I-Piezoelectricity: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuqonda Imishini yayo Nezicelo

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I-Piezoelectricity amandla ezinto ezithile zokukhiqiza ugesi lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Igama livela kwelesiGreki elithi piezo elisho ingcindezi, kanye nogesi. Yaqala ukutholwa ngo-1880, kodwa umqondo usuyaziwa isikhathi eside.

Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu se-piezoelectricity yi-quartz, kodwa ezinye izinto eziningi nazo zibonisa lesi simo. Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwe-piezoelectricity ukukhiqizwa kwe-ultrasound.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizoxoxa ngokuthi iyini i-piezoelectricity, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, kanye nokunye okuningi okusebenzayo kwalesi simo esimangalisayo.

Yini i-piezoelectricity?

I-Piezoelectricity yikhono lezinto ezithile zokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ukuphendula ingcindezi yemishini. Kuwukusebenzelana komugqa we-electromechanical phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric zingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, izinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela ama-ultrasonic, nama-ultrafine focusing optical assemblies.

Izinto ze-Piezoelectric zihlanganisa amakristalu, izinto zobumba ezithile, izinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA, namaprotheni. Lapho amandla esetshenziswa ezintweni ze-piezoelectric, akhiqiza ishaja kagesi. Lokhu kushaja kungasetshenziselwa ukunika amandla amadivayisi noma ukudala i-voltage.

Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:
• Ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo
• Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric
• Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu
• Amajeneretha ewashi
• Imishini kagesi
• Amabhalansi amancane
• Shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic
• I-Ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies
• Ama-pickups ngeziginci ezithuthukisiwe ngogesi
• Izinto ezibangela izigubhu zesimanje zikagesi
• Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlansi zokushisa igesi
• Imishini yokupheka nokushisisa
• Amathoshi nezinto zokukhanyisa ugwayi.

Uyini umlando we-piezoelectricity?

I-Piezoelectricity yatholwa ngo-1880 izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie. Ishaja kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izitsha zobumba nezinto eziphilayo, ukuphendula ukucindezeleka kwemishini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela', kanye ne-'elektron', okusho 'i-amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-Curies lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kunikeze isibikezelo se-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba nosawoti we-Rochelle.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziselwe izinhlelo eziningi eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi nezinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela, ukugxila kwe-ultrafine kwama-optical assemblies, kanye namafomu isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes ukuze kuxazululwe izithombe esikalini sama-athomu.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, kanye nomthelela we-pyroelectric, lapho okubalulekile kukhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I kwabona ukusetshenziswa kwamakristalu e-piezoelectric athuthukiswe yiBell Telephone Laboratories. Lokhu kwavumela amabutho asemoyeni Ahlangene ukuba ahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni kwabantu abaningi okuhlangene kusetshenziswa umsakazo wezindiza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-piezoelectric nezinto zokwakha e-United States kwagcina izinkampani ekuthuthukisweni kweziqalo zesikhathi sempi emkhakheni wezithakazelo, ukuthola amalungelo obunikazi anenzuzo wezinto ezintsha.

I-Japan yabona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha nokukhula kwemboni ye-piezoelectric yase-United States futhi yathuthukisa ngokushesha eyayo. Babelana ngolwazi ngokushesha futhi bathuthukisa i-barium titanate futhi kamuva bahola izinto ze-zirconate titanate ezinezakhiwo ezithile zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

I-Piezoelectricity isihambe ibanga elide kusukela yatholakala ngo-1880, futhi manje isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezinhlelo zansuku zonke. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwenza intuthuko ocwaningweni lwezinto ezibonakalayo, njenge-ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ethumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ngokusebenzisa into ukuze kulinganiswe ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi namatshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Isebenza kanjani iPiezoelectricity

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngihlola ukuthi i-piezoelectricity isebenza kanjani. Ngizobe ngibheka ukunqwabelana kweshaji kagesi kokuqinile, ukusebenzisana kwe-electromechanical okuqondile, kanye nenqubo ehlehliswayo eyakha lesi simo. Ngizophinde ngixoxe ngomlando we-piezoelectricity kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Ukunqwabelana Kweshaji Kagesi Ku-Solids

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo ekucindezelekeni komshini osetshenziswayo, futhi igama layo livela egameni lesiGreki elithi “piezein” (cindezela noma cindezela) kanye nelithi “ēlektron” (inhlaka).

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kokuqina komshini kuphumela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo zihlanganisa amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalances. futhi ushayele imibhobho ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwe-ultrafine yama-optical assemblies. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi, kanye nezicupha zezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ekukhiqizeni izinhlansi zokushisa igesi, ezintweni zokupheka nezokushisa, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, kanye nomthelela we-pyroelectric, lapho into ethile ikhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Lokhu kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi. Ukuhlolwa akuzange kuphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie compensator ku-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie bahlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphansi, okwabangela ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity. Bakwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu futhi babonisa umphumela kumakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise ugesi we-piezoelectricity. Idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, futhi ukuguqulwa komumo kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu ekuboniseni kweCuries.

Bakwazi ukubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, futhi umphumela we-converse watholwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngokwezibalo ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokubuyiselwa emuva okuphelele kwe-electro-elasto- ukukhubazeka kwemishini kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity isalokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekushicilelweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yemibhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaze ngokuqinile ukuhlaziya kwe-piezoelectric ngokusebenzisa ama-tendonselectric constants. Lokhu kwakuwukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric, futhi i-sonar yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Umtshina wawuhlanganisa a i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu amancane e-quartz anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha okuphezulu imvamisa ukushaya kwe-pulse kusuka ku-transducer nokulinganisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga ukuya entweni. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukuze benze i-sonar ibe yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi yakha intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zezinto zokwakha zahlolwa futhi zathuthukiswa, futhi imishini ye-piezoelectric yathola amakhaya emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Amakhatriji egilamafoni enziwe lula enza idizayini yomdlali ibe lula futhi enzelwe izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile nezinembile ezazishibhile ukuzinakekela futhi kulula ukuzakha.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducer e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla.

I-Linear Electromechanical Interaction

I-Piezoelectricity yikhono lezinto ezithile zokukhiqiza ukushaja kagesi lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini. Igama lisuselwa emagameni esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho “ukucindezela noma ukucindezela” kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho “inhlaka”, okwakuwumthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity yatholwa ngo-1880 izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie. Isekelwe ekusebenzisaneni okuqondile kwe-electromechanical phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kobunzima bemishini kuphumela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho ikhubazekile esakhiweni sazo esimile zifaka amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Best strings for electric guitar

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuwusizo, njenge:

• Ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo
• Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric
• Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu
• Ijeneretha yewashi
• Imishini kagesi
• Amabhalansi amancane
• Shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic
• I-Ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies
• Yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes ukuze kuxazululwe izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu
• Ama-Pickups ngeziginci ezithuthukisiwe ngogesi
• Amacupha ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi
• Ukukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi ezintweni zokupheka nezokushisa
• Amathoshi nezinto zokukhanyisa ugwayi

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kumphumela we-pyroelectric, okuwumsebenzi okhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Lokhu kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi. Nokho, ukuhlola akuzange kuphelele.

Ukubuka ikristalu ye-piezo kusinxephezelo se-Curie e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Kwakuwumsebenzi wabazalwane u-Pierre no-Jacques Curie owahlola futhi wachaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity, okwaphetha ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kwachaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants ngokuhlaziya i-tensor, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric.

