omoya aphansi angaveza ukuwohloka kwezinzwa, okungaba yingozi futhi kubangele ukulimala kwangaphakathi noma ukusha okungaphezulu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF. Imisinga ye-RF futhi inamandla okwenza i-ionize emoyeni, idale indlela yokuqhuba engasetshenziswa kumayunithi amafrikhwensi aphezulu njenge-electric arc welding. Ama-currents e-RF angasetshenziswa futhi ekusabalaliseni amandla, njengoba angabonakala egeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo njengama-dielectric insulators nama-capacitor. Lesi sakhiwo saziwa ngokuthi i-capacitive reactance, futhi siyehla njengoba imvamisa inyuka.
Ngokuphambene, ama-currents e-RF avinjwa amakhoyili nezintambo ngokujika okukodwa, ngenxa yokusabela kwe-inductive, okwandayo ngobuningi obukhulayo. Amaza kagesi e-RF angenziwa ngamakhebula kagesi ajwayelekile, kodwa athambekele ekuboniseni ukungaqhubeki kukhebula, njengezixhumi, futhi abuyele emthonjeni, okubangele isimo esaziwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile. Imisinga ye-RF ingathwalwa kahle ngezintambo zokudlulisela kanye nezintambo ezinama-coaxial, futhi i-spectrum yomsakazo ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi anamagama avamile aqokwe yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amafrikhwensi asuka ku-1-30 GHz ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-microwaves, futhi ukuqokwa kwebhendi okunemininingwane eyengeziwe kunikezwa ukuqokwa kwefrikhwensi ye-IEEE letter-band kanye ne-EU/NATO frequency designations. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziswa emishinini yokuxhumana njengama-transmitters namazamukeli, kanye nasemakhompuyutheni, omabonakude, nomakhalekhukhwini. Ama-RF currents nawo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa amasekhethi ocingo nokulawula, futhi ubuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe busetshenziselwa ukudala ukwanda kwamadivaysi okuxhumana okungenazintambo omsakazo, njengamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla e-RF asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha, ezifana nokukhipha i-radiofrequency ablation, kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) isebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuze kukhiqizwe izithombe zomzimba womuntu. Izisetshenziswa zokuhlola ezisebenzisa amaza omsakazo zihlanganisa amathuluzi ajwayelekile ekugcineni okuphansi kobubanzi, kanye namafrikhwensi aphezulu nezinto zokuhlola eziyisipesheli. Sekukonke, amaza omsakazo asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emishinini yokuxhumana kuye kweyezokwelapha, futhi anikeza uhla lwezinzuzo nezinselele. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, ukusetshenziswa kwamaza omsakazo cishe kuzosakazeka kakhulu.
Umthelela wamafrikhwensi omsakazo endaweni: Ionization of Air, Radio Wave Pollution
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo (RF) amaza kagesi ashintshanayo kanye nama-voltage adala izinkambu ze-electromagnetic. Lezi zinkambu zisetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinhlobonhlobo zemishini yansuku zonke, njengomabonakude, omakhalekhukhwini, namakhompyutha. I-RF futhi inohlu olubanzi lokunye ukusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa ukushisela i-arc kagesi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, kanye nokungena kwamakhondatha kagesi.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza ne-RF kungaletha izinselelo ezithile, njengamagagasi amile, umphumela wesikhumba, nokushiswa kwe-RF. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-RF kungaba nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Omunye wemiphumela evame kakhulu i-ionization yomoya, okwenzeka lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni. Lokhu kungabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi nokusha okungaphezu kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF.
Ukwengeza, i-RF ingabangela ukungcoliswa kwamaza omsakazo, okungaphazamisa amanye amasignali omsakazo futhi kuphazamise ukuxhumana. Amasosha nawo asebenzisa i-RF, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yekhono layo lokungena lijule kumakhondakta kagesi. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi basebenzise i-spectrum yomsakazo ngezinhloso zokuxhumana kanye nokugada. Baphinde basebenzise amagama abizwa ngefrequency, afana ne-International Telecommunication Union (ITU) kanye ne-NATO frequency designations, ukukhomba amabhendi ahlukene wamafrikhwensi. Ebhizinisini, i-RF isetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, njengocingo, amasekhethi okulawula, kanye ne-imaging resonance magnetic (MRI). I-RF iphinde isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zezokwelapha, njengama-electrosurgery scalpels kanye ne-radiofrequency ablation. Lawa madivayisi asebenzisa i-RF ukusika kanye nokukhipha izicubu ngaphandle kwesidingo se-scalpel. Okokugcina, i-RF ingaba nomthelela empilweni. Imisinga yefrikhwensi ephansi ingabangela ukushaqeka kukagesi nobuhlungu, kuyilapho imisinga ephakeme kakhulu ingabangela ukulimala kwangaphakathi. Ukwengeza, i-RF ingabangela ukushiswa kwe-RF, okuwukushisa okukha phezulu okubangelwa i-ionization yomoya. Sengiphetha, i-RF inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, kusukela ekunikezeni amandla amadivaysi ansuku zonke kuya kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, kungaba nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, ezempi, ebhizinisini nasempilweni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izingozi ezingaba khona zokusebenzisa i-RF futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo.
