I-Basic Frequency, eyaziwa nangokuthi "isisekelo" noma "i-harmonic yokuqala", iwumculo ukuthi isihlalo sokuqala siyini ku-orchestra ye-symphony.
Imvamisa ephansi kakhulu ochungechungeni lwe-harmonic nendawo yokuqala kuwo wonke amanye amathoni ahlanganisa ucezu lomculo.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi iyini imvamisa eyisisekelo, ukubaluleka kwayo emculweni, nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ezingomeni zakho.
Incazelo yemvamisa eyisisekelo
Ifrikhwensi eyisisekelo, noma i-harmonic yokuqala yegagasi lomsindo eliyinkimbinkimbi, imane nje iyimvamisa ekhiqiza ukudlidliza kwe-amplitude okuphansi kakhulu komsindo. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isikhungo se-tonal" somsindo ngoba yonke inothi ochungechungeni lwe-harmonic ithola inkomba yephimbo kuyo.
Imvamisa eyisisekelo yenothi inqunywa izici ezimbili—ubude balo nokushuba kwalo. Uma iyunithi yezinhlamvu iba yinde nangaphezulu, iba phezulu imvamisa eyisisekelo. Izinsimbi ezifana namapiyano neziginci—akhiwe izintambo ezidlikiza ngokucosha—sebenzisa lesi simiso ukuze bakhe uhla lwazo lwamaphimbo.
Uma sikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe, imvamisa eyisisekelo isho izingxenye ze-sinusoidal ezingaphakathi kwe-waveform eyinhlanganisela - futhi lezi zingxenye ezifanayo ze-sinusoidal zinesibopho sokuthwala isiginali yethu yomculo namafrikhwensi esihlonza ngawo ithoni. Lokhu kusho ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa lolu hlobo olulula lwephimbo emculweni kungasisiza ukuthi sakhe imiculo ephumelelayo, ukuhambisana nezigqi ezizosebenza kahle ngokuzwakalayo kulokho esikuthandayo.
Indlela imvamisa eyisisekelo esetshenziswa ngayo emculweni
Imvamisa eyisisekelo, eyaziwa nangokuthi iphimbo eliyisisekelo noma i-harmonic yokuqala, isetshenziselwa ukudala imiculo nemiphumela ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomculo. Kungumqondo obalulekile okufanele uwuqonde ukuze uzuze ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhiqiza nokudlala izinsimbi.
Emculweni womculo, imvamisa eyisisekelo ithoni ephansi ekhiqizwa lapho igagasi lomsindo lihlangana nendawo yalo. Imvamisa yale toni inqunywa ubude bayo begagasi; lokhu, nakho, kuncike esikhathini sokudlidliza noma isivinini sento eyikhiqizayo - iyunithi yezinhlamvu zensimbi, izintambo zezwi noma i-synthesizer waveform phakathi kweminye imithombo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-timbre nezinye izici ezihlobene nemisindo zingashintshwa ngokushintsha ipharamitha eyodwa ethile - imvamisa yazo eyisisekelo.
Ngokwamagama omculo, le pharamitha ithinta kakhulu indlela esibona ngayo amathoni amabili adlala ngesikhathi esisodwa: noma ngabe azizwa evumelana (lapho kwenzeka ukushaywa okungajulile) noma engezwani (uma kukhona ukushaywa okubonakalayo). Esinye isici esinomthelela singabandakanya indlela esiwahumusha ngayo ama-cadence nama-chords: ukufana okuthile phakathi kwama-pitches kungabangela imithelela ethile kuye ngezisekelo zazo; njengoba lezo zingxenye zingasebenza ndawonye ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela elindelekile kodwa ethokozisayo eyakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengemiculo nokuvumelana ngokujwayelekile.
Okokugcina, nokho kubaluleke kakhulu ezindleleni zokukhiqiza zesimanje - ukwengeza ukulawula amaza okuvama okubalulekile kusivumela ukuthi sisebenzise imithelela ephumelelayo efana nokuhlukanisa izigaba nokucula okuncike kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuphakama kwephimbo kumathrekhi ngamanye ahlanganiswe abe imisindo emikhulu. Ngokuba nokusimama kwethoni kuyo yonke imithombo yomsindo esikhaleni esifanayo, kungase kudalwe amathimbu amasha kuyilapho kugcinwa imigqa yomculo engemuva ephikelela kuyo yonke imiksi noma uhlelo.