I-Sonar yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, lapho uPaul Langevin waseFrance kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mtshina ubuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse high frequency from the transducer. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga lento, besebenzisa i-piezoelectricity. Impumelelo yale phrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo emishinini ye-piezoelectric phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ngezinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinto ezicutshungulwayo futhi zathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric yathola amakhaya emikhakheni eminingi, njengamakhathriji ephonograph enziwe nge-ceramic, enza idizayini yomdlali ibe lula futhi enzela izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile nezinembe kakhudlwana, futhi ezishibhile futhi kulula ukuzokwakha nokuyinakekela.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducers e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amaqembu azimele okucwaninga e-United States, eRussia, naseJapane athola isigaba esisha sezinto zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ferroelectrics, eyayibonisa izinto eziqinile ze-piezoelectric ephakeme izikhathi eziningi kunezinto zemvelo. Lokhu kwaholela ocwaningweni olujulile lokuthuthukisa i-barium titanate, futhi kamuva iholele i-zirconate titanate, izinto ezinezici ezithile zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

Isibonelo esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwamakristalu e-piezoelectric sathuthukiswa yiBell Telephone Laboratories ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza emnyangweni wobunjiniyela bezingcingo zomsakazo,

Inqubo Ehlehliswayo

I-Piezoelectricity ishaje kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo yalezi zinto ekusetshenzisweni kokucindezeleka komshini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' livela emagameni esiGreki 'piezein' asho 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela' kanye 'ēlektron' okusho 'inhlaka', umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezino-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bemishini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo zihlanganisa amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate. Lapho ukwakheka okumile kwalawa makristalu kukhubazekile, abuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala, futhi ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki, akhiqize amagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance u-Jacques noPierre Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, izinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances, shayela ama-nozzles e-ultrasonic, kanye ne-ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga emigqomo yesimanje kagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, lapho into ethile ikhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, yacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus, uFranz Aepinus, noRené Haüy maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lwenhlaka. U-Antoine César Becquerel ubeke ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezelwa kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi, kodwa ukuhlola kubonakale kungenasisekelo.

Izivakashi eziya e-Hunterian Museum e-Glasgow zingabuka i-Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, umboniso womphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric okwenziwa abazalwane u-Piezo no-Jacques Curie. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lolu shintsho lomumo lwenziwe ihaba kakhulu ngabakwaCuries ukuze babikezele umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo. Umthelela wokuxoxisana watholwa ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity isalokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kuchaze ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-tensor.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric, njenge-sonar, yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha i-high frequency pulse ku-transducer nokulinganisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo. Le phrojekthi yakha intuthuko enkulu kanye nesithakazelo emishinini ye-piezoelectric, futhi phakathi namashumi eminyaka izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinsiza kwahlolwa futhi kwathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric

Yini Ebangela I-Piezoelectricity?

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngihlola umsuka we-piezoelectricity nezinto ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa lesi simo. Ngizobe ngibheka igama lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi, kanye nomphumela we-pyroelectricity. Ngizophinde ngixoxe ngokutholwa kuka-Pierre no-Jacques Curie kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini ye-piezoelectric ekhulwini lama-20.

Igama lesiGreki elithi Piezein

I-Piezoelectricity ukunqwabelana kweshaje kagesi ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izitsha zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kubangelwa ukusabela kwalezi zinto ekusetshenzisweni kokucindezeleka kwemishini. Igama elithi piezoelectricity livela egameni lesiGreki elithi “piezein”, elisho “ukukhama noma ukucindezela”, kanye nethi “ēlektron”, okusho ukuthi “inhlaka”, umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezino-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity futhi zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obumile lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance u-Jacques no-Pierre Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziselwe izinhlelo eziningi eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalance. , shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic, kanye nemihlangano ye-optical egxile kakhulu. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga emigqomo yesimanje kagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuyisizukulwane samandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lukaRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubuhlobo phakathi ukucindezeleka komshini kanye nokushaja kagesi. Ukuhlola kubonakale kungaphelele.

Emnyuziyamu eScotland, izivakashi zingabuka isinxephezelo se-piezo crystal Curie, ukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngabazalwane uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz evela kusawoti we-Rochelle abonisa i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lolu shintsho lomumo lwenziwe ihaba kakhulu ekubonisweni kweCuries.

I-Curies iqhubekile nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguquguquka okuphelele kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kwachaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants ngokuhlaziya i-tensor.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-piezoelectricity kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile ananyathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, abizwa ngokuthi i-hydrophone, ukuze kutholwe i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse ephezulu. I-transducer yakala isikhathi esisithathile ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni ukuze abale ibanga lento. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ku-sonar kube yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumishini ye-piezoelectric amashumi eminyaka.

Umthombo Wasendulo Wokushaja Ugesi

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kubangelwa ukusabela kwezinto ekucindezelekeni kwemishini esetshenzisiwe. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' livela egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho 'ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela', kanye negama elithi 'elektron', okusho ukuthi 'amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezino-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity futhi zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungashintshi kumphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, okhiqiza amaza e-ultrasound.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric watholwa ngo-1880 izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie. Isetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalances kanye nokushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic ukuze kugxilwe kakhulu kuma-optical assembles. Futhi yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga emigqomo yesimanje kagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ekukhiqizeni izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuwukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lukaRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel ababeka ubuhlobo phakathi komshini. ukucindezeleka kanye nokushaja kagesi. Nokho, ukuhlola kwabo akuzange kuphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo kanye nesinxephezelo se-Curie e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kubonisa umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Kwakuwumsebenzi wabazalwane u-Pierre no-Jacques Curie owahlola futhi wachaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity, okwaphetha ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kwachaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants ngokuhlaziya i-tensor, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric.

I-Sonar yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I nguPaul Langevin waseFrance kanye nozakwabo, abakha umtshina ohamba ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza nge-ultrasonic. Umtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha i-high frequency pulse ku-transducer kanye nokulinganisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo. Le phrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric amashumi eminyaka.

I-Pyroelectricity

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. Kuwukusebenzelana komugqa we-electromechanical phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Igama elithi "piezoelectricity" lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi "piezein", elisho "ukukhama noma ukucindezela", kanye negama lesiGreki elithi "ēlektron", okusho ukuthi "amber", umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric watholwa izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance u-Jacques no-Pierre Curie ngo-1880. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bomshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo zihlanganisa amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate. Uma isakhiwo esimile sikhubazekile, sibuyela kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene uyakhiqizwa, okuholela ekukhiqizeni amagagasi e-ultrasound.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziswa kabi ezinhlelweni eziningi eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela i-ultrasonic, kanye ne-ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies. Futhi kuyisisekelo sokuskena izibonakhulu ze-probe, ezisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi, kanye nezicupha zezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuwukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lukaRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, ababemise ubuhlobo. phakathi kokucindezeleka komshini kanye nokushaja kagesi. Nokho, ukuhlola akuzange kuphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo e-Curie Compensator Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie bahlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwabo kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi ukuze banikeze ukuqonda kwe-pyroelectricity nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate ne-quartz zitholwe zibonisa i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lokhu kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu ngabakwaCuries ukuze babikezele umphumela we-piezoelectric. Umphumela we-converse watholwa ngokwezibalo yizimiso eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonar kwaba yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kanye nesithakazelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinto zahlolwa futhi zathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric ithole amakhaya emikhakheni eminingi, njengamakhathriji ephonograph enziwe nge-ceramic, enza idizayini yomdlali yaba lula futhi yenzela izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile, ezinembe kakhulu ezazishibhile ukuzinakekela futhi kulula ukuzakha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducers e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amaqembu azimele abacwaningi e-United States, eRussia naseJapane athola isigaba esisha sezinto zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-ferroelectrics, ezazibonisa izinto eziqinile ze-piezoelectric.

Izinto zePiezoelectric

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngixoxa ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric, okuyikhono lezinto ezithile ukuze ziqongelele ukushajwa kukagesi ekuphenduleni ingcindezi yemishini esetshenzisiwe. Ngizobheka amakristalu, izinto zobumba, izinto eziphilayo, ithambo, i-DNA namaprotheni, nokuthi wonke asabela kanjani kumphumela we-piezoelectric.

Okunamandla

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuselwa emagameni esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela' futhi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho 'inhlaka', umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi. Izinto ze-Piezoelectric zihlanganisa amakristalu, izinto zobumba, izinto eziphilayo, ithambo, i-DNA, namaprotheni.

I-Piezoelectricity ukusebenzisana kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo zihlanganisa amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate, angakhubazeka abe ubukhulu bawo bangempela noma ngokuphambene, aguqule ubukhulu bawo obumile lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-inverse piezoelectric effect, futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaza e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nale. njengama-microbalances, shayela ama-nozzles e-ultrasonic, nama-ultrafine agxile kuma-optical assemblies. Futhi yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. Ama-pickup e-Piezoelectric nawo asetshenziswa kuziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ekukhiqizeni izinhlansi zokushisa igesi ekuphekeni nasekushisiseni izinto zokusebenza, kanye nasemathoshi nasezintweni zokukhanyisa ugwayi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuyisizukulwane samandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi komshini. ukucindezeleka kanye nokushaja kagesi. Ukuhlolwa kobufakazi bokuthi lo mbono bekungaphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie compensator e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie bahlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi ukuze banikeze ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity. Bakwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu futhi babonisa umphumela kumakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise ugesi we-piezoelectricity. Idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile; ukushintsha komumo kweqiwe kakhulu ekubonisweni kweCuries.