Iqhaza Lamafrikhwensi Omsakazo Ebuthweni Lezempi: I-Radio Spectrum, Ukuqokwa Kwemvamisa
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo awuhlobo lwamandla kazibuthe kagesi angasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuxhumana, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asukela ku-20 kHz kuye ku-300 GHz, isiphetho esiphansi sobubanzi sisetshenziselwa amaza omsindo kanti ingxenye engaphezulu isetshenziselwa amaza e-infrared. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziswa empilweni yansuku zonke kumabonakude, omakhalekhukhwini, namakhompyutha. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo anezinzuzo eziningi, njengokukwazi ukungena kumakhondatha kagesi, asetshenziselwa ukushisela i-arc kagesi kanye nokusabalalisa amandla. Futhi banekhono lokubonakala begeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo, njengama-capacitor nama-dielectric insulators. Lesi sakhiwo sisetshenziswa kumayunithi we-high-frequency welding kagesi ye-arc. Nokho, zikhona nezinselelo ezihambisana nokusebenza ngamaza omsakazo. Amagagasi amile, umphumela wesikhumba, nokushiswa kwe-RF konke kungenzeka uma kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo. Amagagasi amile ayenzeka lapho i-current ivinjwe ikhoyili noma ngocingo, futhi ukusha kwe-RF kungenzeka uma i-curse ifakwa emzimbeni. Kwezempi, amaza omsakazo asetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, njengokuxhumana, ukuzulazula, nokugada. I-spectrum yomsakazo ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi, futhi ibhendi ngayinye inegama elithile lefrikhwensi. Lezi zimpawu zemvamisa zisetshenziswa yi-NATO, i-EU, kanye ne-International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amaza omsakazo nawo asetshenziswa ebhizinisini, njengocingo, amasekhethi okulawula, kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Asetshenziswa nasezintweni zezokwelapha, njengokushaqeka kukagesi, ukudambisa izinhlungu, ukuhlinzwa ngogesi, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-radiofrequency. Okokugcina, amaza omsakazo angaba nomthelela endaweni ezungezile, njengokwenza i-ioning emoyeni futhi abangele ukungcoliswa kwamaza omsakazo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene namaza omsakazo futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa noma yimiphi imithelela engemihle.
Umthelela wamafrikhwensi omsakazo ekuxhumaneni: Ukukhanya kwerediyo kanye nokuguqulwa kwamagagasi omsindo, i-Wavelength kanye neFrequency
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo awuhlobo lwamandla kazibuthe angasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asukela ku-20 kHz kuye ku-300 GHz, umkhawulo ophezulu kuba amaza omsindo futhi umkhawulo ophansi ube amaza e-infrared. Lawa maza asetshenziselwa ukwakha amaza kagesi azungezayo asakaza emoyeni njengamaza omsakazo.
Imithombo ehlukene ingase icacise imingcele engaphezulu nephansi ehlukene yobubanzi befrikhwensi. Amaza kagesi azulazula kumaza omsakazo anezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezingahlanganyelwa amandla akhona noma aphansi ashintshashintshayo. Isibonelo, ama-RF currents angangena ajule kumakhondakta kagesi futhi athambekele ekugelezeni endaweni, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesikhumba. Lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni, ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi.
Imisinga yefrikhwensi ephansi nayo ingaveza le miphumela, kodwa imisinga ye-RF ngokuvamile ayinangozi futhi ayibangeli ukulimala kwangaphakathi noma ukusha okungaphezu kwalokho, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF. Imisinga ye-RF inamandla okwenza kalula i-ionize emoyeni, idale indlela yokuhambisa. Lesi sakhiwo sixhashazwa ngamayunithi amafrikhwensi aphezulu wokushisela i-arc kagesi. Ama-currents e-RF nawo angasetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, njengoba enekhono lokubonakala egeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo, njenge-dielectric insulator noma i-capacitor.
Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-capacitive reactance, futhi kuncipha njengoba imvamisa inyuka. Ngokuphambene, ama-RF currents avinjwa ikhoyili yentambo noma ukujika okukodwa kocingo olugobile, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-inductive reactance. Lokhu kuyanda njengoba imvamisa ikhula. Ama-RF currents ngokuvamile aqhutshwa ngamakhebuli kagesi ajwayelekile, kodwa anomkhuba wokubonisa ukungaqhubeki kukhebula, njengezixhumi. Lokhu kungabangela ukuthi umsinga ubuyele emthonjeni, kubangele isimo esaziwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile. Imisinga ye-RF ingathwalwa ngokuphumelelayo ngezintambo zokudlulisela kanye nezintambo ezingama-coaxial.
I-spectrum yomsakazo ihlukaniswe ngamabhendi, futhi lawa anikezwa amagama ajwayelekile yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amaza omsakazo asetshenziswa emishinini eyahlukene yansuku zonke, njengama-transmitter, izamukeli, amakhompyutha, omabonakude, nomakhalekhukhwini. Asetshenziswa futhi ezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa ucingo nokulawula amasekhethi, nakubuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe be-Mos. Ukwanda kwamanje kwemishini yokuxhumana engenantambo yamagagasi omsakazo, njengamaselula, kuholele ekufakweni kwezicelo eziningi zezokwelapha zamandla efrikhwensi yomsakazo, okuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwe-diathermy kanye nokushisa okushisayo komdlavuza, ama-electrosurgery scalpels ukuze asike futhi enze imisebenzi, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-radiofrequency ablation.
I-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) iphinde isebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuze ikhiqize izithombe zomzimba womuntu. Imishini yokuhlola yamafrikhwensi omsakazo ihlanganisa amathuluzi ajwayelekile okugcina okuphansi kobubanzi, kanye nezisetshenziswa zokuhlola ezikhethekile zamafrikhwensi aphezulu. Lapho usebenza ne-RF, imishini ekhethekile ivamise ukudingeka, futhi i-RF ivamise ukusho ama-oscillation kagesi. Amasistimu e-RF emishini awavamile, kodwa kukhona okwenziwa ngomshini ehlunga kanye ne-RF MEMS.
UCurtis noThomas' Stanley High Frequency Apparatus: Construction and Practical Application, eyanyatheliswa yi-Everyday Mechanics Company ngo-1891, inikeza incazelo enemininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwe-RF ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Iqhaza lamafrikhwensi omsakazo ebhizinisini: Ucingo, Iziyingi Zokulawula, i-MRI
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo (RF) amaza kagesi ashintshanayo noma ama-voltage akha inkambu kazibuthe kagesi. Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezintweni zansuku zonke ezifana nomabonakude nomakhalekhukhwini, kuya ekusetshenzisweni okukhethekile okufana nokushisela i-arc kagesi kanye nokusabalalisa amandla. Amafrikhwensi e-RF anobubanzi obungu-20 kHz ukuya ku-300 GHz, isiphetho esiphansi sobubanzi kuba amaza omsindo kanye nomkhawulo ongaphezulu kube amaza e-infrared. Ama-RF currents anezakhiwo ezikhethekile eziwenza abe usizo ebhizinisini. Isibonelo, zingangena zijule kumakhondakta kagesi, ziwavumele ukuthi asetshenziswe kumasekhethi ocingo nokulawula. Angasetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zezokwelapha ezifana ne-MRI, esebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukukhiqiza izithombe zomzimba womuntu.
Ama-RF currents angasetshenziswa nasezinsizeni zokuhlola zamaza aphezulu, nasezinhlelweni zamanje zenkampani yenethiwekhi yobuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe nokuxhumana okungenantambo. Nokho, ukusebenza ngamaza e-RF kungaba inselele. Isibonelo, imisinga ye-RF ivame ukukhombisa ukungaqhubeki kwezintambo nezixhumi, okwenza isimo esibizwa ngokuthi amagagasi amile. Futhi banempahla yokukwazi ukubonakala begeleza ezindleleni eziqukethe izinto ezivikelayo, njenge-dielectric insulator noma i-capacitor.