I-Physics of Sound
Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa izisekelo zokuvama komculo, kubalulekile ukuqonda i-physics yomsindo. Umsindo wuhlobo lwamandla oludalwa izinto ezidlidlizayo. Uma into inyakaziswa, idala izinhlayiya zomoya ezishayisana nesethi elandelayo yezinhlayiya zomoya futhi zihambe ngephethini yegagasi ize ifike endlebeni. Lolu hlobo lokunyakaza lwaziwa ngokuthi 'igagasi lomsindo'. Le soundwave enyakazayo iphethe izinto ezibonakalayo ezahlukahlukene, njengemvamisa.
Indlela amaza omsindo akhiqizwa ngayo
Ukuze sizwe umsindo, into edlidlizayo idinga ukudala ukudlidliza emoyeni. Lokhu kwenziwa ukunyakaza kwegagasi kokuminyanisa nokungavamile, okusuka emthonjeni kudlule emoyeni ozungezile. Ukunyakaza kwegagasi kune-frequency kanye ne-wavelength. Njengoba iqhubeka emoyeni ihlukana ibe amagagasi ngamanye akhiwa amaza amaningi kumazinga amaningi e-amplitude ahlukene. Ukudlidliza kungena endlebeni yethu futhi kubangele isigubhu sendlebe yethu ukuba sinyakaze ngamaza athile, okusivumela ukuba sikuhumushe njengomsindo.
Imvamisa ephansi kakhulu yegagasi lomsindo yaziwa ngokuthi imvamisa yayo eyisisekelo, noma ithoni eyisisekelo. Lokhu ngokuvamile yilokho esingakubona njengokuthi "inothi" elihlotshaniswa nensimbi noma izwi. Uma iyunithi yezinhlamvu yensimbi idlidliza ngobude bayo obugcwele, kukhiqizwa ifrikhwensi eyodwa kuphela: ithoni yayo eyisisekelo. Uma into idlidliza ihambisana nengxenye yobude bayo, kuzokhiqizwa amagagasi amabili aphelele futhi kuzozwakala amathoni amabili: elilodwa eliphakeme kunangaphambili (“inothi layo elihhafu” ), nelilodwa eliphansi (“inothi layo eliphindwe kabili” ). Lesi simo sisebenza kuzo zonke izinsimbi ezingakhiqiza amathoni amaningi kuye ngokuthi isakhiwo sazo sijabule kangakanani ngesikhathi sokudlidliza - njengezintambo noma izinsimbi ezifuthwayo njengomtshingo.
Imvamisa eyisisekelo ingashintshwa kusetshenziswa amasu afana nokuvumelana - lapho amanothi amaningi edlalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze kukhiqizwe imisindo emikhulu - kanye namaculo - lapho amanothi amabili noma ngaphezulu adlalwa ndawonye ngezikhawu ezincane kune-octave - okuholela emisindweni ecebile evame ukuthembela kuyo. lokhu kuguqulwa kwethoni yokuqala eyisisekelo ngokuningi kwesimilo sabo kanye nomuzwa wemizwa. Ngokuqonda ukuthi i-freuqency idala amagagasi omsindo futhi isebenzisana kanjani namanye amafrikhwensi, abaculi bangasebenzisa lezi zimiso ukuze baqambe umculo onamandla ogcwele izinkulumo nomuzwa othinta ngokujulile izethameli kuwo womabili amaleveli okuqaphela kanye nawokuqaphela.
I-physics ye-frequency ne-pitch
I-physics yomsindo isekelwe ikakhulukazi kubuningi nephimbo. Imvamisa ngokuyisisekelo iyinani lezikhathi lapho igagasi lomsindo liqeda khona umjikelezo ogcwele ngomzuzwana, kuyilapho ukuphakama kuwukuzizwisa okuzimele kwefrikhwensi, okungazwakala njengamathoni aphansi noma aphezulu. Le miqondo emibili ixhumene, futhi imvamisa eyisisekelo inquma inothi lomculo kunoma iyiphi insimbi.
I-Basic frequency frequency i-acoustic wave ephuma entweni edlidlizayo ene-frequency efana nawo wonke amanye amaza e-acoustic akhiqizwa leyo nto, enquma inothi layo lomculo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunoma iyiphi insimbi enikeziwe, ububanzi bayo obuzwakalayo bephimbo buqala kumafrikhwensi ayisisekelo futhi buqhubekele phezulu kuye kumaza okuhleleka okuphezulu adalwe ngama-overtones noma ama-harmonics. Isibonelo, iyunithi yezinhlamvu yesiginci ekahle iqukethe ama-harmonics amaningi amafrikhwensi awo angukuphindaphinda kwemvamisa yawo eyisisekelo njengokuphindwe kabili (i-harmonic yesibili), i-triple (i-harmonic yesithathu) njalo njalo kuze kube yilapho ifinyelela i-octave eyodwa ngaphezu kwephimbo layo lokuqala.
