Njalo ngekhulu leminyaka liza nezinganekwane zalo, abalingiswa bemikhakha yabo abaqhamuka nesitatimende esishintsha umhlaba unomphela.
Kwakunjalo nangekhulu lama-20. Kwasinika abaculi nabashayi besiginci abenza umculo esiyowujabulela unomphela.
Lesi sihloko simayelana nalabo badlali besiginci abachaze kabusha indlela insimbi edlalwa ngayo ngezindlela zabo eziphelele kanye nabo bonke abaculi abakhulu ababakhuthaza ngezitayela zabo ezihlukile.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi singene ohlwini, ngicela wazi ukuthi ngeke ngahlulele abaculi ngokuyala kwabo insimbi kuphela kodwa ngethonya labo lamasiko nomculo.
Sengikushilo lokho, ngithanda ukuthi lolu hlu ulufunde ngendlela evulekile, ngoba akukhulunywa ngabantu abanethonya kakhulu kodwa abaphakathi kwabanamandla.
Robert Johnson
Ehlonishwa njengobaba oyinhloko kanye nomsunguli we-blues, uRobert Leroy Johnson unguFitzgerald womculo.
Bobabili abazange babonwe lapho besaphila kodwa babezoholela ekukhuthazeni izinkulungwane zamaciko ngemva kokushona kwabo ngemisebenzi yabo yobuciko eyingqayizivele.
Okuwukuphela kwento edabukisayo ngaphandle kokushona kukaRobert Johnson kwakuwukungabi bikho kwakhe ukuqashelwa kwezohwebo noma emphakathini ngesikhathi esaphila.
Kangangoba iningi lendaba yakhe empeleni yakhiwe kabusha abacwaningi ngemuva kokuhamba kwakhe. Kodwa lokho, neze, kumenza angabi nathonya.
Umculi ohamba yedwa owaziwayo waziwa ngamazwi akhe ayela ngasocansini kanye ne-virtuoso, enezingoma ezingaba ngu-29 ezingakwazi ukuqinisekiswa kusukela ngawo-1930 ngaphansi kwebhande lakhe.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe yakudala ihlanganisa izingoma ezifana ne-"Sweet Home Chicago," "Walkin Blues," kanye nethi "Love in Vain."
Eshona ngokudabukisayo eneminyaka engama-27 ngo-Agasti 16, 1938, uRobert Johnson waziwa ngokuthandwa kwakhe kwamaphethini we-boogie asikiwe abeka itshe legumbi lomculo kagesi waseChicago nomculo we-rock and roll.
UJohnson usengomunye wamalungu okuqala eqembu elidume kabi elithi “27 club” futhi ukhaliswa abathandi bomculo abalilela abantu abafana noJimi Hendrix, uJanis Joplin, uKurt Cobain, no-Amy Winehouse wakamuva.
Ukuba isigingci esinamandla kunawo wonke owake waphila, imisebenzi kaRobert Johnson ikhuthaze abaculi abaningi abaphumelele.
UBob Dylan, u-Eric Clapton, uJames Patrick, noKeith Richards bambalwa abangababala.
Chuck Berry
Ukube bekungeyena u-Chuck Berry, umculo we-rock ubungeke ube khona.
Ungena emculweni we-Rock & Roll emuva ngo-1955 nge-"Maybellene" futhi walandelwa ama-blockbuster abuyela emuva afana ne-"Roll Over The Beethoven" kanye ne-"Rock and Roll Music," u-Chuck wethula uhlobo lomculo owawuzoba umculo wezizukulwane kamuva.
Nguye owabeka isisekelo somculo we-rock oyisisekelo ngenkathi eletha isiginci eyedwa ku-mainstream.
Lawo ma-riffs nezigqi, ubukhona besiteji obukhangayo; indoda yayiwumfanekiso ongokoqobo wayo yonke into enhle ngomdlali wesigingci sikagesi.
U-Chuck ugunyazwe njengomunye wabaculi abambalwa ababhala, badlala, futhi bacule ezakhe izinto.
