Emkhakheni we-acoustics, i-diaphragm ingu-a i-transducer ihloselwe ukuguqula ngokwethembeka ukunyakaza nomsindo. Ivamise ukwakhiwa ngolwelwesi oluncane noma ishidi lezinto ezihlukahlukene. Umfutho womoya ohlukahlukene wamagagasi omsindo udlulisela ukundindizela ku-diaphragm okungase kuthathwe njengolunye uhlobo lwamandla (noma ukuhlehla).
Ukuqonda I-Microphone Diaphragms: Inhliziyo Yobuchwepheshe Bemakrofoni
A Imakrofoni i-diaphragm iyingxenye eyinhloko yombhobho eguqula amandla e-acoustic (amaza omsindo) abe amandla kagesi (isignali yomsindo). Kuwucezu lwempahla oluncane, oluthambile, oluvamise ukuba yindilinga, elenziwe nge-mylar noma ezinye izinto ezikhethekile. I-diaphragm ihamba ngokuzwelana nokuphazanyiswa komoya okubangelwa amaza omsindo, futhi lokhu kunyakaza kuguqulwa kube amandla kagesi ongafakwa kumishini yokucubungula.
Ukubaluleka Kwedizayini Ye-Diaphragm
Ukwakhiwa kwe-diaphragm yemakrofoni kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kungathinta kakhulu izici zesiginali yomsindo ekhiqizwayo. Okulandelayo ezinye izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho uklama i-diaphragm yemakrofoni:
- Usayizi: Usayizi we-diaphragm ungahluka ukusuka kokuncane (ngaphansi kweyintshi ububanzi) ukuya kokukhulu kakhulu, kuye ngohlobo lombhobho kanye nebanga lamafrikhwensi okudingeka uwathwebule.
- Impahla: Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukwenza i-diaphragm zingahluka kuye ngezidingo zombhobho. Ezinye izinto ezijwayelekile zifaka i-mylar, insimbi, neribhoni.
- Uhlobo: Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-diaphragm, okuhlanganisa ashukumisayo, i-condenser (capacitor), neribhoni. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici zalo ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo.
- Ukuma: Ukuma kwe-diaphragm kungathinta indlela edlidliza ngayo ngokuzwelana nokuphazamiseka komoya okubangelwa amaza omsindo.
- IMisa: Isisindo se-diaphragm siyisithako esibalulekile ekhonweni layo lokuhamba ngokuzwelana namagagasi omsindo. I-diaphragm ephathekayo enesisindo esincane ngokuvamile ikhethwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamakrofoni.
Umehluko Wezobuchwepheshe Phakathi Kwezinhlobo Ze-diaphragm
Okulandelayo kukhona umehluko wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-diaphragms wombhobho:
- I-Dynamic: Imakrofoni eguqukayo isebenzisa i-diaphragm exhunywe kukhoyili ehambayo. Lapho amaza omsindo eshaya i-diaphragm, abangela ukuba ikhoyili inyakaze, okukhiqiza amandla kagesi.
- I-Condenser (Capacitor): I-condenser microphone isebenzisa i-diaphragm ebekwe phambi kwepuleti lensimbi. I-diaphragm nepuleti kwenza i-capacitor, futhi lapho amaza omsindo eshaya i-diaphragm, ibangela ukuba ibanga eliphakathi kwe-diaphragm nepuleti lishintshe, okukhiqiza amandla kagesi.
- Iribhoni: Imakrofoni yeribhoni isebenzisa i-diaphragm eyenziwe ngomucu omncane wensimbi (iribhoni). Lapho amaza omsindo eshaya iribhoni, idlidliza ngozwela, ekhiqiza amandla kagesi.
Iqhaza Le-diaphragm Ekusebenzeni Kwemakrofoni
I-diaphragm iyingxenye eyinhloko kumbhobho eguqula amandla e-acoustic abe amandla kagesi. Ikhono layo lokuguqula ngempumelelo amaza omsindo abe amandla kagesi libalulekile ekusebenzeni jikelele kombhobho. Okulandelayo ezinye izici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho uhlola ukusebenza kwe-microphone diaphragm:
- Ukuzwela: Ukuzwela kombhobho kubhekisela ezingeni lokukhishwa kukagesi elikhiqizayo ukuphendula ezingeni elinikeziwe lomsindo. I-diaphragm ezwela kakhulu izokhiqiza isignali kagesi enamandla yezinga elinikeziwe lomsindo.
