Uyini umsindo wedijithali? Umbuzo abaningi bethu abake bazibuza wona, futhi akuyona impendulo elula.
Umsindo wedijithali uwumfanekiso womsindo ngefomethi yedijithali. Kuyindlela yokugcina, ukukhohlisa, kanye nokudlulisa amasiginali alalelwayo ngendlela yedijithali ngokuphambene ne-analogi. Kuyintuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bomsindo.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi uyini umsindo wedijithali, wehluke kanjani kumsindo we-analogi, nokuthi iguqulelwe kanjani indlela esirekhoda ngayo, sigcine, futhi silalele umsindo.
Uhlolojikelele
Iyini i-Digital Audio?
Umsindo wedijithali usho ukumelwa komsindo ngefomethi yedijithali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaza omsindo aguqulwa abe uchungechunge lwezinombolo ezingagcinwa, zikhonjwe indlela, futhi zidluliselwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bedijithali.
Ikhiqizwa kanjani i-Digital Audio?
Umsindo wedijithali ukhiqizwa ngokuthatha amasampula ahlakaniphile wegagasi lomsindo we-analog ngezikhathi ezithile. Lawa masampuli abe esemelwa njengochungechunge lwezinombolo, ezingagcinwa futhi zisetshenziswe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bedijithali.
Yiziphi Izinzuzo Zomsindo Wedijithali?
Ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe besimanje kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu izindleko ezihlobene nokuqopha nokusabalalisa umculo. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula kubaculi abazimele ukuthi babelane ngomculo wabo nomhlaba. Okurekhodiwe okulalelwayo kwedijithali kungasatshalaliswa futhi kudayiswe njengamafayela, kuqede isidingo samakhophi aphathekayo njengamarekhodi noma amakhasethi. Umthengi uthola izinsiza zokusakaza ezidumile ezifana ne-Apple Music noma i-Spotify inikeza ukufinyelela kwesikhashana kokwethulwa kwezigidi zezingoma.
Ukuvela Komsindo Wedijithali: Umlando Omfishane
Kusuka Kumagagasi Emishini Kuya Kumasiginesha Edijithali
- Umlando womsindo wedijithali ungalandelelwa emuva ekhulwini le-19 lapho amathuluzi emishini afana namasilinda ethini nama-wax asetshenziselwa ukurekhoda nokudlala imisindo.
- Lezi zisilinda zaziqoshwe ngokucophelela ezinemisele eyayiqoqa futhi icubungule izinguquko zomfutho womoya ngendlela yamagagasi ayimishini.
- Ukufika kwamagilamafoni futhi kamuva, amakhasethi, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngabalaleli ukuba bajabulele umculo ngaphandle kokuya lapho kudlalwa bukhoma.
- Nokho, ikhwalithi yalokhu okuqoshiwe yayilinganiselwe futhi imisindo yayivame ukuhlanekezelwa noma ilahleke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-BBC kanye Nokuzalwa Komsindo Wedijithali
- Ngawo-1960, i-BBC yaqala ukuhlola uhlelo olusha lokusakaza oluxhumanisa isikhungo sayo sokusakaza nezindawo ezikude.
- Lokhu kwakudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwedivayisi entsha engacubungula imisindo ngendlela elula nephumelelayo.
- Isixazululo sitholwe ekusetshenzisweni komsindo wedijithali, owasebenzisa izinombolo ezihlukene ukumela izinguquko zomfutho womoya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Lokhu kwenza ukuba kulondolozwe unomphela isimo sokuqala somsindo, esasingatholakali ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphansi.
- Isistimu yomsindo wedijithali ye-BBC yayisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwefomu le-wave, elathathwa ngesilinganiso sezikhathi eziyinkulungwane ngomzuzwana futhi lanikezwa ikhodi kanambambili ehlukile.
- Leli rekhodi lomsindo linike amandla uchwepheshe ukuthi aphinde adale umsindo wokuqala ngokwakha idivayisi engakwazi ukufunda futhi ihumushe ikhodi kanambambili.
Intuthuko kanye Nezintsha Kumsindo Wedijithali
- Ukukhishwa kwerekhoda yomsindo wedijithali etholakala ngokwentengiso ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kwaphawula isinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili emkhakheni womsindo wedijithali.
- Lesi siguquli se-analog kuya kwedijithali sigcine imisindo ngefomethi yedijithali engalondolozwa futhi isetshenziswe kumakhompyutha.