Lesi sakhiwo sixhashazwa ngamayunithi amafrikhwensi aphezulu wokushisela i-arc kagesi. Ukwengeza, lapho imisinga ye-RF isetshenziswa emzimbeni, ingabangela ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi. Imisinga yefrikhwensi ephansi ingaphinda ikhiqize ukulimala kwangaphakathi kanye nokusha okukha phezulu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF. Amafrikhwensi e-RF anezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ebhizinisini, kusukela kumasekhethi ocingo nokulawula kuye ku-MRI kanye nobuchwepheshe besekethe obudidiyelwe. Nakuba zingazuzisa, zingase futhi zibe yingozi, futhi kumelwe kuqashelwe lapho usebenza nazo. Ngokwanda kwamanje kwemishini yokuxhumana engenantambo yamaza omsakazo, njengomakhalekhukhwini, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nezinzuzo zamafrikhwensi e-RF.
Umthelela wamafrikhwensi omsakazo empilweni: ukushaqeka kukagesi, ubuhlungu, ukuhlinza ngogesi, ukuchithwa kwe-Radiofrequency
Amaza omsakazo (RF) amaza kagesi asetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukene, kusukela ekuxhumaneni kuya ekwelapheni. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: i-kHz, i-GHz, ne-RF. Uhlobo ngalunye lwemvamisa lunezinto zalo ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo, kanye nemithelela yezempilo engaba khona. Amafrikhwensi e-KHz asetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilalelwayo, njengokusakazwa komsakazo nomabonakude. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukusabalalisa amandla, njengoba zingangena kuma-conductor kagesi. Amafrikhwensi e-GHz asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okungenantambo, njengamaselula namakhompyutha.
Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukwelashwa, okufana ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Amafrikhwensi e-RF asetshenziselwa ukushisela i-arc kagesi kanye ne-radiofrequency ablation, ukwelashwa okusetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafrikhwensi e-RF kungaba nemithelela emihle nemibi empilweni. Isibonelo, amaza omoya aphansi angabangela ukushaqeka kukagesi kanye nokuzwa ubuhlungu, kuyilapho amaza omoya aphezulu angabangela ukusha okukha phezulu okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-RF. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisinga ye-RF ingakwazi ukwenza i-ion emoyeni kalula, idale indlela yokuqondisa engasetshenziselwa ukushisela i-arc kagesi.
Kodwa-ke, yona le ndawo ingaholela nasekungcolisekeni kwamagagasi omsakazo. Okokugcina, amafrikhwensi e-RF asetshenziswa kwezempi ukuqokwa kwe-radio spectrum namafrikhwensi. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ebhizinisini ukwenza ucingo, amasekhethi okulawula, kanye ne-MRI. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukukhanya komsakazo namaza omsindo abe yi-wavelength nefrikhwensi. Sekukonke, amafrikhwensi e-RF anezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, kusukela ekuxhumaneni kuya ekwelashweni. Zingaba nemithelela emihle nemibi empilweni, kuye ngobuningi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuvela, ukusetshenziswa kwamafrikhwensi e-RF cishe kuzosakazeka kakhulu.
Umehluko
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo vs microcurrent
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo (RF) kanye nama-microcurrents yizinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ezihlukene ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Yize zombili zibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, ziyahluka ngokuya ngemvamisa yazo, amandla, kanye nemiphumela emzimbeni. I-RF iwuhlobo lwefrikhwensi ephezulu yamandla, imvamisa isukela ku-20 kHz iye ku-300 GHz, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents eyifrikhwensi ephansi, ngokuvamile esukela ku-0.5
Hz kuya ku-1 MHz. I-RF isetshenziswa ekusakazweni komsakazo, kumabonakude, kanye nezokuxhumana okungenantambo, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents asetshenziswa ekwelapheni nasekuvuseleleni ugesi. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-RF ne-microcurrent imvamisa yazo. I-RF iwuhlobo lwamandla oluyimvamisa ephezulu, okusho ukuthi ingangena ijule emzimbeni futhi ibangele imiphumela enamandla kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-microcurrents imvamisa ephansi futhi ingangena kuphela ebusweni bomzimba, ibenze bangabi namandla.
I-RF futhi ingase ibangele ukuzwa okubuhlungu nokufinyela kwemisipha, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents ngokuvamile engenabungozi. Omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-RF ne-microcurrent amandla azo. I-RF inamandla kakhulu kune-microcurrent, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukudlulisa amandla amakhulu ebangeni elide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Microcurrents abuthakathaka kakhulu futhi angasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zebanga elifushane kuphela.