Bakwazi futhi ukubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo futhi banqume ngezibalo izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic ngemuva kwayo. UGabriel Lippmann wenza lokhu ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric ku-sonar yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, abizwa ngokuthi i-hydrophone, ukuze kutholwe i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse ephezulu. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze bezwe i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga eliya entweni. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ku-sonar kube yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumishini ye-piezoelectric phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

Ceramics

Izinto ze-Piezoelectric ziyizinto eziqinile ezinqwabelanisa ukushaja kagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. I-Piezoelectricity isuselwa kumagama esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho ukuthi 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela' kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho 'i-amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi. Izinto zokwakha ze-Piezoelectric zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta inkjet ye-piezoelectric, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla aphezulu.

Izinto ze-piezoelectric zitholakala kumakristalu, izinto zobumba, izinto eziphilayo, ithambo, i-DNA, namaprotheni. I-Ceramics yizinto ezivame kakhulu ze-piezoelectric ezisetshenziswa emisebenzini yansuku zonke. I-Ceramics yenziwe ngenhlanganisela ye-metal oxides, njenge-lead zirconate titanate (PZT), eshiselwa kumazinga okushisa aphezulu ukuze akhe okuqinile. I-Ceramics iqinile kakhulu futhi ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi.

I-Piezoelectric ceramics inokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukukhiqiza izinhlansi zokuthungela igesi yokupheka nokushisisa, njengamathoshi nezinto zokukhanyisa ugwayi.
• Ukukhiqiza amaza e-ultrasound ezithombeni zezokwelapha.
• Ukukhiqiza ugesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu kumajeneretha wewashi nezinto zikagesi.
• Ukukhiqiza amabhalansi amancane ukuze asetshenziswe ekukaleni okunembayo.
• Ukushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwe-ultrafine yama-optical assemblies.
• Ukwakha isisekelo sokuskena izibonakhulu ze-probe, ezingaxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu.
• Ama-Pickups weziginci ezithuthukisiwe ze-elekthronikhi nama-trigger ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectric ceramics isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ku-electronics yabathengi kuya ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha. Zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zingamelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme nezingcindezi, zizenze zilungele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.

I-Biological Matter

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. Lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho 'ukucindezela noma ukucindezela', kanye ne-'ēlektron', okusho ukuthi 'inhlaka', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Izinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo, i-DNA, namaprotheni ziphakathi kwezinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bomshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zalezi zinto zifaka amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate, akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungashintshi, akhiqize amaza e-ultrasound ngomphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene.

Ukutholwa kwe-piezoelectricity kwenziwa izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance u-Jacques no-Pierre Curie ngo-1880. Kusukela lapho iye yasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuwusizo, okufana nalokhu:

• Ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo
• Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric
• Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu
• Ijeneretha yewashi
• Imishini kagesi
• Amabhalansi amancane
• Shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic
• I-Ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies
• Yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe
• Xazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu
• Ama-Pickups ngeziginci ezithuthukisiwe ngogesi
• Amacupha ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ezintweni zansuku zonke ezifana nokupheka ngegesi nezinto zokushisisa, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, nokunye. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuwukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18. Besebenzisa ulwazi luka-René Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeke ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezelwa komshini kanye nokushajwa kukagesi, kodwa ukuhlola kwabo kubonakale kungaphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie Compensator e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric. Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie bahlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwabo kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi ukuze banikeze ukubikezela kwe-pyroelectricity nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lo mphumela wenziwa ihaba kakhulu ngabakwaCuries ukuze babikezele umphumela we-piezoelectric. Umthelela wokuxoxisana watholwa ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics).

bone

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. I-Bone ingenye yezinto ezinjalo ezibonisa lesi simo.

Ithambo liwuhlobo lwento ephilayo ehlanganisa amaprotheni namaminerali, kuhlanganise ne-collagen, i-calcium, ne-phosphorus. Iwugesi we-piezoelectric kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izinto zebhayoloji, futhi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi yokusebenza.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric ethanjeni uwumphumela wesakhiwo sawo esiyingqayizivele. Yakhiwa inethiwekhi yamafayili e-collagen afakwe ku-matrix yamaminerali. Lapho ithambo lingaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemishini, imicu ye-collagen iyanyakaza, okwenza amaminerali abe yi-polarized futhi akhiqize ukushaja kagesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric ethanjeni unezinhlelo eziningi ezisebenzayo. Isetshenziselwa izithombe zezokwelapha, njenge-ultrasound kanye ne-X-ray imaging, ukuze kutholwe ukuphuka kwamathambo nokunye okungajwayelekile. Ibuye isetshenziswe ezinsizeni zokuzwa zethambo, ezisebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukuguqula amaza omsindo abe amasignali kagesi athunyelwa ngqo endlebeni yangaphakathi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric emathanjeni nawo usetshenziswa ekufakweni kwamathambo, njengamalunga okwenziwa kanye nezitho zokufakelwa. Izimila zisebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukuguqula amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi, abese esetshenziselwa ukunika amandla idivayisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela we-piezoelectric emathanjeni uyahlolwa ukuze usetshenziswe ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha. Isibonelo, abacwaningi baphenya ukusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwamathambo nokulungisa izicubu ezilimele.

Sekukonke, umphumela we-piezoelectric emathanjeni uyinto ethokozisayo enezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo. Isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezokwelapha nezobuchwepheshe, futhi iyahlolwa ukuze isetshenziswe ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha.

DNA

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. I-DNA ingenye yezinto ezinjalo ezibonisa lo mphumela. I-DNA iyingqamuzana yezinto eziphilayo etholakala kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi yakhiwe ngezisekelo ezine ze-nucleotide: i-adenine (A), i-guanine (G), i-cytosine (C), ne-thymine (T).

I-DNA iyi-molecule eyinkimbinkimbi engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ukushaja kagesi lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-DNA akhiwa imicu emibili yama-nucleotide ehlanganiswe ndawonye ngamabhondi e-hydrogen. Uma la mabhondi ephulwa, kukhiqizwa ishaji kagesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric we-DNA usetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukukhiqiza ugesi wokufakelwa kwezokwelapha
• Ukuthola nokulinganisa amandla emishini kumaseli
• Ukuthuthukisa izinzwa ze-nanoscale
• Ukudala ama-biosensor wokulandelana kwe-DNA
• Ukukhiqiza amaza e-ultrasound ukuze kuthathwe izithombe

Umthelela we-piezoelectric we-DNA nawo uyahlolwa ukuze usetshenziswe ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezintsha, njengama-nanowires nama-nanotubes. Lezi zinto zingasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla kanye nokuzwa.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric we-DNA ucutshungulwe kabanzi futhi utholakale uzwela kakhulu ekucindezelekeni kwemishini. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibalulekile labacwaningi nonjiniyela abafuna ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe.

Sengiphetha, i-DNA iwumsebenzi okhombisa umphumela we-piezoelectric, okuyikhono lokuqongelela imali kagesi ekuphenduleni ukucindezela kwemishini okusetshenzisiwe. Lo mphumela usetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izimila zezokwelapha, izinzwa ze-nanoscale, nokulandelana kwe-DNA. Iphinde ihlolelwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungaba khona ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezintsha, njengama-nanowires nama-nanotubes.

Amaprotheni

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric, ezifana namaprotheni, amakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA, zibonisa lo mphumela. Amaprotheni, ikakhulukazi, ayimpahla ye-piezoelectric eyingqayizivele, njengoba akhiwe isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-amino acid angakhubazeka ukuze akhiqize amandla kagesi.