Zonke izingoma zakhe beziyinhlanganisela yezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezihlakaniphile namanothi esiginci ahlukile, aluhlaza nanomsindo, konke okuhlanganiswe kahle kakhulu!
Nakuba umsebenzi ka-Chuck ugcwele izikhathi eziningi ezinhle nezingezinhle njengoba sihamba endleleni yenkumbulo, nokho usengomunye wabaculi abanethonya kakhulu futhi eyisibonelo esihle kwabashayi besiginci abaningi asebekhulile nabasafufusa.
Lokho kufaka phakathi abantu abafana noJimi Hendrix kanye nebhendi ye-rock enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, i-The Beatles.
Yize u-Chuck aqala ukuba ngumculi we-nostalgia ngemuva kweminyaka yama-70s, indima ayidlalile ekubumbeni umculo wesigingci wesimanje yinto ezohlale ikhunjulwa.
-Jimi Hendrix
Umsebenzi kaJimi Hendrix wathatha iminyaka emi-4 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, wayeyiqhawe lesiginci igama lakhe lalizongena emlandweni womculo njengomunye wabashayi besiginci abakhulu kunabo bonke.
Futhi kanye nalokho, abaculi abadume kakhulu bekhulu lama-20 futhi omunye wabaculi abanethonya kakhulu.
UJimi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba uJimmy James futhi wasekela abaculi abafana no-BB King no-Little Richard esigabeni seRhythm.
Kodwa-ke, lokho kwashintsha ngokushesha lapho u-Hendrix ethuthela eLondon, indawo lapho ayezovela khona njengenganekwane izwe eliyibona kanye ngeminyaka.
Kanye nabanye abadlali bezinsimbi abanesiphiwo, futhi ngosizo lukaChas Chandler, uJimi waba yingxenye yeqembu le-Rock elenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukugqamisa amakhono akhe okudlala; I-Jimi Hendrix Experience, kamuva eyayizongeniswa ehholo lodumo le-Rock and Roll.
Njengengxenye yebhendi, uJimi wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala omkhulu ngo-Okthoba 13, 1966, e-Evreux, kwalandelwa omunye umdlalo weshashalazi we-Olympia kanye nokuqoshwa kokuqala kweqembu, “Hey Joe,” ngo-Okthoba 23, 1966.
Ukuchayeka okukhulu kuka-Hendrix kwenzeke ngemva kokudlala kwebhendi e-Bag O'Nails nightclub e-London, nezihlabani ezinkulu ezazikhona.
Amagama avelele ahlanganisa uJohn Lennon, uPaul McCartney, uJeff Beck, noMick Jagger.
Lo mdlalo ushiye isixuku simangele futhi wazuza uHendrix inhlolokhono yakhe yokuqala nethi “Record Mirror,” eyayinesihloko esithi “Mnu. I-Phenomenon.”
Ngemuva kwalokho, uJimmy wakhulula izingoma ezilandelanayo neqembu lakhe futhi wazigcina esezindabeni zomhlaba we-rock, hhayi kuphela ngomculo wakhe kodwa nokuba khona kwakhe esiteji.
Ngiqonde ukuthi, singakwazi kanjani lapho umfana wethu eshisa isiginci sakhe edlala eLondon Astoria ngo-1963?
Eminyakeni ezayo, u-Hendrix wayezoba isithonjana samasiko esizukulwane sakhe, esasizothandwa futhi sikhaliswe yiwo wonke umuntu owake wathanda futhi wadlala umculo we-rock.
Ngokuzama kwakhe ukunganaki, engasabi ukuzwakala kakhulu, kanye nekhono lokuphusha isiginci kuze kufike emkhawulweni waso ophelele, ubala njengabanethonya elikhulu kuphela kodwa futhi omunye wabadlali abanekhono kakhulu besigingci se-rock sonke isikhathi.
Ngisho nangemva kokuhamba okudabukisayo kukaJimi eneminyaka engu-27, waba nomthelela kubadlali namaqembu amaningi esiginci aluhlaza nakwe-rock kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukubala.