- Impendulo Yemvamisa: Impendulo yefrikhwensi yombhobho isho ikhono layo lokuthwebula ngokunembile uhla lwamafrikhwensi. I-diaphragm eklanywe kahle izokwazi ukuthwebula ububanzi befrikhwensi ngaphandle kokwethula ukuhlanekezela okubalulekile noma amanye ama-artifact.
- Iphethini ye-Polar: Iphethini ye-polar yombhobho ibhekisela ekuqondeni kokuzwela kwayo. I-diaphragm eklanywe kahle izokwazi ukuthatha umsindo ngendlela oyifunayo ngenkathi inciphisa ukuzwela ukuze izwakale kwezinye izinkomba.
Iphuzu Eliyinhloko
I-microphone diaphragm iyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yimuphi umbhobho, futhi izici zayo zokuklama nokusebenza zingathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yesiginali yomsindo ekhiqizwayo. Lapho uhlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakrofoni, kubalulekile ukulalelisisa ukuklama nokusebenza kwe-diaphragm, njengoba ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke iyunithi yemakrofoni.
I-Mastering Diaphragm Performance Factors for Microphones
- Ama-diaphragm amakhudlwana avamise ukuba nokuphendula okuvama okunwetshiwe kanye nokuzwela okungcono kwefrikhwensi ephansi, okuwenza alungele ukuqopha umculo namaphimbo.
- Ama-diaphragm amancane asabela kakhulu emisindweni yamafrikhwensi aphezulu futhi ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukurekhoda izinsimbi ze-acoustic nanjengamakrofoni angaphezulu kumakhithi emigqomo.
I-Material World: Umthelela Wezinto Ezibalulekile Ze-diaphragm Kukhwalithi Yomsindo
- Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza i-diaphragm zingathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yomsindo yemakrofoni.
- Ama-diaphragm e-aluminium avame ukusetshenziswa kumakrofoni aguqukayo futhi akhiqize umsindo ofudumele, wemvelo.
- Amamakrofoni eribhoni ngokuvamile asebenzisa icwecwe le-aluminium elincanyana noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuze zenze i-diaphragm ephendula kahle emisindweni yamafrikhwensi aphezulu.
- Amamakrofoni e-Condenser ngokuvamile asebenzisa ifilimu ye-polymer encane noma impahla ye-electret ukuze kwakhe i-diaphragm ezwela kakhulu kumagagasi omsindo.
Amaphupho Kagesi: Iqhaza Lokushaja Kagesi Ekusebenzeni Kwe-Diphragm
- Amamakrofoni e-Condenser adinga ukushajwa kukagesi ukuze kusebenze, okunikezwa amandla kagesi e-DC ngesixhumi semakrofoni.
- Ukushaja kagesi ku-diaphragm kuyivumela ukuthi idlidlize ngokuphendula amaza omsindo angenayo, idale isignali kagesi engakhuliswa futhi irekhodwe.
- Amamakrofoni e-electret condenser aneshaje kagesi engapheli eyakhelwe ku-diaphragm, okuwenza abe lula futhi asebenziseke kalula.
Ukukuhlanganisa Konke: Ukuthi Izinto Zokusebenza Ze-Diaphragm Zikuthinta Kanjani Ukukhetha Kwakho Imakrofoni
- Ukuqonda izici zokusebenza kwe-diaphragm kukhiye ekukhetheni imakrofoni ehamba phambili yezidingo zakho.
- Ama-diaphragm amakhudlwana alungele ukuqoshwa komculo namazwi, kuyilapho ama-diaphragm amancane angcono ezinsimbini ze-acoustic kanye nesethi yezigubhu.
- Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukwenza i-diaphragm zingathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yomsindo yemakrofoni, i-aluminium, iribhoni, ne-polymer kuyizinketho ezivamile.
- Umumo we-diaphragm ungathonya ngokuqondile ikhwalithi yomsindo wemakrofoni nokusebenza, ngezindawo eziyisicaba ezikhiqiza umsindo wemvelo kakhudlwana nezindawo ezigobile ezidala umsindo onemibala eyengeziwe.
- Ishaje kagesi ku-diaphragm ibalulekile kumakrofoni ekhondensa, kanti imibhobho ye-electret condenser iyinketho ethandwayo ukuze ibe lula futhi isebenziseke kalula.