Amaprotheni awuhlobo oluningi kakhulu lwe-piezoelectric material, futhi atholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Angatholakala ngendlela yama-enzyme, amahomoni, nama-antibodies, kanye nasesimweni samaprotheni esakhiwo njenge-collagen ne-keratin. Amaprotheni nawo atholakala ngendlela yamaprotheni emisipha, anesibopho sokunciphisa imisipha nokuphumula.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric wamaprotheni ungenxa yokuthi akhiwa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-amino acid. Uma lawa ma-amino acid ekhubazekile, akhiqiza amandla kagesi. Le shaji kagesi ingase isetshenziselwe ukunika amandla izinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi, njengezinzwa nama-actuator.

Amaprotheni nawo asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezokwelapha. Isibonelo, zisetshenziselwa ukubona ukuthi kukhona amaprotheni athile emzimbeni, angasetshenziswa ukuxilonga izifo. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukubona ukuthi kukhona amagciwane athile kanye namagciwane, angasetshenziswa ukuxilonga izifo.

Amaprotheni nawo asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni. Isibonelo, zisetshenziselwa ukudala izinzwa nama-actuator ezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezimboni. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukwakha izinto ezingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindiza nezinye izimoto.

Sengiphetha, amaprotheni ayimpahla ye-piezoelectric eyingqayizivele engasetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene. Akhiwe ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-amino acid angakhubazeka ukuze akhiqize ukushaja kagesi, futhi asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezokwelapha nezimboni.

Ukuvuna Amandla nge-Piezoelectricity

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngixoxa ngokuthi i-piezoelectricity ingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuvuna amandla. Ngizobe ngibheka izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ze-piezoelectricity, kusukela ekuphrinteni inkjet ye-piezoelectric kuya kumajeneretha wewashi namabhalansi amancane. Ngizophinde ngihlole umlando we-piezoelectricity, kusukela ekutholweni kwayo nguPierre Curie kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo eMpini Yezwe II. Ekugcineni, ngizobe ngixoxa ngesimo samanje semboni ye-piezoelectric kanye namandla okuqhubeka nokukhula.

I-Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing

I-Piezoelectricity yikhono lezinto ezithile zokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ukuphendula ingcindezi yemishini. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuselwa kumagama esiGreki 'piezein' (ukucindezela noma ukucindezela) kanye 'ne-elektron' (amber), umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric, njengamakristalu, izitsha zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA, zisetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi aphezulu, njengejeneretha yewashi, ezintweni zikagesi, kanye namabhalansi amancane. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukushayela ama-nozzles we-ultrasonic kanye ne-ultrafine egxilisa imihlangano ye-optical. Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-Piezoelectric kuwuhlelo oludumile lwalobu buchwepheshe. Lolu uhlobo lokuphrinta olusebenzisa amakristalu e-piezoelectric ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudlidliza kwemvamisa ephezulu, okusetshenziselwa ukukhipha amaconsi kayinki ekhasini.

Ukutholakala kwe-piezoelectricity kuhlehlela emuva ku-1880, lapho izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie zithola umphumela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziselwe izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo. I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziswa ezintweni zansuku zonke ezifana nemishini yokupheka neyokushisisa ngegesi, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nama-pickupu kuziginci ezithuthukiswa ngogesi kanye nama-trigger ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity nayo isetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Kuyisisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. Ibuye isetshenziswe ku-ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ethumela ama-pulses e-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi ilinganise ukubonakaliswa ukuze kutholwe ukungaqhubeki nokuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini nezinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric kuqhutshwa isidingo sokusebenza okungcono kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezilula. E-United States, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakristalu e-quartz okusetshenziselwa ukuhweba kube yisici esikhulu ekukhuleni kwemboni ye-piezoelectric. Ngokuphambene, abakhiqizi baseJapane baye bakwazi ukwabelana ngokushesha ngolwazi futhi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha, okuholela ekukhuleni okusheshayo emakethe yaseJapane.

I-Piezoelectricity iguqule indlela esisebenzisa ngayo amandla, kusukela ezintweni zansuku zonke njengezibani ukuya ocwaningweni lwesayensi oluthuthukisiwe. Ubuchwephesha obusebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi obusenze sakwazi ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha nezinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi buzoqhubeka buyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Ukukhiqiza Ugesi Onamandla Kagesi Aphezulu

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile eziqinile ukuze ziqongelele ukushaja kagesi ukuphendula ingcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuselwa kumagama esiGreki 'piezein' asho 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela' kanye 'ēlektron' okusho 'amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi. I-Piezoelectricity ukusebenzisana kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uyinqubo ehlehliswayo; izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity futhi zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, isizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bemishini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, into eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni nasekutholeni umsindo, ekunyatheliseni inkjet ye-piezoelectric, kumajeneretha wewashi, emishinini kagesi, kuma-microbalances, kuma-nozzles e-drive, nakuma-ultrafine agxile kuma-optical assembling.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, kumathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, nezinto zomphumela we-pyroelectric, okukhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Lo mphumela wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi, nakuba ukuhlola kwabo kungabonakali.

Ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lokhu kwenziwe ihaba kakhulu ekuboniseni kukaCuries umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric.

Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie baqhubekile nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity isalokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekushicilelweni kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yemibhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaze ngokuqinile ukuhlaziya i-piezoelectric constants.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric kwaqala ngokusungulwa kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umtshina ubuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha i-high frequency pulse ku-transducer nokulinganisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukuze benze i-sonar ibe yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumishini ye-piezoelectric phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandelayo.

Izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinto zihlolisisiwe futhi zathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric ithole amakhaya emikhakheni eyahlukene, njengamakhathuji ephonograph enziwe nge-ceramic, enza idizayini yomdlali yaba lula futhi enzela izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile, ezinembe kakhudlwana ezazishibhile ukuzinakekela futhi kulula ukuzakha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducer e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

IMpi Yezwe II yabona amaqembu azimele abacwaningi e-United States, eRussia naseJapane ethola isigaba esisha sezinto zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuthi i-fer.

I-Clock Generator

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi ukuphendula ukucindezeleka komshini okusetshenzisiwe. Lesi senzo sisetshenziselwe ukudala inani lezinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo, ezihlanganisa amajeneretha ewashi. Amajeneretha ewashi angamadivayisi asebenzisa i-piezoelectricity ukuze akhiqize amasignali kagesi anesikhathi esinembile.

Amajeneretha ewashi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, njengamakhompiyutha, ezokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zezimoto. Zibuye zisetshenziswe kumishini yezokwelapha, njengama-pacemaker, ukuze kuqinisekiswe isikhathi esinembile samasignali kagesi. Amajeneretha ewashi nawo asetshenziswa ekuzishintsheni kwezimboni kanye namarobhothi, lapho isikhathi esinembayo sibalulekile.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric usekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity zingaphinda zikhiqize ubunzima lapho kufakwa inkambu kagesi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene futhi usetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amagagasi e-ultrasound.

Amajeneretha wewashi asebenzisa lo mphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene ukuze akhiqize amasignali kagesi ngesikhathi esinembayo. Impahla ye-piezoelectric ikhubazekile inkambu kagesi, okubangela ukuthi idlidlize ngemvamisa ethile. Lokhu kudlidliza kuguqulwa kube isignali kagesi, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza isignali yesikhathi esinembile.

Amajeneretha wewashi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kumishini yezokwelapha kuye ezishintshayo zezimboni. Zithembekile, zinembile, futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okudumile ezinhlelweni eziningi. I-Piezoelectricity iyingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe besimanje, futhi amajeneretha wewashi angenye yezinhlelo eziningi zalesi simo.

Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile eziqinile ukuze ziqongelele ukushaja kagesi ukuphendula ingcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric, isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kusukela ekuthathweni kweziginci ezikhuliswe ngogesi kuya kumacupha ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity isuselwa kumagama esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho ukuthi "cindezela" noma "cindezela" kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho ukuthi "amber", umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric zingamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana namaprotheni ethambo ne-DNA, abonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric ukusebenzisana kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bomshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, into eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Ukutholakala kwe-piezoelectricity kuthiwa yizazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie, ababonise umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngo-1880. Ulwazi lwabo oluhlangene lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezakhiwo zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa komphumela we-pyroelectric, kanye nekhono lokubikezela. ukuziphatha kwekristalu kwaboniswa ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziswe emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, nezinto zomphumela we-pyroelectric ezikhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Lokhu kwafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi. Ukuhlolwa akuzange kuphelele, nokho, kwaze kwaba yilapho umbono wekristalu ye-piezo kumnyuziyamu we-Curie compensator e-Scotland ubonisa umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric wabazalwane baseCurie.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kusukela ekuthathweni kweziginci ezikhuliswe ngogesi kuya kumacupha emigqomo yesimanje kagesi. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni nasekutholeni umsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, ama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela i-ultrasonic, kanye ne-ultrafine egxile emibuthanweni yokubona. I-Piezoelectricity futhi iyisisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu.