Amanye amagama aphawuleka kakhulu ahlanganisa uSteve Ray Vaughan, uJohn Mayers, noGary Clark Jr.
Amavidiyo akhe asuka kuma-60s asaheha ukubukwa okungamakhulu ezigidi ku-YouTube.
UCharlie Christian
U-Charlie Christian ungomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekukhipheni isiginci esigabeni sesigqi se-orchestra, nokusinikeza isimo sensimbi eyedwa kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlobo zomculo ezifana ne-Bebop ne-cool jazz.
Inqubo yakhe yochungechunge olulodwa kanye nokukhulisa kwakuyizici ezimbili ezibalulekile ekukhipheni isiginci sikagesi njengensimbi eholayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwakungeyena yedwa umuntu owayesebenzisa i-amplification ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngokwerekhodi, ngicabanga ukuthi uzokuthola kumangaza ukuthi isitayela sokudlala isiginci sikaCharlie Christian sagqugquzelwa kakhulu ama-Saxophonists kunokuba abadlali besigingci se-acoustic bangaleso sikhathi.
Eqinisweni, waze washo kanye ukuthi angathanda ukuthi isiginci sakhe sizwakale njenge-saxophone ye-tenor. Lokhu kuphinde kuchaze ukuthi kungani imidlalo yakhe eminingi ibizwa ngokuthi “njengophondo.”
Empilweni yakhe emfushane yeminyaka engama-26 kanye nomsebenzi owathatha iminyaka embalwa kuphela, uCharlie Christian wayenethonya elikhulu cishe kubo bonke abaculi bangaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, indikimba yemisebenzi yakhe yaba nendima ebalulekile endleleni isiginci sikagesi sesimanje esizwakala ngayo nokuthi sidlalwa kanjani ngokujwayelekile.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaCharlie nangemva kokushona kwakhe, ubesenethonya elikhulu kumaqhawe amaningi esigingci, futhi ifa lakhe lathwalwa yizinganekwane ezinjengoT-Bone Walker, u-Eddie Cochran, u-BB King, u-Chuck Berry, kanye nesihlabani uJimi Hendrix.
U-Charlie useyilungu eliziqhenyayo le-Rock and Roll Hall of Fame kanye nesigingci esiphambili esilolonge ikusasa lensimbi nokusetshenziswa emculweni wesimanjemanje.
U-Eddie Van Halen
Abashayi besiginci abambalwa kuphela abenaleso sici esingu-X esibenze bakwazi ukunikeza ngisho abadlali besigingci abanekhono kakhulu imali yabo, futhi u-Eddie Van Halen ubengumpheki wabo!
Ebhekwa kalula njengomunye wabashayi besiginci abakhulu nabanamandla emlandweni womculo we-rock, u-Eddie Van Halen wenza abantu abaningi babe nesithakazelo esigingci ukwedlula ngisho nonkulunkulu abafana noHendrix.
Futhi, ube neqhaza elikhulu ekuqhakambiseni izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zesiginci njengokuthepha ngezandla ezimbili kanye nemiphumela ye-trem-bar.
Kakhulu, inqubo yakhe manje isisezingeni le-hard rock nensimbi. Ilingiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngisho nangemva kwamashumi eminyaka ezikhathi zakhe zegolide.
U-Eddie waba izinto ezishisayo ngemuva kokusungulwa kweqembu likaVan Halen, elaqala ngokushesha ukubusa endaweni futhi, ngokushesha, izigcawu zomculo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ibhendi yabona impumelelo yayo yokuqala enkulu ngo-1978 lapho ikhipha i-albhamu yayo yokuqala, "Van Halen."
I-albhamu ime ku-#19 kumashadi omculo we-Billboard ngenkathi isasele ama-albhamu e-heavy heavy kanye nama-albhamu e-rock aphumelele kwezohwebo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ngama-80s, u-Eddy wayesengumuntu othanda umculo ngenxa yekhono lakhe lokudlala isiginci elingenasici.
Kuphinde kwaba yiminyaka eyishumi lapho ingoma ka-Van Halen ethi “Jump” ithole unombolo #1 emabhodini ngenkathi ibazuza ngokuqokwa kwayo kokuqala kwe-Grammy.