Umgomo we-Acoustic: I-Pressure Versus Pressure-Gradient
Uma kuziwa kumakrofoni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezimiso ze-acoustic ezisetshenziselwa ukuthola amaza omsindo: ingcindezi kanye ne-pressure-gradient. Nakhu okudingeka ukwazi ngalezi zindlela ezimbili:
- Imakrofoni yokucindezela: Le mibhobho ithola amaza omsindo ngokulinganisa izinguquko zomoya ezenzeka lapho amaza omsindo eshaya i-microphone diaphragm. Lolu hlobo lwemakrofoni lwaziwa nangokuthi imakrofoni ye-omnidirectional ngoba ithatha amaza omsindo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngokulinganayo.
- Imakrofoni ye-pressure-gradient: Le mibhobho ithola amaza omsindo ngokulinganisa umehluko wokucindezela komoya phakathi kwengaphambili nangemuva le-diaphragm yemakrofoni. Lolu hlobo lombhobho lwaziwa nangokuthi umbhobho oqondisayo ngoba uzwela kakhulu emisindweni evela ezindaweni ezithile kunezinye.
Isebenza Kanjani Imakrofoni Yokucindezela Nengcindezi-Gradient
Ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi kwemakrofoni yokucindezela kanye ne-pressure-gradient, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lombhobho lusebenza kanjani:
- Imakrofoni yokucindezela: Lapho amaza omsindo efinyelela kumbhobho we-diaphragm, abangela ukuthi i-diaphragm idlidlizele emuva naphambili. Lokhu kunyakaza kukhiqiza izinguquko kumfutho womoya ezitholwa yi-transducer yombhobho. Isiginali yomsindo ewumphumela empeleni iwukumela okuqondile kwamaza omsindo ashaya i-microphone diaphragm.
- Amamakrofoni we-pressure-gradient: Uma amaza omsindo efinyelela kudiaphragm yemakrofoni, abangela ukuthi i-diaphragm idlidlizele emuva naphambili ngendlela elinganayo. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ingemuva le-diaphragm livezwa endaweni ehlukile ye-acoustic kunangaphambili, i-amplitude nesigaba segagasi esifinyelela ngemuva kwe-diaphragm kuzohluka kunangaphambili. Lokhu kubangela umehluko endleleni i-diaphragm esabela ngayo kumaza omsindo, otholwa yi-transducer yombhobho. Isiginali yomsindo ewumphumela iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamaza omsindo aqondile kanye nomehluko wesigaba esihambisana nawo kanye nokuphakama kwe-amplitude.
Ukuqonda Amaphethini e-Polar
Omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwamakrofoni okucindezelayo kanye ne-pressure-gradient yindlela athola ngayo amaza omsindo, athinta ukuzwela kwemakrofoni nezici zendlela. Iphethini ye-polar yombhobho ichaza indlela esabela ngayo emisindweni evela ezindaweni ezahlukene. Nawa amaphethini amathathu adume kakhulu e-polar:
- I-Cardioid: Le phethini izwela kakhulu emisindweni evela ngaphambili kwemakrofoni futhi ingazweli kangako emisindweni evela emaceleni nangemuva.
- I-Bidirectional: Le phethini izwela ngokulinganayo emisindweni evela ngaphambili nangemuva kombhobho kodwa ayizweli kangako imisindo evela emaceleni.
- I-Omnidirectional: Le phethini izwela ngokulinganayo emisindweni evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Ama-diaphragm e-Microphone-Ikheli Eliseceleni Ngokuphikisana ne-Side-Address
Amamakrofoni anekheli eliphezulu aklanywe nge-diaphragm ebekwe ngendlela eqondile emzimbeni wemakrofoni. Lo mklamo wenza kube lula ukubeka imakrofoni futhi uwusizo kakhulu ku-podcasting nokurekhoda okuphathwa ngesandla. Inzuzo eyinhloko yemakrofoni yekheli eliphezulu ukuthi ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abone i-diaphragm, okwenza kube lula ukubeka imakrofoni nokuyikhomba ngendlela efanele.
Imikhiqizo Evamile namamodeli Emakrofoni Yekheli Eliphezulu kanye Nekheli Eliseceleni
Kunenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yemakrofoni namamodeli emakethe, ngalinye linemiklamo nezici zalo ezihlukile. Eminye yemikhiqizo edume kakhulu namamodeli wamakrofoni anekheli eliphezulu afaka i-Rode NT1-A, AKG C414, ne-Shure SM7B. Eminye yemikhiqizo edume kakhulu namamodeli emibhobho yekheli eseceleni ihlanganisa i-Neumann U87, Sennheiser MKH 416, kanye ne-Shure SM57.