Amandla ezinto eziyisisekelo angancika ezintweni eziningi ezifana nosayizi wentambo, ukungezwani nokokusebenza okusetshenziselwa ukwakha ithuluzi noma uhlobo lwempahla yokucubungula isignali esetshenziselwa ukuyikhulisa; ngakho-ke uma kuziwa ekudaleni izingxenye zomculo kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuze yonke i-nuance ibe nokucaca okwanele ngaphandle kokwehlula omunye noma ukudala ukuphindaphinda okukhulu.
Imvamisa Eyisisekelo Kumathuluzi Omculo
Imvamisa eyisisekelo umqondo obalulekile okufanele uqondwe lapho kuxoxwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwensimbi yomculo. Imvamisa eyisisekelo yomsindo ekhona lapho inothi lidlalwa entweni. Ifrikhwensi eyisisekelo ingasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya indlela inothi elidlalwa ngayo, nephimbo nomsindo wensimbi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngomqondo wokuphindaphinda okuyisisekelo nokusetshenziswa kwawo ezinsimbini zomculo.
Ukuthi imvamisa eyisisekelo isetshenziswa kanjani ukukhomba amanothi omculo
Imvamisa eyisisekelo isetshenziswa abaculi ukuchaza nokukhomba amanothi omculo. Imvamisa eyinhloko yegagasi lomsindo wezikhathi ezithile, futhi kubhekwa njengento eyinhloko eyenza izici ze-timbre ("indlela yokwakheka" noma ikhwalithi yethoni yomsindo). I-Timbre ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinsimbi noma amazwi ahlukene, njengoba ngayinye inezinhlobo zayo ezihlukile zamathoni azenza abonakale, ngisho noma edlala inothi elifanayo.
Uma insimbi noma izwi lidlala inothi, lidlidliza ngefrikhwensi ethile. Le mvamisa ingalinganiswa, futhi ukuphakama kwaleli nothi kungabonakala ngokususelwa endaweni yayo ngokuphathelene namanye amanothi. Amafrikhwensi aphansi ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa namanothi aphansi (amaphimbo aphansi), futhi amafrikhwensi aphezulu ngokuvamile ahambisana namanothi aphezulu (amaphimbo aphezulu).
Le mvamisa elinganiswa ngokubhekiselwe kumanothi omculo yaziwa ngokuthi imvamisa eyisisekelo, engaphinde ibizwe ngokuthi “isigaba sokuphakama” noma “ithoni eyisisekelo”. Ukukubeka kalula, imvamisa eyisisekelo isisiza ukuthi sibone ukuthi iyiphi inothi into edlalayo, kuyilapho i-timbre isitshela ukuthi kudlalwa yiphi insimbi noma izwi.
Emkhiqizweni womculo, amaza abalulekile asisiza ukuthi sihlukanise phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihlukene ezidlala amanothi afanayo - njengokwazi lapho kune-viola esikhundleni se-violin eyenza lawo mazwi aphakame kakhulu. Ukuhlonza le miculo kusiza abaqambi ukuthi bakhe imisindo ehlukile futhi bacwengisise ukuqamba kwabo ngenkathi bexuba ekukhiqizweni kwangemuva. Ezimweni zokusebenza okubukhoma, amathuluzi angase adinge amashuna akala isici esibalulekile esiyingqayizivele sensimbi ngayinye ukuze abadlali bahlale beshaya ngokunembile ububanzi bamanothi abazihlosile phakathi nokusebenza. Ngokuqonda ukuthi amafrikhwensi ayisisekelo angasisiza kanjani ukuba siwakhombe kangcono lapho sidala umculo osetshenziswa bukhoma nesitudiyo sithola ukuqonda okubalulekile ekwakheni imigqa yengoma eyahlukahlukene ukuze izilaleli zethu zijabulele!
Amathuluzi ahlukene akhiqiza kanjani amafrikhwensi ayisisekelo ahlukene
Imvamisa eyisisekelo ingenye yezimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinsimbi zomculo, njengoba inquma ukuphakama nephimbo lomsindo womculo. Ithuluzi ngalinye likhiqiza imvamisa yalo eyingqayizivele eyisisekelo ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, njengobude balo nokokusebenza elakhiwe ngakho. Ukuze kube lula, ubude bensimbi buhlobene ngokuqondile nobukhulu bamaza omsindo wayo.