Ngaphandle kokwenza isiginci sikagesi sidume phakathi kwabantu abajwayelekile, u-Eddie Van Halen uguqule ngokuphelele indlela insimbi edlalwa ngayo.
Ngamanye amazwi, isikhathi ngasinye lapho umculi we-heavy metal ethatha insimbi, ukweleta u-Eddy.
Ube nomthelela esizukulwaneni sabashaya isiginci se-rock nensimbi esikhundleni samagama ambalwa ngenkathi enza abantu abavamile babe nentshisekelo yokuthatha insimbi. cha
BB King
"I-blues yayiphuma igazi elifanayo nelami," kusho u-BB King, indoda eyaguqula ngokoqobo umhlaba we-blues unomphela.
Isitayela sokudlala sika-BB King sathonywa inqwaba yabaculi esikhundleni soyedwa, no-T-Bone Walker, u-Django Reinhardt, no-Charlie Christian bephezulu.
Isu lakhe elisha neloqobo lokudlala isiginci kanye ne-vibrato ehlukile kwakuyinto emenze isithixo sabaculi be-blues.
U-BB King waba ngumdlali odumile ngemuva kokukhipha irekhodi le-blockbuster elithi "Three O'Clock Blues" ngo-1951.
Yahlala kumagazini weBillboard's Rhythm and Blue Charts amasonto angu-17, namaviki angu-5 endaweni yokuqala.
Ingoma yethula i-King carrier, ngemuva kwalokho yathola ithuba lokuculela izethameli zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Njengoba umsebenzi wakhe uthuthuka, amakhono kaKing athuthuka ngokwengeziwe, futhi wahlala engumfundi wezinsimbi othobekile kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Yize iNkosi ingasekho phakathi kwethu, ukhunjulwa njengomunye wabashayi besigingci be-blues abanethonya kunabo bonke, eshiya imikhondo yenqwaba yabashayi besigingci be-rock abangenakubalwa.
Abanye babaculi abayinganekwane abathonya ngomculo wakhe bahlanganisa u-Eric Clapton, uGary Clark Jr, futhi noyedwa uJimi Hendrix!
Futhi funda: Ama-guitar angama-12 angabizi we-blues athola lowo msindo omangalisayo
Jimmy Page
Ingabe ungumdlali wesigingci omkhulu kunabo bonke abake babonwa emhlabeni? Ngeke ngivume.
Kodwa uma ungibuza ukuthi unamandla? Ngingakhuluma ngakho inqobo nje uma ungangibalekele; umculi onjalo nguJimmy Page!
I-riff master, i-orchestrator yesiginci, kanye nomguquli westudiyo, u-Jimmy Page unobuhlanya buka-Jimi Hendrix kanye nothando nokuzwela komculi we-blues noma wesintu.
Ngamanye amazwi, lapho ayezokwenza khona izingoma ezinhle kakhulu ezicula yedwa, wayebuye athande umculo wesiginci ohlanekezelwe. Ingasaphathwa imiyalo yakhe yokugcina yesiginci se-acoustic.
Amanye amathonya avelele kaJimmy Page ahlanganisa uHubert Sumlin, uBuddy Guy, uCliff Gallop, noScotty Moore.
Wahlanganisa izitayela zabo nokudala kwakhe okungenakuqhathaniswa futhi wazenza izingcezu zomculo ezaziwumlingo omsulwa!
UJimmy waduma emhlabeni womculo ngakho konke akwenzile neqembu le-Led Zeppelin, agqama kakhulu ngamaculo afana nethi “How many more times,” “You Shook Me,” kanye “Nebangane.”
Ingoma ngayinye yayihlukile kunenye futhi ikhulumela phezulu ngobuhlakani bomculo kaJimmy Page.
Nakuba u-Led Zeppelin ahlukana ngo-1982 ngokufa kukaJohn Bonham, umsebenzi kaJimmy eyedwa usachuma, ngokubambisana okuningi okukhulu kanye namarekhodi ashaya igama lakhe.