Ama-microbalances

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile eziqinile ukuze ziqongelele ukushaja kagesi ukuphendula ingcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. I-Piezoelectricity isuselwa emagameni esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein), okusho ukuthi “cindezela” noma “cindezela”, kanye nethi ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), okusho ukuthi “amber”, umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zezinhlelo zokusebenza zansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi yokupheka nokushisisa izinto, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni nasekutholeni umsindo, nasekuphrinteni inkjet ye-piezoelectric.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi aphezulu, futhi iyisisekelo samajeneretha wewashi kanye nezinto zikagesi ezifana namabhalansi amancane. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziselwe ukushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic kanye ne-ultrafine egxilisa imihlangano ye-optical.

Ukutholakala kwe-piezoelectricity kuthiwa yizazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie ngo-1880. Abazalwane baseCurie bahlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwabo kwezakhiwo zekristalu eziyisisekelo ukuze kuvele umqondo we-piezoelectricity. Bakwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu futhi babonisa umphumela kumakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric wasetshenziselwa izinhlelo eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I kwaba impumelelo enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-piezoelectricity. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amaqembu azimele abacwaningi e-United States, eRussia, naseJapane athola isigaba esisha sezinto zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ferroelectrics, eyayibonisa izinto eziqinile ze-piezoelectric eziphakeme ngokuphindwe kashumi kunezinto zemvelo.

Lokhu kwaholela ocwaningweni olunzulu nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-barium titanate futhi kamuva okuhola izinto ze-zirconate titanate, ezazinezakhiwo ezithile zezicelo ezithile. Isibonelo esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwamakristalu e-piezoelectric sathuthukiswa eBell Telephone Laboratories ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II.

UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza emnyangweni wobunjiniyela bezingcingo zomsakazo, wakha ikristalu elisikiwe elisebenza emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene. Ikristalu ka-Lack ayizange idinge izesekeli ezisindayo zamakristalu angaphambilini, okwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwayo endizeni. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwavumela amabutho asemoyeni Ahlangene ukuba ahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni kwabantu abaningi okuhlanganisiwe kusetshenziswa umsakazo wezindiza.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-piezoelectric kanye nezinto zokwakha e-United States kwagcina izinkampani eziningana ebhizinisini, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwamakristalu e-quartz kwakuxhashazwa ukuhweba. Izinto zokwakha ze-piezoelectric selokhu zasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kufaka phakathi izithombe zezokwelapha, ukuhlanzwa kwe-ultrasonic, nokunye.

Shayela i-Ultrasonic Nozzle

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo ekucindezelweni komshini osetshenziswayo futhi lisuselwa kumagama esiGreki 'piezein', asho 'cindezela' noma 'cindezela', kanye 'ne-elektron', okusho 'i-amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric ukusebenzisana kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo salokhu amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate, akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki, okuholela kumphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, okuwukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance u-Jacques no-Pierre Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880 futhi kusukela lapho iye yasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi.

Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuyizinto ezikhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus, uFranz Aepinus, futhi phakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka edweba ulwazi oluvela kuRené Haüy no-Antoine César Becquerel ababeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka komshini kanye imali kagesi. Ukuhlola ukufakazela lokhu bekungaphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie Compensator e-Hunterian Museum eScotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngabazalwane uPierre noJacques Curie. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda izakhiwo zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza isibikezelo se-pyroelectricity futhi kwabavumela ukuba babikezele ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lokhu kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu yi-Curies ukubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, owatholwa ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie emsebenzini wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Lokhu kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants ngokuhlaziya i-tensor.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric kwaqala nge-sonar, eyasungulwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile ananyathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, abizwa ngokuthi i-hydrophone, ukuze kutholwe i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse ephezulu. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ezwe ukunanela kwamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, akwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ku-sonar kube yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumishini ye-piezoelectric amashumi eminyaka.

Izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinsiza ziye zahlolisiswa futhi zathuthukiswa, futhi imishini ye-piezoelectric yathola amakhaya ezindaweni ezifana ne-ceramic phonograph cartridges, eyenza idizayini yomdlali ibe lula futhi yenzela izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile, ezinembe kakhudlwana ezazishibhile ukuzinakekela futhi kulula ukuzakha. . Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducer e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ngempahla futhi alinganise ukubonakaliswa kanye nokungaqhubeki ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe.

I-Ultrafine Focusing Optical Assemblies

I-Piezoelectricity ikhono lezinto ezithile zokuqongelela ukushajwa kukagesi lapho ingaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini. Kuwukusebenzelana okuqondile kwe-electromechanical phakathi kwezimo zikagesi nezemishini zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. I-Piezoelectricity iyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity nazo zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bemishini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo.

I-Piezoelectricity isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla aphezulu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekunyatheliseni kwe-inkjet, amajeneretha ewashi, izinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela i-ultrasonic, kanye ne-ultrafine egxile ku-optical assembling.

I-Piezoelectricity yatholwa ngo-1880 izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie. Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziwusizo, njengokukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla aphezulu. Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric nakho kuyasetshenziswa, kanye namajeneretha wewashi, izinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances, ama-nozzles okushayela i-ultrasonic, kanye nemihlangano ye-ultrafine egxile ku-optical.

I-Piezoelectricity isithole indlela yayo ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi yokupheka nokushisisa izinto, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, nezinto zomphumela we-pyroelectric ezenza amandla kagesi aphendule ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa. Lo mphumela wacwaningwa ngu-Carl Linnaeus no-Franz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela ku-René Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi. Ukuhlola kubonakale kungaphelele.

I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kanye ne-quartz kanye nosawoti we-Rochelle kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, nakuba ukuguqulwa komumo kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu. I-Curies yabikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, futhi umphumela wokuguquguquka watholakala ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic ngu-Gabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguquguquka okuphelele kwe-electro- ukuguqulwa kwe-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kwachaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-tensor ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto ezingokoqobo ze-piezoelectric.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonar kwaba iphrojekthi eyimpumelelo eyakha intuthuko ejulile kanye nesithakazelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinto zahlolwa futhi zathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric ithole amakhaya emikhakheni eyahlukene, efana ne-ceramic phonograph cartridges, eyenza idizayini yomdlali ibe lula futhi yenza izidlali zamarekhodi zishibhe futhi zibe lula ukuzinakekela nokwakha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducers e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Ukuqala komkhakha wezithakazelo ze-piezoelectricity kuvikelwe ngamalungelo obunikazi anenzuzo ezinto ezintsha ezakhiwe ngamakristalu e-quartz, ezaxhashazwa ngokwentengiso njengempahla ka-piezoelectric. Ososayensi basesha izinto zokusebenza eziphakeme, futhi naphezu kokuthuthuka kwezinto kanye nokuvuthwa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, imakethe yase-United States ayizange ikhule ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, abakhiqizi baseJapane babelane ngolwazi ngokushesha futhi izicelo ezintsha zokukhula embonini ye-piezoelectric yase-United States yahlupheka ngokungafani nabakhiqizi baseJapane.

I-Piezoelectric Motors

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngikhuluma ngokuthi i-piezoelectricity isetshenziswa kanjani kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Kusukela ekuhloleni ama-microscopes we-probe angaxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu kuya ekuthathweni kweziginci ezikhuliswe ngele-elekthronikhi namathriga wezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi, i-piezoelectricity isiyingxenye ebalulekile yamadivayisi amaningi. Ngizohlola umlando we-piezoelectricity nokuthi isetshenziswe kanjani ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene.

Amafomu Isisekelo Sokuskena I-Probe Microscopes

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo ekucindezelekeni komshini osetshenziswayo, futhi igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuka egameni lesiGreki elithi πιέζειν (piezein) elisho "cindezela" noma "cindezela" kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho ukuthi "amber", umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Ama-piezoelectric motors angamadivayisi asebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukukhiqiza ukunyakaza. Lo mphumela uwukuxhumana okuqondile kwe-electromechanical phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bomshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zezinto ezikhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziwusizo, njengokukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalances kanye nokushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic ukuze kusetshenziswe imihlangano ye-ultrafine egxile kakhulu. Futhi yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu.