Isibonelo, lapho iyunithi yezinhlamvu kusiginci ihlwithwa, idlidliza ngesivinini esithile (kuye ngokuthi ihlwithwe kanzima kangakanani) okuhumusheka kumafrikhwensi ayo ayisisekelo - ebangeni elizwakalayo labantu - okuzodala amathoni athile. Ngokufanayo, insimbi noma i-gong izodlidliza lapho ishaywa futhi idale amafrikhwensi athile ahlobene nesisindo noma usayizi wayo.
Usayizi nokuma kwamathuluzi omoya wokhuni nakho kuthinta imvamisa yawo eyisisekelo njengoba empeleni angamashubhu ashaywa umoya anezimbobo noma izimbobo ezihlelwe eduze kwendawo yazo ukuze alinganise amandla omoya ngaphakathi kwawo; lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zenze amanothi ahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwebanga lawo ngokuletha amaphimbo ahlukene ukusuka kulo mthombo owodwa. Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi zomhlanga ezincane ezinjengemitshingo nama-clarinets zidinga umoya omncane ngokudlidliza okunamandla kumaza aphezulu kunamakhulu njengama-bassoon nama-oboe.
Ngokucabangela ukuthi ubude bensimbi, ukwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinye izici zifaka isandla kanjani ekukhiqizeni amaza okuzwakala ebangeni elizwakalayo labantu, singabona ukuthi izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene zinezici ezihlukile ezikhiqiza imisindo eyingqayizivele lapho iguqulelwa ekukhulumeni komculo - okunikela ekuqondeni kwethu okucebile komculo. ithiyori!
Ukusebenzisa Imvamisa Eyisisekelo Emculweni
Imvamisa eyisisekelo noma i-harmonic yokuqala iyisici esibalulekile ongacabanga ngaso njengomculi. Imvamisa ephansi kakhulu yegagasi lomsindo wezikhathi ezithile futhi idlala indima ebalulekile endleleni esiyibona ngayo ingxenye esele yochungechunge lwe-harmonic. Njengomculi, ukuqonda ukuthi iyini imvamisa eyisisekelo nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani emculweni kubalulekile ukuze udale umsindo ocebile noyinkimbinkimbi. Ake sihlole ukuthi singayisebenzisa kanjani imvamisa eyisisekelo emculweni wethu.
Ukusebenzisa imvamisa eyisisekelo ukudala ukuvumelana
Emculweni, okuyisisekelo imvamisa lapho umsindo ukhiqiza khona iphimbo lawo elihlukile. Lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo olutholakala ezicini zomculo ezifana nephimbo nokuvumelana lusiza ekudaleni ukuhlonza ingxenye yomculo oyidalayo. Uma uhlanganisa imvamisa eyisisekelo yensimbi eyodwa nemvamisa eyisisekelo yelinye ithuluzi, ukuvumelana kuyadalwa.
Ukusebenzisa imvamisa eyisisekelo ukudala ukuvumelana, kubalulekile ukuqonda umqondo ongemuva kwakho. Igama elithi “imvamisa eyisisekelo” libhekisela ekuphikiseni okuyingqayizivele kwanoma iyiphi inothi noma iphimbo elisebenza njengesakhiwo salo esibalulekile. Ngokuqonda amaza omsindo ngamunye, ungakwazi ukuhlonza uhlamvu lwawo oluthile bese usebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze wakhe imiculo, izingoma noma ukuqhubeka kwe-harmonic phakathi kwezinsimbi ezimbili ezahlukene noma imisindo.
Isibonelo, ngokuhlanganisa imisindo emibili (A no-B) lapho u-A eku-220 Hz futhi u-B eku-440 Hz - ngesilinganiso esiyisisekelo samafrikhwensi esingu-2:1 -ungadala izikhawu ezinkulu kwezintathu phakathi kuka-A no-B ngokuvumelana (ukunikeza kokubili amanothi ahambisana nephethini yesikali esikhulu). Ukwengeza uma enye insimbi (C) ingena ekuhlanganiseni okungu-660 Hz—ibe nesikhawu sesine esiphelele ukusuka ku-B—ngenkathi isalokhu igcina amafrikhwensi awo ahlukahlukene ngokulingana okungu-2:1; umuzwa omkhulu nakakhulu wokuhlangana ungadalwa phakathi kwalezo zinsimbi zomculo ezintathu lapho zidlalwa ndawonye ngesikhathi esisodwa!