- Ifomethi ye-VHS tape kamuva yaqhubeka nalo mkhuba, futhi umsindo wedijithali ususetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizeni umculo, ifilimu, nethelevishini.
- Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha okungapheli kumsindo wedijithali kuholele ekudalweni kwamagagasi ahlukene okucubungula umsindo nezindlela zokulondoloza.
- Namuhla, amasiginesha omsindo wedijithali asetshenziselwa ukulondoloza nokuhlaziya imisindo ngendlela eyayingatholakali, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukujabulela ikhwalithi yomsindo engenakuqhathaniswa okwakungenakwenzeka ukuyifeza ngaphambili.
I-Digital Audio Technologies
Ukurekhoda Nokugcina Ubuchwepheshe
Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buye benza izinguquko endleleni esiqopha ngayo nokugcina umsindo. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obudume kakhulu buhlanganisa:
- Ukuqoshwa kwe-Hard disk: Umsindo uyarekhodwa futhi ugcinwe ku-hard drive, okuvumela ukuhlela kalula nokushintshwa kwamafayela alalelwayo.
- Itheyiphu yomsindo wedijithali (DAT): Ifomethi yokurekhoda yedijithali esebenzisa itheyiphu kazibuthe ukuze igcine idatha yomsindo.
- Ama-CD, DVD, nama-Blu-ray discs: Lawa ma-optical discs angagcina inani elikhulu ledatha yomsindo wedijithali futhi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa komculo nevidiyo.
- I-Minidisc: Ifomethi yediski encane, ephathekayo eyayidumile ngeminyaka yawo-1990s nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
- I-Super Audio CD (SACD): Ifomethi yomsindo enokulungiswa okuphezulu esebenzisa idiski ekhethekile nesidlali ukuze kuzuzwe ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono kunama-CD ajwayelekile.
I-Playback Technologies
Amafayela alalelwayo edijithali angadlalwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- Amakhompyutha: Amafayela alalelwayo edijithali angadlalwa futhi kumakhompyutha kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yesidlali semidiya.
- Izidlali zomsindo wedijithali: Amadivayisi aphathekayo njengama-iPod nama-smartphone angadlala amafayela alalelwayo edijithali.
- Iziteshi zomsindo ze-Workstationdigital: Isofthiwe yomsindo esebenzayo esetshenziselwa ukurekhoda, ukuhlela, nokuxuba umsindo wedijithali.
- Izidlali ze-CD ezijwayelekile: Laba badlali bangadlala emuva ama-CD alalelwayo ajwayelekile, asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali.
Izokusakaza kanye neRadio Technologies
Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali nabo bube nomthelela omkhulu kwezokusakaza nasemsakazweni. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obudume kakhulu buhlanganisa:
- Irediyo ye-HD: Ubuchwepheshe bomsakazo wedijithali obuvumela umsindo wekhwalithi ephezulu nezici ezengeziwe ezifana nengoma nolwazi lweciko.
- I-Mondiale: Izinga lokusakaza lomsakazo wedijithali elisetshenziswa eYurophu nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
- Ukusakaza kwerediyo yedijithali: Iziteshi zomsakazo eziningi manje zisakaza ngefomethi yedijithali, okuvumela ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono nezici ezengeziwe ezifana nengoma nolwazi lweciko.
Amafomethi Womsindo Nekhwalithi
Amafayela alalelwayo edijithali angagcinwa ngamafomethi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- I-MP3: Ifomethi yomsindo ecindezelweyo esetshenziswa kabanzi ekusabalaliseni umculo.
- I-WAV: Ifomethi yomsindo engacindezelwanga evame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zomsindo ochwepheshe.
- I-FLAC: Ifomethi yomsindo engalahleki enikeza umsindo wekhwalithi ephezulu ngaphandle kokudela usayizi wefayela.
Izinga lomsindo wedijithali likalwa ngokulungiswa nokujula kwawo. Uma kuphezulu ukulungiswa nokujula, ikhwalithi yomsindo iba ngcono. Ezinye izinqumo ezivamile nokujula zihlanganisa:
- 16-bit/44.1kHz: Ikhwalithi yomsindo we-CD.
- 24-bit/96kHz: Umsindo wokucaca okuphezulu.
- 32-bit/192kHz: Umsindo wekhwalithi yesitudiyo.