Njengamanje, uJimmy uyaphila futhi muhle, unefa ebelilokhu likhona naphakade elizoba isibani esiyisiqondiso kubaculi abaningi abanekhono.
Eric Clapton
U-Eric Clapton ngelinye igama kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1900 owaqala ukuqopha okokuqala ne-Yardbirds, ibhendi efanayo eyasiza u-Eddie Van Halen ukuthi aqale umsebenzi wakhe.
Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani no-Eddie, u-Eric Clapton ungumuntu othanda i-blues futhi usalokhu engumuntu obalulekile ekwandiseni i-blues kagesi yesimanje nesiginci se-rock, indlela eyasetshenziswa ngaphambili ama-biggies afana no-T. Bone Walker ngeminyaka yama-30s kanye no-Muddy Waters ngeminyaka yama-40s.
U-Eric uthole ikhefu elikhulu maphakathi nawo-60s ngokudlala kwakhe nebhendi ye-blues rock eyayidumile yangaleso sikhathi, u-John Mayall kanye ne-Bluesbreakers.
Bekungamakhono akhe okudlala isiginci kanye nokuba khona kwesiteji okubambe amehlo nezindlebe zabathandi beblues.
Lapho esemehlweni omphakathi, umsebenzi ka-Eric wahlola izici eziningi zomculo futhi wenza iqembu le-rock elaziwayo lama-80s, i-Derek kanye ne-Dominos.
Njengomdlali wesigingci ohamba phambili nomculi, uClapton ukhiqize izingoma zobuciko ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa “uLayla” kanye “Lay Down Sally,” konke okwakuwumoya ohlanzekile kubalaleli bangaleso sikhathi.
Ngemva kwalokho, umculo ka-Eric wawugcwele yonke indawo, kusukela eqoqweni labathandi be-rock kuya kwezentengiso namamuvi.
Yize izinsuku zegolide zika-Eric sezidlulile kuzwekazi elijwayelekile, ukwazi kwakhe kwe-blues, i-plaintive and melancholic vibrato, kanye nokugijima okusheshayo kulingisa abadlali besiginci abaningi abadumile namuhla.
Ngokomlando wakhe kanye nesitayela sokudlala esijwayelekile, u-Eric uthonywe kakhulu nguRobert Johnson, uBuddy Holly, uBB King, uMuddy Waters, u-Hubert Sumlin, namanye amagama amakhulu ayingxenye ye-blues.
U-Eric uthi, "U-Muddy Waters wayengubaba engangingakaze ngibe naye."
Emlandweni wakhe wokuphila, u-Eric wabuye wakhuluma ngoRobert Johnson, ethi, “Umculo wakhe (uRobert) usewukukhala okunamandla engicabanga ukuthi ungawuthola ezwini lomuntu.”
Abanye babadlali besiginci abavelele kanye nezibalo zomculo ezithonywe u-Eric Clapton bahlanganisa u-Eddie Van Halen, uBrian May, uMark Knopfler, noLenny Kravitz.
UStevie Ray Vaughan
UStevie Ray Vaughan wayengomunye nje umculi weminyaka egcwele izihlabani zesiginci, futhi ngenxa yekhono lakhe elingangabazeki, wawela abaningi wafanisa nabasele.
Umculo weBlues wawusuvele "upholile" lapho uStevie egxumela ephathini.
Kodwa-ke, ubusha besitayela kanye nombukiso wokugcina awulethe endaweni yizinto ezimbeke ebalazweni, phakathi kwezinye izimfanelo eziningi.
U-Vaughan wethulwa ngokushesha emhlabeni wesiginci ngumfowabo uJimmie futhi wayesevele ebambe iqhaza emabhendini lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala.
Nakuba wayesedumile edolobheni lakubo ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu-26, wathola impumelelo evamile ngemva kuka-1983.
Lokhu kwakungemva kokuba ebonwe omunye wezihlabani ze-pop ezinethonya elikhulu ekhulwini leminyaka, uDavid Bowie, eSwitzerland Montreux Jazz Festival.