I-Piezoelectricity yatholwa ngo-1880 izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie. Umbono wekristalu ye-piezo kanye nesinxephezelo seCurie ungabonakala eHunterian Museum eScotland, okuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngabazalwane uPierre noJacques Curie.

Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwabo kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezela kwe-pyroelectricity, okwabavumela ukuba babikezele ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kanye ne-quartz kanye nosawoti we-Rochelle kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, nakuba lokhu kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu yi-Curies.

Baphinde babikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, futhi lokhu kwathathwa ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic ngu-Gabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokubuyela emuva okuphelele kwe-electro-elasto- ukukhubazeka kwemishini kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekushicilelweni kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yemibhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaza ngokuqinile ukulinganisa kwe-piezoelectric kanye ne-tendon.

Lokhu kwaholela ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwemishini kagesi ebizwa ngokuthi i-piezoelectric, njenge-sonar, eyasungulwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mtshina ubuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse high frequency from the transducer. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ezwe i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, akwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric amashumi eminyaka.

Izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinsiza ziye zahlolwa futhi zathuthukiswa, futhi imishini ye-piezoelectric yathola amakhaya emikhakheni eminingi, njengamakhathriji e-ceramic phonograph, enza idizayini yomdlali yaba lula futhi yenzela izidlali zamarekhodi ezishibhile nezinembe kakhudlwana ezazishibhile ukuzinakekela futhi zibe lula. ukwakha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducer e-ultrasonic kuvumele ukukala okulula kwe-viscosity kanye nokunwebeka koketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amaqembu okucwaninga azimele e-United

Xazulula Izithombe Ngesikali Sama-athomu

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo yokucindezela kwemishini futhi lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho ukukhama noma ukucindezela. Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zomshini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo.

I-Piezoelectricity iyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, futhi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Izibonelo zalokhu zihlanganisa amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate, akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Umphumela we-piezoelectric usetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana microbalances futhi ushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic. Futhi yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, okuwumsebenzi okhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18. Besebenzisa ulwazi luka-René Haüy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeke ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezelwa komshini kanye nokushajwa kukagesi, kodwa ukuhlola kwabo kubonakale kungaphelele.

Izivakashi ezivakashela i-Hunterian Museum e-Glasgow zingabuka isinxephezelo se-piezo crystal Curie, ukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric okwenziwa abazalwane u-Pierre no-Jacques Curie. Kuhlanganiswe nolwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu engaphansi, kunikeze isibikezelo se-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, kanye ne-quartz kanye nosawoti we-Rochelle obonisa i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, nakuba ukuguqulwa komumo kwenziwa ihaba kakhulu. I-Curies ikwazile ukubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, futhi umphumela wokuxoxisana watholakala ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

Ama-Pickups Ama-Amplified Electronically Guitars

Ama-piezoelectric motors amamotho kagesi asebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla emishini. Umphumela we-piezoelectric yikhono lezinto ezithile zokukhiqiza ukushaja kagesi lapho ungaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini. Amamotho e-piezoelectric asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekunikezeni amandla amathuluzi amancane njengamawashi namawashi kuya ekunikezeni amandla imishini emikhulu njengamarobhothi nemishini yezokwelapha.

Ama-piezoelectric motors asetshenziswa kuma-pickups eziginci ezikhuliswe nge-elekthronikhi. Lawa ma-pickup asebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukuguqula ukudlidliza kwezintambo zesiginci kube isignali kagesi. Lo msindo ube usukhuliswa futhi uthunyelwe ku-amplifier, ekhiqiza umsindo wesiginci. Ama-pickup e-Piezoelectric abuye asetshenziswe ezigubhu zesimanje ze-elekthronikhi, lapho asetshenziselwa khona ukubona ukudlidliza kwamakhanda esigubhu futhi aguqule abe isignali kagesi.

Amamotho e-piezoelectric nawo asetshenziswa ekuthwebuleni ama-microscopes okuhlola, asebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukuhambisa uphenyo oluncane endaweni. Lokhu kuvumela isibonakhulu ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. Amamotho e-Piezoelectric nawo asetshenziswa kumaphrinta we-inkjet, lapho asetshenziselwa ukuhambisa ikhanda lokuphrinta liye emuva naphambili ekhasini.

Amamotho e-Piezoelectric asetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha, izinto zezimoto, nezinto zikagesi zabathengi. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zezimboni, njengasekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye ezinembayo nasekuhlanganisweni kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umphumela we-piezoelectric ubuye usetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amagagasi e-ultrasound, asetshenziswa ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha nasekutholeni amaphutha ezintweni.

Sekukonke, amamotho e-piezoelectric asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ekunikezeni amandla amadivaysi amancane kuya ekunikezeni amandla emishini emikhulu. Asetshenziswa kuma-pickup kuziginci ezikhuliswe nge-elekthronikhi, izigubhu zikagesi zesimanje, ama-microscopes wokuhlola, amaphrinta e-inkjet, izinto zezokwelapha, izingxenye zezimoto, nezinto zikagesi zabathengi. Umphumela we-piezoelectric ubuye usetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amagagasi e-ultrasound nasekutholeni amaphutha ezintweni.

Icupha Izigubhu Zesimanje Ze-elekthronikhi

I-Piezoelectricity inkokhiso kagesi enqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo yalezi zinto ekusetshenzisweni kokucindezeleka komshini. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi “piezein”, elisho “ukucindezela noma ukucindezela”, kanye negama elithi “elektron”, okusho ukuthi “amber”, umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Ama-piezoelectric motors angamadivayisi asebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ukukhiqiza ukunyakaza. Lo mphumela uphumela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric nazo zibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo salokhu amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate, akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki, akhiqize amaza e-ultrasound.

Ama-piezoelectric motors asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zansuku zonke, njenge:

• Ukukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi ezintweni zokupheka nezokushisa
• Amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nezinto zomphumela we-pyroelectric
• Ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa
• Ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo
• Ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric
• Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu
• Ijeneretha yewashi nezinto zikagesi
• Amabhalansi amancane
• Shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic kanye ne-ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies
• Yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe
• Xazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu
• Ama-Pickups ama-amplified guitar
• Icupha izigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Electromechanical Modeling ye-Piezoelectric Transducers

Kulesi sigaba, ngizobe ngihlola ukumodela kwe-electromechanical kwama-transducer e-piezoelectric. Ngizobe ngibheka umlando wokutholakala kwe-piezoelectricity, ukuhlolwa okufakazele ukuba khona kwayo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-piezoelectric nezinto zokwakha. Ngizophinde ngixoxe ngeminikelo yongoti befiziksi baseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie, uCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus, uRene Hauy no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel, uGabriel Lippmann, no-Woldemar Voigt.

Izazi zeFiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical lapho ukushajwa kukagesi kunqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Lokhu kukhokhiswa kwenziwa ngenxa yengcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. Igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho 'ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela', kanye ne-'elektron', okusho 'i-amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kobunzima bomshini kukhiqizwa khona ngokuphendula inkambu kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, amakristalu ashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungashintshi, akhiqize amaza e-ultrasound ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene.

Ngo-1880, izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie bathola umphumela we-piezoelectric futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nogesi. amadivaysi afana nama-microbalances kanye nokushayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic ye-ultrafine egxile kuma-optical assemblies. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe ngesilinganiso sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga emigqomo yesimanje kagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, okufana nokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, lapho into ekhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lukaRené Hauy no-Antoine César Becquerel, ababeka ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo. ukucindezeleka komshini kanye neshaja kagesi, nakuba ukuhlola kwabo kubonakale kungenasisekelo.

Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwayo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi, abakwaCuries bakwazi ukunikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwamakristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise ugesi we-piezoelectricity. Idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, nakuba lokhu kuyihaba kakhulu ekuboniseni kweCuries. Bakwazi futhi ukubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo futhi bawuthola ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic kaGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics).