Izicelo ze-Digital Audio Technologies
Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali bunohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukwenza umsindo wekhonsathi ophelele: Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buvumela ukulawula okunembile kumazinga omsindo nekhwalithi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzuza umsindo ophelele kuzilungiselelo zekhonsathi ebukhoma.
- Abaculi abazimele: Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buye benza ukuthi abaculi abazimele bakwazi ukuqopha futhi basabalalise umculo wabo ngaphandle kwesidingo selebula yokuqopha.
- Irediyo nokusakaza: Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buvumele ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono kanye nezici ezengeziwe emsakazweni nasekusakazeni.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu nevidiyo: Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwefilimu nevidiyo ukuze kuqoshwe futhi kuhlelwe amathrekhi omsindo.
- Ukuzisebenzisela wena: Ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali buye benza kwaba lula ngabantu ukuthi bazidalele futhi babelane ngomculo wabo nomsindo oqoshiwe.
Isampula Yedijithali
Kuyini Ukusampula?
Ukusampula kuyinqubo yokuguqula umculo noma yimuphi omunye umsindo ozwakalayo ube yifomethi yedijithali. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuthatha izifinyezo ezivamile ze-soundwave ngesikhathi esithile futhi uziguqulele kudatha yedijithali. Ubude balezi zifinyezo bunquma ikhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali owumphumela.
Indlela Isampula Esebenza Ngayo
Ukusampula kuhlanganisa isofthiwe ekhethekile eguqula i-analog soundwave ibe ifomethi yedijithali. Isofthiwe ithatha izifinyezo ze-soundwave ngesikhathi esithile, futhi lezi zifinyezo zibe seziguqulelwa kudatha yedijithali. Umphumela womsindo wedijithali ungagcinwa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengamadiski, ama-hard drive, noma ulandwe ku-inthanethi.
Isilinganiso Sesampula kanye Nekhwalithi
Ikhwalithi yomsindo oyisampula incike esilinganisweni samasampuli, okuyinani lezifinyezo ezithathwe ngesekhondi ngalinye. Uma izinga lokusampula liphakeme, iba ngcono ikhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali owumphumela. Kodwa-ke, izinga eliphezulu lokusampula libuye lisho ukuthi isikhala esiningi sithathwa endaweni yokugcina.
Ukucindezelwa kanye nokuguqulwa
Ukufaka amafayela alalelwayo amakhulu endaweni ephathekayo noma ukuwalanda ku-inthanethi, ukucindezela kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Ukucindezela kuhlanganisa ukukhetha okuthile imvamisa nama-harmonics ukuze kudalwe kabusha i-soundwave eyisampula, okushiya indawo eningi yokunyakazisa ukuze umsindo wangempela udalwe kabusha. Le nqubo ayiphelele, futhi olunye ulwazi luyalahleka kunqubo yokucindezelwa.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwesampula
Ukusampula kusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengokwenza umculo, imiphumela yomsindo, ngisho nasekukhiqizeni amavidiyo. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekwakhiweni komsindo wedijithali womsakazo we-FM, amakhamera, kanye nezinguqulo ezithile zekhamera ye-canon. Ukuthatha amasampula kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe okuvamile, kodwa ngokusetshenziswa okubucayi, izinga eliphezulu lokusampula liyanconywa.
interface
Yiziphi izixhumanisi zomsindo?
Izixhumi ezibonakalayo zomsindo amadivayisi aguqula amasiginali omsindo we-analogi asuka kumakrofoni namathuluzi abe amasignali edijithali angacutshungulwa ngesofthiwe kukhompuyutha. Baphinde bahambise amasiginali omsindo wedijithali ukusuka kukhompyutha ukuya kuma-headphone, iziqaphi zestudio, nezinye izinto ezithinta izingcingo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezixhumanisi zomsindo ezitholakalayo, kodwa uhlobo oluvame kakhulu nolwendawo yonke i USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface.
Kungani udinga isixhumi esibonakalayo somsindo?
Uma usebenzisa isofthiwe yomsindo kukhompuyutha yakho futhi ufuna ukurekhoda noma ukudlala umsindo wekhwalithi ephezulu, uzodinga isixhumi esibonakalayo somsindo. Amakhompuyutha amaningi anesixhumi esibonakalayo esakhelwe ngaphakathi, kodwa ngokuvamile lezi ziyisisekelo futhi azinikezi ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu. Isixhumi esibonakalayo somsindo sangaphandle sizokunikeza ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono, okokufaka okwengeziwe nokuphumayo, nokulawula okwengeziwe komsindo wakho.