Ngemuva kwalokho, u-Bowie wamema uVaughan ukuthi azodlala naye ku-albhamu yakhe elandelayo, ethi, “Let's Dance”, eyaba yimpumelelo enkulu kuVaughan, nesisekelo somsebenzi wakhe ophumelelayo wedwa.
Ngemuva kokuthola udumo olukhulu ngokudlala kwakhe noBowie, uVaughan wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala eyedwa ngo-1983, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Texas flood.
Ku-albhamu, wenze inguqulo ejulile ye-"Texas Flood" (ekuqaleni eyayiculwa ngu-larry Davis), kanye nokukhipha izingoma zokuqala ezimbili eziqanjwe ngokuthi "Pride and Joy" kanye "noLenny."
I-albhamu ilandelwe amanye ambalwa, ngalinye lidlala ngendlela ehloniphekile emashadini.
Yize uVaughan eze nesakhe isitatimende, abaculi abaningana balolonge indlela yakhe yokudlala.
Ngaphandle komfowabo, amanye amagama agqame kakhulu ahlanganisa uJimi Hendrix, u-Albert King, uLonnie Mack, noKenny Burrel.
Ngokuqondene nalabo abathonya, yisizukulwane sonke sabaculi abaphumelelayo kokubili esikhathini samanje nakudala.
Uma ubona noma ubani edlala i-blues rock kule minyaka, ukweleta uStewie.
UTony Iommi
Ngakuthola kuhlekisa futhi kubucayi lapho ngifunda amazwana athi, “Ukube bekungengenxa kaTony Iommi, wonke amalungu kaJudas Priest, Metallica, Megadeth, futhi mhlawumbe nanoma yiliphi elinye ibhendi lensimbi belizobe lilethela amapizza.”
Nokho, angikwazanga ukuvuma okwengeziwe. UTony Iommi nguyena owasungula insimbi, wavumela insimbi, futhi wadlala insimbi njenganoma ubani omunye.
Futhi into eshaqisayo ukuthi kwaphuma ekuzisoleni okukhulu kukaTony empilweni; iminwe yakhe esikiwe, okungase futhi kukhuthaze izinkulungwane zabadlali besiginci abakhubazekile ngokuzayo.
Nakuba uTony ayengumshayi wesiginci odumile ngisho nasekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, waqala lapho akha i-Black Sabbath ngo-1969.
Ibhendi yaziwa ngokuqhakambisa ukukhishwa kwesiginci kanye ne-tempos ewugqinsi, inqubo engaba umsindo wesiginesha we-Iommi kanye yisisekelo somculo wensimbi ngokuzayo.
Amanye amagama agqame kakhulu u-Iommi ashiwo njengamathonya akhe ahlanganisa u-Eric Clapton, uJohn Mayall, uDjango Reinhardt, uHank Marvin, kanye nenganekwane uChuck Berry.
Mayelana nokuthi uTony Lommi uthonye bani, ake sikubeke kanjalo: wonke amabhendi ensimbi owaziyo nalawo asazofika!
Isiphetho
Umculo uguquke kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, futhi kufanele sibone izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha.
Kodwa-ke, lokho bekungeke kwenzeke uma sikhipha amagama amaciko athile abenze lokho kwaba nokwenzeka ngesimo sabo sengqondo esibi kanye nobuciko bokudala.
Lolu hlu luhlanganisa abambalwa, futhi ngokungangabazeki abahamba phambili balabo baculi, nazo zonke izindlela abathonye ngazo umculo phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ngithemba ukuthi uyavumelana nokukhetha kwami. Futhi noma ungakwenzi lokho kulungile!
Qagela? Kunenani elikhulu labaculi abanomthelela emculweni ngendlela yabo, futhi ukungabafaki esihlokweni se-top 10 akubukeli phansi ubukhulu babo.
Lolu hlu belumayelana nabafana be-poster of guitar music evolution.
Funda okulandelayo: Yikuphi ukushuna kwesiginci okusetshenziswa yi-Metallica? Yashintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kweminyaka
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