I-RF nayo ingase ibangele ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amadivaysi kagesi, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents mancane amathuba okuthi enze kanjalo. Ekugcineni, imiphumela ye-RF ne-microcurrent emzimbeni ihlukile. I-RF ingabangela ukusha, ukushaqeka kukagesi, nokulimala kwangaphakathi, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents ngokuvamile engenabungozi. I-RF ingakwazi futhi ukwenza i-ion emoyeni, idale indlela yokuhambisa, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents engakwazi. Sekukonke, i-RF kanye ne-microcurrent yizinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ezihlukene ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukene. I-RF iwuhlobo lwefrikhwensi ephezulu yamandla enamandla kakhulu futhi engabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu emzimbeni, kuyilapho ama-microcurrents enefrikhwensi ephansi futhi ngokuvamile engenabungozi.
FAQ mayelana namaza omsakazo
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziselwa ini?
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezehlukene, kusukela ekuxhumaneni kuya ekusabalaliseni amandla. Izinhlobo zamafrikhwensi omsakazo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo, kanti amanye amafrikhwensi asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana, kanti amanye asetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla. Ifrikhwensi yomsakazo ingaba nemiphumela ehlukene kubantu, kuye ngokuthi imvamisa namandla esignali.
Amaza omsakazo aphansi angangena ajule emzimbeni, abangele ukuzwa okubuhlungu noma ukufinyela kwemisipha, kuyilapho amaza omsakazo amafrikhwensi aphezulu angabangela ukusha okukha phezulu okubizwa ngokuthi ukushiswa kwe-RF. Ama-RF currents nawo angasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha ezifana ne-diathermy, hyperthermy, kanye ne-radiofrequency ablation. I-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) iphinde isebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuze ikhiqize izithombe zomzimba womuntu. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zihloko ezintathu ukusetshenziswa kwamaza omsakazo. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziselwa ini? igxile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwamaza omsakazo, njengokuxhumana nokusabalalisa amandla. Yiziphi izinhlobo zamafrikhwensi omsakazo? igxile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamaza omsakazo, njengalawo asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nalawo asetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla.
Okokugcina, Yenzani ifrikhwensi yomsakazo kubantu? igxile emiphumeleni yefrikhwensi yomsakazo kubantu, njengamandla okuba nobuhlungu noma ukusha.
Enzani amafrikhwensi aphezulu ebuchosheni?
Amafrikhwensi aphezulu anohlu lwemiphumela ebuchosheni. Amafrikhwensi aphansi, njengalawo atholakala kumafrikhwensi omsindo, angaba nemiphumela epholile ebuchosheni, kuyilapho amaza aphezulu, njengalawo atholakala kumaza omsakazo, angaba nemiphumela evuselelayo. Amafrikhwensi aphansi angasiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka, athuthukise ukulala, futhi anciphise ngisho nobuhlungu.
Amafrikhwensi aphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angabangela ukuqapha, ukugxila okwengeziwe, ngisho nokusebenza kwengqondo okuthuthukisiwe. Amafrikhwensi aphansi nawo angasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukuphumula nokunciphisa ukukhathazeka. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amabhithi e-binaural, okungamafrikhwensi amabili ahlukene adlalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa endlebeni ngayinye. Ubuchopho bese bucubungula amafrikhwensi amabili bese budala ifrikhwensi yesithathu, okungumehluko phakathi kwakho kokubili.
Le frikhwensi yesithathu bese isetshenziselwa ukunxenxa ukuphumula. Amafrikhwensi aphezulu, nokho, angasetshenziswa ukuvuselela ubuchopho. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amaza omsakazo, okungamaza kazibuthe akwazi ukungena ogebhezini lwekhanda futhi ashukumise ubuchopho. Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa ukukhulisa ukuqapha, ukugxila, ngisho nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwengqondo.
Amafrikhwensi omsakazo angasetshenziswa futhi ukwelapha izimo ezithile zezempilo, njengokucindezeleka nesifo sika-Parkinson. Sengiphetha, amafrikhwensi aphansi angaba nemiphumela yokuthulisa ebuchosheni, kuyilapho amafrikhwensi aphezulu angaba nemiphumela evuselelayo. Amafrikhwensi aphansi angasetshenziswa ukuze ahehe ukuphumula futhi anciphise ukukhathazeka, kuyilapho amaza aphezulu angasetshenziswa ukuvuselela ubuchopho ngisho nokwelapha izimo ezithile zezokwelapha.
Ubudlelwano obubalulekile
1. Amagagasi: Amagagasi ayingxenye ebalulekile yamaza omsakazo, njengoba kuyindlela amaza omsakazo ahamba ngayo. Amagagasi eza ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene, njengamaza omsindo, amaza okukhanya namaza omsakazo.