Yiziphi izinguqulo zakamuva zezixhumanisi zomsindo?
Izinguqulo zakamuva zezixhumanisi zomsindo ziyatholakala ezitolo ezithengisa izinto zomculo. Zishibhile kakhulu kulezi zinsuku futhi ungakhipha izitoko ezindala ngokushesha. Ngokusobala, lapho ufuna ukuthenga ngokushesha, yilapho ungathola khona izinguqulo zakamuva zezixhumanisi zomsindo.
Ikhwalithi Yomsindo Yedijithali
Isingeniso
Uma kukhulunywa ngomsindo wedijithali, ikhwalithi iyisici esibalulekile. Ukumelwa kwedijithali kwamasignali alalelwayo kufinyelelwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi isampula, ebandakanya ukuthatha amasignali e-analog okuqhubekayo futhi uwaguqule abe amanani ezinombolo. Le nqubo iye yashintsha indlela esithwebula ngayo, esikhohlisayo, futhi esikhiqiza ngayo umsindo, kodwa futhi iletha izinselele ezintsha nokucatshangelwa kwekhwalithi yomsindo.
Isampula kanye namafrikhwensi
Umgomo oyisisekelo womsindo wedijithali ukuthwebula nokumela umsindo njengochungechunge lwamanani ezinombolo, ongashintshwa futhi acutshungulwe kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe. Ikhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali incike ekutheni la manani awumela ngokunembe kangakanani umsindo wokuqala. Lokhu kunqunywa izinga lamasampula, okuyinani lezikhathi ngomzuzwana lapho isignali ye-analog ikalwa futhi iguqulelwe kusignali yedijithali.
Umculo wesimanje ngokuvamile usebenzisa isilinganiso samasampula esingu-44.1 kHz, okusho ukuthi isignali ye-analog ithathwa izikhathi ezingu-44,100 ngomzuzwana. Leli izinga lesampula elifanayo elisetshenziselwa ama-CD, ayindlela evamile yokusabalalisa umsindo wedijithali. Amazinga amasampula aphezulu, afana no-96 kHz noma 192 kHz, nawo ayatholakala futhi anganikeza ikhwalithi engcono, kodwa futhi adinga indawo yokugcina eyengeziwe namandla okucubungula.
Umbhalo Wekhodi Wesiginali Yedijithali
Uma isignali ye-analog isithathwe isampula, ifakwa kusignali yedijithali kusetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pulse-code modulation (PCM). I-PCM imele ubukhulu besiginali ye-analog endaweni ngayinye yesampula njengenani lenombolo, elibe ligcinwa njengochungechunge lwamadijithi kanambambili (amabhithi). Inombolo yamabhithi asetshenziselwa ukumela isampula ngayinye inquma ukujula kancane, okuthinta ububanzi obuguqukayo nokulungiswa komsindo wedijithali.
Isibonelo, i-CD isebenzisa ukujula kancane kwamabhithi angu-16, okungamela amazinga e-amplitude angu-65,536 ahlukene. Lokhu kunikeza ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obucishe bube ngu-96 dB, obunele ezindaweni eziningi zokulalela. Ukujula kwebhithi okuphakeme, okufana namabhithi angu-24 noma amabhithi angu-32, kunganikeza ikhwalithi engcono nakakhulu nobubanzi obuguqukayo, kodwa futhi kudinga indawo yokugcina eyengeziwe namandla okucubungula.
Ukuguqulwa Komsindo Wedijithali
Enye yezinzuzo zomsindo wedijithali yikhono lokukhohlisa nokucubungula isignali usebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe. Lokhu kungafaka ukuhlela, ukuxuba, ukusebenzisa imithelela, kanye nokulingisa izindawo ezihlukene. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinqubo zingathinta nekhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali.
Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa imithelela ethile noma izinguquko kusiginali yomsindo kungehlisa isithunzi ikhwalithi noma kwethule ama-artifact. Kubalulekile ukuqonda imikhawulo namandla esoftware esetshenziswayo, kanye nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi yomsindo.