Imakrofoni Engcono Kakhulu Yezidingo Zakho
Ekugcineni, imakrofoni engcono kakhulu yezidingo zakho izoncika ezintweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa indawo oqopha kuyo, uhlobo lomsindo owuqophayo, kanye nesabelomali sakho. Kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo lwakho futhi uhlole ukubuyekezwa namasampuli omsindo ngaphambi kokuthenga. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwacabangele lapho ukhetha imakrofoni afaka:
- Ukuzwela kwe-diaphragm
- Iphethini ye-polar yemakrofoni
- Idizayini yomzimba nosayizi wemakrofoni
- Iphuzu lentengo kanye nenani eliphelele lemali
I-Moving-Coil Diaphragm: Isici Semakrofoni Enamandla
Isimiso esisemuva kwe-diaphragm yekhoyili ehambayo sisekelwe kumphumela wokuba seduze, lapho ukusondela kwe-diaphragm kumthombo womsindo, kuyanda ukuzwela kombhobho. I-diaphragm ngokuvamile yenziwe ngepulasitiki noma i-aluminium futhi ifakwa ku-capsule enamathiselwe emzimbeni wombhobho. Lapho amaza omsindo eshaya i-diaphragm, iyavevezela, ibangele ukuthi ikhoyili enamathiselwe ihambe endaweni kazibuthe, idale amandla kagesi athunyelwa ngezintambo zombhobho.
Yiziphi Izinzuzo Nezinkinga?
Izinzuzo:
- Ama-diaphragm amakhoyili anyakazayo awazwela kakhulu kunama-condenser diaphragm, okuwenza angabi lula ukuthola umsindo ongafuneki wangemuva.
- Zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwedlulele futhi zingamelana namazinga aphezulu okucindezela komsindo ngaphandle kokuhlanekezela.
- Ngokuvamile zibiza kancane kune-condenser mics, okuzenza zibe inketho enhle kulabo abasebhajethi.
Okumbi:
- Ama-diaphragm ekhoyili enyakazayo awazweli njenge-condenser diaphragm, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka angatholi imininingwane eminingi emsindweni.
- Zidinga isignali eqinile ukuze zisebenze, okungaba inkinga uma uqopha into enevolumu ephansi ngokwemvelo.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-diaphragm eribhoni, angase angabi nawo umsindo ongokwemvelo.
Iqhathaniswa Kanjani Namanye Ama-diaphragm?
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-diaphragm eribhoni, ama-diaphragm ekhoyili ehambayo ngokuvamile ahlala isikhathi eside futhi angakwazi ukuphatha amazinga aphezulu okucindezela ngaphandle kokuhlanekezela.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-condenser diaphragm, ama-diaphragm ekhoyili ehambayo awazweli kakhulu futhi adinga isignali eqinile ukuze asebenze, kodwa futhi awajwayele ukubamba umsindo ongafuneki wangemuva.
Yimaphi Amabhrendi Asebenzisa I-Moving-Coil Diaphragms?
- I-Shure SM57 ne-SM58 zingamakrofoni amabili ajwayeleke kakhulu asebenzisa ama-diaphragm ekhoyili ehambayo.
- I-Electro-Voice RE20 ingenye imakrofoni eguquguqukayo edumile esebenzisa i- diaphragm yekhoyili ehambayo.
Sekukonke, ingabe i-Moving-Coil Diaphragm iyisinqumo esihle?
Uma udinga imakrofoni ehlala isikhathi eside, ekwazi ukuphatha amazinga okucindezela komsindo ophezulu ngaphandle kokuhlanekezela, futhi ethambekele kancane ekutholeni umsindo ongafuneki ongasemuva, khona-ke i-diaphragm yekhoyili ehambayo ingase ibe inketho enhle. Kodwa-ke, uma udinga imakrofoni ezwela kakhulu futhi ingathatha imininingwane eyengeziwe kumsindo, khona-ke i-condenser diaphragm ingaba inketho engcono. Konke kuncike ekutheni uyidinga ini imakrofoni nokuthi ibhajethi yakho iyini.
I-Ribbon Diaphragm: Into Ethambile Edala Umsindo Omuhle Kakhulu
Ezinye zezinzuzo zokusebenzisa imakrofoni ye-ribbon diaphragm zifaka:
- Ikhwalithi yomsindo enhle kakhulu: Ikhono leribhoni le-diaphragm lokuthatha umsindo wemvelo, onganemibala liyenza ibe yinto edumile yokuqopha izinsimbi zomculo namazwi esitudiyo.
- Ibanga lefrikhwensi ebanzi: Amamakrofoni eribhoni ngokuvamile anebanga lefrikhwensi elibanzi kunezinye izinhlobo zemakrofoni, okubavumela ukuthi bathwebule imisindo eminingi.