Ukusebenzisa amafrikhwensi ayisisekelo ngokuhambisana nemiculo kusisiza ukuthi sakhe izingoma zomculo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezigcina ubunikazi bomkhiqizo othize. Kuphinde kusivumele ukuthi sihlole ukuthungwa/imisindo emisha engafani nanoma yini esake sayizwa ngaphambili! Khumbula nje ukuthi uma usebenzisa le ndlela yokudala umculo; qala njalo ngokujwayela iphimbo ngalinye elithi Fundamental Frequency (FF), njengoba lingasebenza njengemephu yomgwaqo yakho lapho wakha ama-harmonies!
Ukusebenzisa imvamisa eyisisekelo ukudala isigqi
Imvamisa eyisisekelo, noma imvamisa eyisisekelo yegagasi lomsindo, ivame ukusetshenziswa emculweni ukuze kwakhiwe isigqi. Amaza omsindo ahamba kancane anamaza amade amaza namaza aphansi, kuyilapho amaza omsindo ahamba ngokushesha akhiqiza amaza aphezulu. Ngokulungisa imvamisa eyisisekelo yegagasi lomsindo elihlanganisiwe, abaculi bangakwazi ukukhohlisa ngokuphumelelayo ukugeleza nesivinini sezingoma zabo.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomculo, amafrikhwensi ahlukene ahambisana nezigqi ezithile. Umculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi uvamise ukusebenzisa le nqubo ngemisindo eshintshashintshayo ngokushesha enamaza aphezulu ayisisekelo. Ngokuphambene, amathrekhi e-hip-hop ne-R&B ngokuvamile asebenzisa imisindo enephimbo eliphansi enamaza amade amade ahamba ngesivinini esikhululekile — lokhu kuhambisana nezigqi eziqinile zesigubhu ezinikeza isisekelo esinesigqi esizinzile sezakhi zephimbo.
Ngokukhohlisa imvamisa eyisisekelo ye-soundwave ehlanganisiwe, abaculi bomculo bayakwazi ukwenza isigqi esiyingqayizivele esichaza ubunikazi besitayela sokuqanjwa kwabo. Ngokusebenzisa kwabo ngamabomu amaza ayisisekelo amaciko asungula amafomula ayinkimbinkimbi okulandelanisa angahambisani nezindlela ezivamile zokwakheka kanye namandla ekuqanjweni komculo. Umculo okhiqizwe kusetshenziswa le ndlela uyindlela evusa inkanuko yokuveza imibono noma izindaba ezihlukile.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, ukuqonda imvamisa eyisisekelo yomsindo kungenye yezinto eziyisisekelo zokukhiqiza umculo. Ngaphandle kwemvamisa eyisisekelo, bekungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa izingoma bese uqamba umculo othinta abantu. Ngokuqonda imiqondo ehlotshaniswa nayo kanye nenqubo yokuyithola, ungadalela abalaleli bakho umculo onomthelela omkhulu.
Isifinyezo semvamisa eyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo emculweni
Imvamisa eyisisekelo, eyaziwa nangokuthi "iphimbo" lomsindo, ingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha nokuhlonza umculo. Le frikhwensi ithoni ephansi kakhulu yensimbi. Ingazwakala futhi izwakale, futhi uma ihlanganiswa namanye amathoni idala ama-overtones noma "harmonics". Lawa maza engeziwe anwebeka kulokho esingakuzwa kumathoni ayisisekelo futhi awenze athandeke kakhulu lapho ebonwa indlebe yomuntu.
Ezimweni zomculo, imvamisa eyisisekelo ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukumaka amaphuzu okuqala nesiphetho emishwana ngoshintsho oluvumelanayo noma ngokuwabeka kuma-accents aqinile kunamanye amanothi. Ingase futhi iguqule izikali ezikhona ukuze igcizelele izikhawu ezithile kangcono kunezinye. Ngokuyishintsha ngendlela efanele, abaqambi bayakwazi ukukhulisa imizwelo ethile noma bavuse umoya othile emculweni. Okubalulekile nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ezinsimbini zomculo eziningi; izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo zidinga amaphimbo athile abalulekile ukuze zihlale zizwana ngenkathi izinsimbi eziphefumulayo zizisebenzisa njengendawo eyinkomba lapho zibeka phansi amanothi azo.
Sengiphetha, imvamisa eyisisekelo iyingxenye yesisekelo sokuqanjwa nokusebenza komculo ebilokhu ikhona kusukela kudala. Ukukwazi ukuwulawula kuvumela abaculi ukuthi bagobe umculo ngokuthanda kwabo futhi bawulawule ngokomzwelo nangobuhle. Ukuqonda imvamisa eyisisekelo kusisiza ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukuthi intekenteke kodwa inomthelela kangakanani kumongo omkhulu wethiyori yomculo nesakhiwo.
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