Ukukhiqizwa Komculo Okuzimele Nge-Digital Audio
Kusukela ku-Chunky Decks kuya ezintweni ezithengekayo
Sezadlula izinsuku lapho ukuqopha umculo ngokomsebenzi kwakusho ukutshala imali kumadekhi amancane namathuluzi abizayo. Ngokufika komsindo wedijithali, amaciko azimele emhlabeni wonke manje angenza umculo ezitudiyo zawo zasekhaya nsuku zonke. Ukutholakala kwemishini ethengekayo kuyishintshe kakhulu imboni yomculo, kwadala umthelela omuhle kubaculi asebengakwazi ukuzikhiqizela umculo wabo ngaphandle kokuphulwa.
Ukuqonda Ikhwalithi Yomsindo Yedijithali
Umsindo wedijithali uyindlela yokurekhoda amaza omsindo njengedatha yedijithali. Ukulungiswa kanye nezinga lesampula lomsindo wedijithali lithinta ikhwalithi yomsindo. Nawu umlando omfushane wokuthi ikhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali ithuthuke kanjani eminyakeni edlule:
- Ezinsukwini zokuqala zomsindo wedijithali, izilinganiso zesampula zaziphansi, okuholela kukhwalithi yomsindo ephansi.
- Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izilinganiso zesampula zanda, okuholela kukhwalithi yomsindo engcono.
- Namuhla, ikhwalithi yomsindo wedijithali iphezulu ngendlela emangalisayo, inamazinga esampula nokujula okuncane okuthwebula ngokunembile amaza omsindo.
Ukurekhoda Nokucubungula Umsindo Wedijithali
Ukuze urekhode umsindo wedijithali, abaculi basebenzisa amakhibhodi azimele, izinsimbi ezibonakalayo, ama-software synthesizers, nama-plugin e-FX. Inqubo yokurekhoda ihlanganisa ukuguqula amasignali e-analog abe idatha yedijithali kusetshenziswa iziguquli ze-analog-to-digital. Idatha yedijithali ibe isigcinwa njengamafayela kukhompuyutha. Usayizi wamafayela uncike ekulungisweni kanye nesilinganiso sesampula sokurekhodwa.
Ukubambezeleka kanye Nokukhiqiza
Ukubambezeleka phakathi kokufaka komsindo nokucutshungulwa kwawo. Ku ukukhiqizwa komculo, ukubambezeleka kungaba yinkinga uma uqopha ama-multitracks noma iziqu. Ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka, abaculi bathembele ekuxhumaneni komsindo okubambezeleke okuphansi namaphrosesa. Amasignali edatha yedijithali acutshungulwa ngomjikelezo, okhiqiza isithombe se-waveform somsindo. Lesi sithombe se-waveform sibe sesikhiwa kabusha sibe umsindo ngedivayisi yokudlala.
Ukuhlanekezela kanye nobubanzi obunamandla
Umsindo wedijithali unobubanzi obuguqukayo obuphezulu, okusho ukuthi ungathwebula ngokunembile ububanzi obugcwele bomsindo. Kodwa-ke, umsindo wedijithali ungabuye ube nokuhlanekezelwa, njengokusika nokuhlanekezelwa komthamo. Ukugunda kwenzeka uma isignali yokokufaka idlula i-headroom yesistimu yedijithali, okuholela ekuhlanekeni. Ukuhlanekezelwa kokulinganisa kwenzeka lapho isistimu yedijithali izungeza isignali ukuze ingene kumasegimenti aqinile, igxilisa ukunemba ezindaweni ezithile ngesikhathi.
Izinkundla Zokusabalalisa Komphakathi
Ngokukhula kwezinkundla zokusabalalisa umphakathi, abaculi abazimele sebengakwazi ukusabalalisa umculo wabo kubabukeli bomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kwesidingo selebula yokuqopha. Lezi zinkundla zivumela abaculi ukuthi balayishe umculo wabo futhi babelane ngawo nabalandeli babo. Ukwenziwa ngentando yeningi kokusatshalaliswa komculo kudale uguquko lwangempela lwezobuchwepheshe, okunikeza abaculi inkululeko yokudala nokwabelana ngomculo wabo nomhlaba.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke usunakho, konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nomsindo wedijithali ngamafuphi. Umsindo wedijithali wukumelwa komsindo njengamavelu ezinombolo ahlukene, kunokuba njengamaza angokwenyama aqhubekayo.
Umsindo wedijithali uguqule indlela esiqopha ngayo, esigcina ngayo, esikhohlisayo, nesilalela ngayo umculo. Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukungena futhi ujabulele izinzuzo zalobu buchwepheshe obumangalisayo!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