- Usayizi omncane: Amamakrofoni eribhoni ngokuvamile mancane kune-condenser evamile kanye namakrofoni ashukumisayo, okuwenza abe yinketho enhle yokurekhoda ezindaweni eziqinile.
- Umsindo wakudala: Imakrofoni yeribhoni inedumela lokukhiqiza umsindo ofudumele, wakudala abantu abaningi abawuthola ukhanga.
- Umsindo ohlukanisiwe: Amamakrofoni eribhoni adizayinelwe ukucosha umsindo ezinhlangothini, esikhundleni sangaphambili nangemuva, okuvumela ukuthwebula komsindo okuqhelelene kakhulu.
- Idizayini engenzi lutho: Ngenxa yokuthi ama-ribbon mics awasebenzi, awadingi amandla e-phantom noma eminye imithombo yamandla yangaphandle ukuze isebenze.
Yiziphi Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zamamakrofoni e-Ribbon Diaphragm?
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-microphone we-ribbon diaphragm:
- Imakrofoni yeribhoni engenzi lutho: Lawa makrofoni awadingi noma yimaphi amandla angaphandle ukuze asebenze futhi ngokuvamile athambile futhi azwela kunemakrofoni yeribhoni esebenzayo.
- Amamakrofoni eribhoni asebenzayo: Lawa makrofoni anomjikelezo owakhelwe ngaphakathi we-preamp okhulisa isignali esuka kuribhoni, okuholela ezingeni elinamandla lokuphumayo. Amamakrofoni eribhoni asebenzayo ngokuvamile adinga amandla e-phantom ukuze asebenze.
I-Condenser (Capacitor) Diaphragm kumakrofoni
I-condenser diaphragm izwela kakhulu futhi ingakwazi ukuzwa umsindo omncane kakhulu. Lokhu kuzwela kubangelwa ukuthi i-diaphragm ngokuvamile yenziwe ngezinto ezincane kakhulu, ezivumela ukuthi idlidlize kalula. Ukwengeza, imakrofoni ye-condenser idinga umthombo wamandla, ngokuvamile ohlinzekwa ngomthombo wamandla we-phantom, oyivumela ukuthi idale isignali kagesi enamandla.
Kungani Kubhekwa Njenge-Capacitor?
I-condenser diaphragm ithathwa njenge-capacitor ngoba isebenzisa izimiso zamandla ukuze idale isignali kagesi. I-Capacitance yikhono lesistimu yokugcina icala likagesi, futhi esimweni se-condenser diaphragm, ukuguqulwa kwebanga phakathi kwamapuleti amabili ensimbi kudala ushintsho ku-capacitance, eguqulwa ibe isignali kagesi.
Ithini Incazelo ye-DC ne-AC ngokuhlobene ne-Condenser Diaphragm?
I-DC imele i-direct current, okuwuhlobo lwamandla kagesi ageleza ohlangothini olulodwa. I-AC imele i-alternating current, okuwuhlobo lwamandla kagesi ashintsha indlela ngezikhathi ezithile. Esimeni se-condenser diaphragm, umthombo wamandla ohlinzeka nge-voltage ohlelweni ungaba yi-DC noma i-AC, kuye ngedizayini yemakrofoni.
Ithini Iqhaza Le-Condenser Diaphragm Ekurekhodeni?
I-condenser diaphragm idlala indima ebalulekile ekurekhodeni ngokuguqula amaza omsindo abe isignali kagesi engagcinwa futhi isetshenziswe. Ukuzwela kwayo kanye nekhono lokuthwebula inhlobonhlobo yamafrikhwensi kuyenza ibe yinketho edumile yokuqopha amazwi nezinsimbi zomculo we-acoustic, kanye nokuthwebula imisindo ezungezile egumbini noma endaweni. Uhlamvu lwayo lomsindo olungaguquki nolwemvelo nalo lukwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kokuthwebula ingqikithi yangempela yokusebenza.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, yilokho i-diaphragm eyikho nokuthi isebenza kanjani kumakrofoni. Iwucezu oluthambile lwento eguqula amandla e-acoustic abe amandla kagesi. Iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yombhobho, ngakho-ke udinga ukwazi ukuthi iyini njengoba wazi ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukubuza imibuzo uma ungaqiniseki futhi khumbula njalo ukuyigcina ihamba! Siyabonga ngokufunda futhi ngithemba ukuthi ufunde okuthile okusha!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