Amaza omsakazo awuhlobo lwamagagasi asetshenziswa ukudlulisa amaza omsakazo. Akhiwe yizindawo zikagesi nezikazibuthe ezizungeza kumaza ahlukene, okuyikhona okuzenza zikwazi ukuthwala amasignali omsakazo.
2. I-Spectrum Allocation: Ukwabiwa kwe-Spectrum wuhlelo lokunikeza amaza omsakazo ahlukene kubasebenzisi abahlukene. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaza omsakazo awaminyanisi nokuthi umsebenzisi ngamunye uyakwazi ukufinyelela imvamisa ayidingayo.
Ukwabiwa kwe-Spectrum kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezidingo zomsebenzisi ngamunye kanye nokuphazamiseka okungaba khona okungenzeka phakathi kwamafrikhwensi ahlukene.
3. I-Electromagnetic Radiation: Imisebe ye-electromagnetic ingamandla akhiqizwa amaza omsakazo. La mandla akhiwa amandla kagesi nakazibuthe ahamba ngesivinini sokukhanya.
Imisebe ye-electromagnetic ingasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya ukuxhumana, ukuzulazula, ngisho nokwelashwa.
4. Ukuxhumana: Ukuxhumana kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenzisa amaza omsakazo. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha, njengezwi nevidiyo, ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye.
Le datha ibe isitholwa umamukeli, okhipha ikhodi bese eyithumela endaweni ehlosiwe. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo asetshenziswa futhi ekuxhumaneni okungenantambo, njenge-Wi-Fi ne-Bluetooth, okuvumela amadivaysi ukuthi axhumane ngaphandle kwesidingo sezintambo. Amagagasi: Amagagasi ayiziphazamiso ezihamba emkhathini kanye nendaba ngendlela yamandla. Akhiwe umthombo odlidlizayo futhi angaba ngomshini noma yi-electromagnetic. Imvamisa yegagasi inombolo yezikhathi lapho i-oscillate ngomzuzwana, futhi ikalwa nge-hertz (Hz).
Ubude begagasi yibanga eliphakathi kweziqongo ezimbili ezilandelanayo noma imikhombe yegagasi, futhi kukalwa ngamamitha (m). Amaza omsakazo awuhlobo lwamagagasi kagesi anefrikhwensi ephakathi kuka-3 kHz no-300 GHz. I-Spectrum Allocation: Ukwabiwa kwe-Spectrum kuyinqubo yokunikeza amafrikhwensi ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukene. Kwenziwa ohulumeni noma ezinye izinhlaka ezilawulayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinsiza ezahlukene ziyafinyelela kuma-radio. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukugwema ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezinsizakalo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-spectrum isetshenziswa kahle.
5. I-Electromagnetic Spectrum: I-electromagnetic spectrum iyibanga lawo wonke amafrikhwensi angaba khona emisebe kagesi. Amafrikhwensi omsakazo ayingxenye yale spectrum futhi ngokuvamile atholakala phakathi kuka-3 kHz no-300 GHz.
Imisebe ye-electromagnetic isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa umsakazo, ithelevishini, nokuxhumana kwamaselula. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe izithombe zezokwelapha nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
6. Izinti: Uthilo lusetshenziswa ukudlulisa nokwamukela amaza omsakazo. Ngokuvamile yenziwe ngezinti zensimbi noma izintambo ezihlelwe ngephethini ethile.
Ama-antenna angasetshenziswa ukudlulisa nokwamukela amasignali avela emithonjeni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa iziteshi zomsakazo nomabonakude, amanethiwekhi amaselula, namasathelayithi.
7. I-Radio Wave Propagation: Ukusakazwa kwamagagasi omsakazo kuyinqubo amaza omsakazo ahamba ngayo emkhathini. Amaza omsakazo athintwa indawo ezungezile, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, umswakama, nezinye izici.
Ukusakazwa kwamagagasi omsakazo kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ububanzi kanye nekhwalithi yokusakazwa komsakazo.
8. Ama-Radio Transmitter: I-radio transmitter iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasignali omsakazo. Ngokuvamile iqukethe uthi, umthombo wamandla, kanye nemoduli.
Izithutha zomsakazo zisetshenziselwa ukuthumela ulwazi ezindaweni ezikude, njengokusakazwa komsakazo nomabonakude. Asetshenziswa futhi kumanethiwekhi amaselula, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