Ukuhlolwa Kubonakale Kungaphelele

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical lapho ukushajwa kukagesi kunqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kuyimpendulo ekucindezelweni komshini osetshenziswayo, futhi igama elithi 'piezoelectricity' lisuselwe emagameni esiGreki 'piezein', okusho 'ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela', kanye nethi 'ēlektron', okusho 'i-amber', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uvela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezino-inversion symmetry. Kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva; izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima bemishini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obumile lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, kanye nemishini kagesi efana nama-microbalances. , shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic, kanye nemihlangano ye-optical egxile kakhulu. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi, kanye nezicupha zezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity ithola ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ekukhiqizeni izinhlansi ukuze kuthungele igesi kumadivayisi okupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, lapho into ekhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa, yafundwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus phakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi lukaRené Hauy no-Antoine César Becquerel, abamise ubuhlobo. phakathi kokucindezeleka komshini kanye nokushaja kagesi. Ukuhlola kubonakale kungaphelele.

Ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwamakristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lokhu kwenziwe ihaba kakhulu ekuboniseni kukaCuries umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric.

Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie babikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo, futhi umphumela wokuguquguquka watholakala ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bomphumela ophelele. ukuguqulwa kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity isalokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kuchaze ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-tensor. Lokhu kwakuwukusetshenziswa kokuqala okungokoqobo kwama-piezoelectric transducers, futhi i-sonar yathuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina ohamba ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza nge-ultrasonic.

UCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical lapho ukushajwa kukagesi kunqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Lokhu kukhokhiswa kwenziwa ngenxa yengcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuka emagameni esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho “ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela” kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho “i-amber”, umthombo wakudala wokushajwa kukagesi.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric uphumela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, okuyisizukulwane sangaphakathi sobunzima obuwumshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Ngo-1880, izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uJacques noPierre Curie bathola umphumela we-piezoelectric futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wasetshenziselwa izinhlelo eziningi eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, izinto zikagesi, ama-microbalances. , shayela imibhobho ye-ultrasonic, kanye nemihlangano ye-optical egxile kakhulu. Futhi yakha isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi kanye namathriga emigqomo yesimanje kagesi.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde itholakale ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, njengokukhiqiza izinhlansi zokushisa igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, amathoshi, izilayishi zikagwayi, kanye nomthelela we-pyroelectric, okulapho into ethile ikhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Lo mphumela wacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRené Hauy kanye no-Antoine César Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi, nakuba ukuhlola kwabo kungabonakali.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie compensator e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngabazalwane u-Pierre no-Jacques Curie. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz evela kusawoti we-Rochelle kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric ikhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile, nakuba lokhu kweqiwa kakhulu ekuboniseni kwe-Curies.

Ukubikezelwa komthelela we-piezoelectric oguquguqukayo kanye nokudonswa kwawo kwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic kwenziwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokubuyiselwa emuva okuphelele kwe-electro-elasto- ukukhubazeka kwemishini kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri kwaze kwaba yithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie, abayisebenzisela ukuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa ubungani be-piezoelectricity. Lokhu kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-tensor.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwama-piezoelectric transducers kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina ohamba ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza nge-ultrasonic. Umtshina ubuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile ananyathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha ukushaya kwefrikhwensi ephezulu ku-transducer. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ezwe i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, akwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu kanye nentshisekelo kumadivayisi we-piezoelectric.

URene Hauy no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical eyenzeka lapho izinto ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA, zinqwabelanisa ukushajwa kukagesi ngenxa yengcindezi esetshenziswayo. I-Piezoelectricity isuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi 'piezein', elisho 'ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela', kanye ne-'elektron', okusho 'inhlaka', umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric uphumela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezicwebezelayo ezinokulinganisa okuguquguqukayo. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa umphumela we-piezoelectric ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, noma ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kobunzima bomshini obuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, okuholela kumphumela ophambene we-piezoelectric kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie bathola umphumela we-piezoelectric ngo-1880. Lo mphumela usetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta kwe-inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, nezisetshenziswa zikagesi. njengama-microbalances, shayela ama-nozzles e-ultrasonic, nama-ultrafine agxile kuma-optical assemblies. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. I-Piezoelectricity iphinde isetshenziswe ekuthathweni kweziginci ezithuthukiswe nge-elekthronikhi, kanye nezicupha zezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi.

Umphumela we-piezoelectric waqala ukufundwa ngu-Carl Linnaeus no-Franz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela ku-Rene Hauy kanye no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezelwa kwemishini nokushajwa kukagesi. Nokho, ukuhlola akuzange kuphelele. Kuhlanganiswe nolwazi lwe-pyroelectricity, nokuqonda kwezinhlaka zekristalu ezingaphansi, lokhu kubangele ukubikezelwa kwe-pyroelectricity, kanye nekhono lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. I-sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lo mphumela wenziwa ihaba kakhulu embukisweni weCuries eMnyuziyamu waseScotland, owawubonisa umphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric.

Abafowethu uPierre noJacques Curie baqhubekile nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, kwaze kwaba yithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Lo msebenzi wahlola futhi wachaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity, kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics).

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ngokwezibalo izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic zomphumela wokuxoxisana. Lokhu kwenziwa nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881. I-Piezoelectricity yabe isisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa i-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwe-ultrasonic. Lo mtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha i-high frequency pulse ku-transducer nokulinganisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bangabala ibanga lento.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamakristalu e-piezoelectric kwathuthukiswa futhi yiBell Telephone Laboratories ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. UFrederick R. Lack, osebenza emnyangweni wobunjiniyela bezingcingo zomsakazo, wakha ikristalu elisikiwe elingasebenza emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene. Ikristalu ka-Lack ayizange idinge izesekeli ezisindayo zamakristalu angaphambilini, okwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwayo endizeni. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwavumela amabutho asemoyeni Ahlangene ukuba ahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni kwabantu abaningi, esebenzisa umsakazo wezindiza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi we-piezoelectric nezinto zokwakha e-United States kwagcina izinkampani ekuthuthukisweni kweziqalo zesikhathi sempi emkhakheni, kanye nezintshisekelo zokuthola amalungelo obunikazi anenzuzo wezinto ezintsha ezithuthukisiwe. Amakristalu e-quartz axhashazwa ngokwentengiso njengempahla ye-piezoelectric, futhi ososayensi basesha izinto zokusebenza eziphakeme. Naphezu kwentuthuko yezinto zokwakha kanye nokuvuthwa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, i-United States

UGabriel Lippmann

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical lapho ukushajwa kukagesi kunqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Kungumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi ezintweni ezinokwakheka kwe-inversion symmetry. I-Piezoelectricity yatholwa okokuqala izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie ngo-1880.

I-Piezoelectricity iye yaxhashazwa ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta inkjet ye-piezoelectric, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla aphezulu. I-Piezoelectricity isuselwa emagameni esiGreki athi πιέζειν (piezein) asho ukuthi "ukuminyanisa noma ukucindezela" kanye no-ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) okusho ukuthi "amber", umthombo wasendulo wokushajwa kukagesi.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kokucindezeleka komshini kuphumela ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo kagesi. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obumile lapho kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi yangaphandle, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene. Le nqubo ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amagagasi e-ultrasound.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric uye wacutshungulwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-18, lapho u-Carl Linnaeus no-Franz Aepinus, besebenzisa ulwazi luka-René Hauy no-Antoine César Becquerel, babeka ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka komshini kanye neshaji kagesi. Nokho, ukuhlola akuzange kuphelele. Kwaze kwaba yilapho ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-pyroelectricity kanye nokuqonda kwezakhiwo ze-crystal ezingaphansi kwanikeza ukubikezela kwe-pyroelectricity lapho abacwaningi bakwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwekristalu. Lokhu kuboniswe umphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle.

UGabriel Lippmann, ngo-1881, ngezibalo wathola izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic zomphumela we-converse piezoelectric. I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-piezoelectricity ilokhu iyilukuluku laselabhorethri yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre noMarie Curie. Umsebenzi wabo wokuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonise i-piezoelectricity wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics). Lokhu kuchaze amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi kuchaze ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants ngokuhlaziywa kwe-tensor.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemishini ye-piezoelectric kwaqala ngokusungulwa kwe-sonar phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. UPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi we-ultrasonic. Lo mtshina wawuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe. Ngokukhipha i-high frequency pulse ku-transducer nokulinganisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuzwa i-echo yamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, bakwazi ukubala ibanga lento. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity ye-sonar kube yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intshisekelo enkulu yentuthuko kumadivayisi e-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, izinto ezintsha ze-piezoelectric kanye nezicelo ezintsha zalezi zinto zahlolwa futhi zathuthukiswa. Imishini ye-Piezoelectric ithole amakhaya emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela kumakhathriji egilamafoni e-ceramic enza idizayini yomdlali ibe lula futhi enza abadlali bamarekhodi abashibhile, abanembile bashibhile ukuze bagcinwe futhi bakhiwe kalula, kuze kube ukuthuthukiswa kwama-transducer e-ultrasonic avumela ukulinganiswa kalula kwe-viscosity nokunwebeka koketshezi. kanye nezinto eziqinile, okuholela entuthukweni enkulu ocwaningweni lwempahla. Ama-refleometers wesizinda sesikhathi se-Ultrasonic athumela i-pulse ye-ultrasonic ibe yinto futhi alinganise ukucabangela kanye nokuyeka ukuthola amaphutha ngaphakathi kwezinto zensimbi netshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amaqembu azimele okucwaninga e-United States, eRussia, naseJapane athola isigaba esisha sezinto zokwenziwa ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-ferroelectrics ezazibonisa izinto ezingaguquki ze-piezoelectric ephakeme ngokuphindwe kashumi kunezinto zemvelo. Lokhu kwaholela ocwaningweni olujulile lokuthuthukisa i-barium titanate, futhi kamuva iholele i-zirconate titanate, izinto ezinezici ezithile zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Isibonelo esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwamakristalu e-piezoelectric sakhiwe

Woldemar Voigt

I-Piezoelectricity yinto ye-electromechanical lapho ukushajwa kukagesi kunqwabelana ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, njengamakristalu, izinto zobumba, nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nethambo ne-DNA. Lokhu kukhokhiswa kwenziwa ngenxa yengcindezi yemishini esetshenziswayo. Igama elithi piezoelectricity lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi “piezein”, elisho “ukukhama noma ukucindezela”, kanye “ne-elektron”, okusho ukuthi “amber”, umthombo wasendulo wokushaja ugesi.

Umthelela we-piezoelectric uphumela ekusebenzisaneni kwe-electromechanical okuqondile phakathi kwezimo zemishini nezikagesi zezinto ezicwebezelayo ezine-inversion symmetry. Lo mphumela uyabuyiseleka emuva, okusho ukuthi izinto ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity ziphinde zibonise umphumela we-piezoelectric ohlanekezelwe, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kokuqina komshini kuvela endaweni kagesi esetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-lead zirconate titanate akhiqiza i-piezoelectricity elinganisekayo lapho isakhiwo sawo esimile sikhubazekile ukusuka kubukhulu baso basekuqaleni. Ngokuphambene, amakristalu angashintsha ubukhulu bawo obungaguquki lapho kusetshenziswa insimu kagesi yangaphandle, into eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-piezoelectric ophambene, osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound.

Izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance uPierre noJacques Curie bathola i-piezoelectricity ngo-1880. Umphumela we-piezoelectric kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa nokutholwa komsindo, ukuphrinta inkjet ye-piezoelectric, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu, amajeneretha wewashi, nezisetshenziswa zikagesi. njengama-microbalances futhi ushayele imibhobho ye-ultrasonic yokugxila kwe-ultrafine yama-optical assemblies. Futhi yenza isisekelo sokuskena ama-microscopes we-probe, angaxazulula izithombe esikalini sama-athomu. Ukwengeza, ama-pickup kuziginci ezithuthukisiwe ze-elekthronikhi namathriga ezigubhu zesimanje zikagesi zisebenzisa umphumela we-piezoelectric.

I-Piezoelectricity iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke ekukhiqizeni izinhlansi ukuze kuthungele igesi kumishini yokupheka nokushisisa, kumathoshi, okokukhanyisa ugwayi, nokuningi. Umphumela we-pyroelectric, lapho into ekhiqiza amandla kagesi ekuphenduleni ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, yacwaningwa nguCarl Linnaeus noFranz Aepinus maphakathi nekhulu le-18, besebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kuRene Hauy no-Antoine Cesar Becquerel, owabeka ubudlelwano phakathi kwemishini. ukucindezeleka kanye nokushaja kagesi. Ukuhlola ukufakazela lobu budlelwano kubonakale kungaphelele.

Ukubuka kwekristalu ye-piezo ku-Curie compensator e-Hunterian Museum e-Scotland kuwukuboniswa komphumela oqondile we-piezoelectric ngabazalwane u-Pierre no-Jacques Curie. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabo lwe-pyroelectricity nokuqonda izakhiwo ze-crystal eziyisisekelo kwaholela ekubikezelweni kwe-pyroelectricity, okwabavumela ukuba babikezele ukuziphatha kwekristalu abakubonisa ngomphumela wamakristalu afana ne-tourmaline, i-quartz, i-topazi, ushukela wommoba, nosawoti we-Rochelle. . I-sodium ne-potassium tartrate tetrahydrate kanye ne-quartz nakho kubonise i-piezoelectricity, futhi idiski ye-piezoelectric yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-voltage lapho ikhubazekile. Lolu shintsho lomumo lwenziwe ihaba kakhulu ekubonisweni kwe-Curies, futhi baqhubeka nokubikezela umphumela we-piezoelectric. Umthelela wokuxoxisana watholwa ngokwezibalo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic nguGabriel Lippmann ngo-1881.

I-Curies yaqinisekisa ngokushesha ukuba khona komphumela wokuxoxisana, futhi yaqhubeka nokuthola ubufakazi bobuningi bokuguqulwa okuphelele kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-elasto-mechanical kumakristalu e-piezoelectric. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, i-piezoelectricity yahlala iyilukuluku laselabhorethri, yaze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekutholweni kwe-polonium ne-radium nguPierre Marie Curie, owayisebenzisela ukuhlola nokuchaza izakhiwo zekristalu ezibonisa i-piezoelectricity. Lokhu kufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokushicilelwa kwe-Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik ka-Woldemar Voigt (Incwadi Yombhalo Ye-Crystal Physics), eyachaza amakilasi ekristalu emvelo akwazi ukwenza i-piezoelectricity futhi achaza ngokuqinile ama-piezoelectric constants kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya i-tensor.

Lokhu kwaholela ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwemishini kagesi ebizwa ngokuthi i-piezoelectric, njenge-sonar, eyasungulwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. EFrance, uPaul Langevin kanye nozakwabo bakha umtshina osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mtshina ubuhlanganisa i-transducer eyenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz azacile anamathiselwe ngokucophelela kumapuleti ensimbi, kanye ne-hydrophone ukuthola i-echo ebuyisiwe ngemva kokukhipha i-pulse high frequency from the transducer. Ngokukala isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ezwe ukunanela kwamaza omsindo egxuma entweni, akwazi ukubala ibanga eliya entweni. Basebenzise i-piezoelectricity ukwenza le sonar ibe yimpumelelo, futhi iphrojekthi idale intuthuko enkulu nentshisekelo kuyo.

Ubudlelwano obubalulekile

Ama-Piezoelectric Actuators: Ama-Piezoelectric actuators amadivayisi aguqula amandla kagesi abe ukunyakaza kwemishini. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kumarobhothi, kumishini yezokwelapha, nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula ukunyakaza okunembile.
Izinzwa ze-Piezoelectric: Izinzwa ze-Piezoelectric zisetshenziselwa ukukala imingcele yomzimba njengokucindezela, ukusheshisa, nokudlidliza. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa izicelo zezimboni nezokwelapha, kanye nakuma-electronics abathengi.
I-Piezoelectricity Emvelweni: I-Piezoelectricity yinto eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ezintweni ezithile, futhi itholakala ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo. Isetshenziswa ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuzwa indawo ezikuyo kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Isiphetho

I-Piezoelectricity yinto emangalisayo esetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ku-sonar kuya kuma-cartridges wegilamafoni. Ifundwe kusukela maphakathi nawo-1800s, futhi isetshenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kubhulogi kuhlole umlando nokusetshenziswa kwe-piezoelectricity, futhi kugqamise ukubaluleka kwalesi simo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Kulabo abathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-piezoelectricity, lokhu okuthunyelwe kuyisiqalo esihle.

NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.

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