Uma ufuna umsindo omkhulu, ukubambezeleka kuyindlela yokuhamba.
Ukubambezeleka kuwumsindo umphumela erekhoda isignali yokufaka endaweni yokugcina umsindo bese idlala emuva ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe. Isignali ebambezelekile ingase idlalwe futhi izikhathi eziningi, noma idlalwe futhi ekurekhodweni, ukuze kudaleke umsindo we-echo ephindaphindayo, ebolayo.
Ake sibheke ukuthi iyini nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Kuyifomu
Ukuqonda Ukubambezeleka Ekukhiqizeni Umculo
Ukubambezeleka kuwumphumela oyingqayizivele ongasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni komculo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithoni nezinto ezijabulisayo zengoma. Isho inqubo yokuthwebula isignali yomsindo engenayo, ukuyigcina isikhathi esithile, bese uyidlala uyibuyisele emuva. Ukudlala kungase kuqonde noma kuhlanganiswe nesiginali yoqobo ukuze udale umphumela wokuphinda noma we-echo. Ukubambezeleka kungalungiswa futhi kulungiswe kusetshenziswa amapharamitha ahlukahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela ehlukene, njenge-flange noma ikhorasi.
Inqubo yokubambezeleka
Inqubo yokubambezeleka yenzeka lapho isignali yomsindo engenayo iphindaphindwa futhi igcinwe endaweni, njengesofthiwe yekhompyutha noma iyunithi yehadiwe. Isiginali eyimpinda bese idlalwa emuva kwesikhathi esithile, engalungiswa umsebenzisi. Umphumela uyimpinda yesiginali yasekuqaleni ebonakala ihlukaniswa neyokuqala ngebanga elithile.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zokubambezeleka
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokulibaziseka ezingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni umculo, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukubambezeleka kwe-Analog: Lolu hlobo lokubambezeleka lusebenzisa izikhala ze-acoustic ukulingisa umphumela wokulibaziseka. Kubandakanya ukuthepha isignali engenayo nokuyigcina endaweni engaphezulu ngaphambi kokuyidlala.
- Ukubambezeleka Kwedijithali: Lolu hlobo lokubambezeleka lusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bedijithali ukuthwebula nokuphinda isignali engenayo. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kusoftware yekhompiyutha kanye namayunithi wehadiwe yedijithali.
- Ukulibaziseka kwe-Tape: Lolu hlobo lokubambezeleka beludumile kumarekhodi amadala futhi lusasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Kubandakanya ukuthwebula isignali engenayo ku-tape bese uyiphinda ngemva kwesikhathi esithile.
Ukusebenzisa Ukubambezeleka Emikhondweni Ebukhoma
Ukubambezeleka kungasetshenziswa futhi ezenzweni ezibukhoma ukuthuthukisa umsindo wezinsimbi namazwi. Ingasetshenziselwa ukudala ukumemeza noma ukulandelana okusheshayo kwamanothi abonakala edlalwa ngazwi linye. Ikhono lokusebenzisa ngempumelelo ukubambezeleka kuyikhono eliwumgogodla lanoma yimuphi umkhiqizi noma unjiniyela.
Ukulingisa Imiphumela Yakudala Yokulibazisa
Kukhona ukulingisa okuningi kokulibaziseka kwakudala imiphumela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni umculo. Ngokwesibonelo:
- I-Echoplex: Lona umphumela wokulibaziseka wakudala owawudumile ngeminyaka yawo-1960s kanye nawo-1970. Yasungulwa ngonjiniyela ababesebenzela inkampani ye-Maestro.
- I-Roland Space Echo: Lona umphumela wokulibaziseka wedijithali owawudumile ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Ifike yasiza abaculi abafuna ukwengeza imiphumela yokulibaziseka ekudlalweni kwabo okubukhoma.
Isebenza Kanjani Imiphumela Yokubambezeleka Ekukhiqizeni Umculo
Ukulibaziseka kuwuhlobo lokucubungula umsindo oluvumela ukudalwa kwama-echoes noma ukuphindaphinda komsindo. Ihlukile esenzweni ngoba ikhiqiza impinda ehlukile yomsindo wokuqala, kunokubola okuzwakala kwemvelo. Ukubambezeleka kudalwe ngokubhafa isignali yokokufaka nokuyidlala futhi ngesikhathi esizayo, ngesikhawu phakathi kwamasignali asekuqaleni kanye nebambezelekile esichazwa umsebenzisi.
Ukuthuthuka kweDelay Tech
Ukusungulwa kwemiphumela yokubambezeleka kungalandelelwa emuva kuma-1940s, ngezinhlelo zokulibaziseka zokuqala zisebenzisa ama-tape loop namamotho kagesi ukuze kugcinwe ukwethembeka komsindo ocutshunguliwe. Lezi zinhlelo zakuqala zathathelwa indawo izindlela ezihlala isikhathi eside nezisebenza ngezindlela eziningi, njenge-Binson Echorec kanye ne-Watkins Copicat, ezavumela ukuguqulwa kwesikhawu sokulibaziseka kanye nokwengezwa kompompi abanesigqi.
Namuhla, imiphumela yokulibaziseka inikezwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekunyatheleni kwesiginci kuya kwisofthiwe yekhompuyutha, iyunithi ngayinye isebenzisa inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezindlela nezindlela zokucubungula ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-echoes ejubane elihlukile, ibanga, nokubukeka.
Izici Eziyingqayizivele Zemiphumela Yokubambezeleka
Imiphumela yokulibaziseka ihlinzeka ngenani lezinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zokucutshungulwa komsindo, okuhlanganisa:
- Ikhono lokukhiqiza ukuphindaphinda okunesigqi kanye nezikhathi ezithile zomsindo, okuvumela ukudalwa kwemishwana yomculo eyingqayizivele nezwakalayo.
- Inketho yokulungisa isikhawu sokulibaziseka kanye nenani lezimpinda, okunikeza umsebenzisi ukulawula okunembe phezu kokubukeka nokuba khona komphumela.
- Ukufaneleka kokukwazi ukubeka umthelela noma yikuphi kuchungechunge lwesignali, okuvumela inhlobonhlobo yamathuba okudala.
- Inketho yokusika noma ukusula izigaba ezithile zesignali ebambezelekile, ihlinzeka ngokulawula okwengeziwe phezu kwezici zesigqi nethoni zomphumela.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezobuciko Kwemiphumela Yokulibazisa
Imiphumela yokulibaziseka isiphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile labakhiqizi bomculo we-elekthronikhi, okubavumela ukuthi bakhe amanothi ambondelene ngokuminyene kanye nesigqi. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okudumile kokulibaziseka kumculo we-elekthronikhi kufaka phakathi:
- Ukubambezeleka okuhambisanayo: ukwengeza ukubambezeleka okufushane emsindweni ukuze udale isigqi esihambisanayo.
- Ukubambezeleka komphetho: ukwengeza ukubambezeleka okude ukuze udale umphetho noma umuzwa wesikhala ezizungeze umsindo.
- Ukubambezeleka kwe-Arpeggio: ukudala ukubambezeleka okuphinda amanothi e-arpeggio, okudala umphumela we-cascading.
Sebenzisa ekudlaleni isiginci
Abashayi besigingci nabo bathole ukuthi imiphumela yokulibaziseka iwusizo kakhulu ekudlaleni kwabo, okubavumela ukuthi bakhe izimfanelo eziminyene nezangempela emsindweni wabo. Ezinye izindlela abashaya isiginci abasebenzisa ngazo ukubambezeleka zifaka:
- Ukubambezeleka kokucula: ukungeza ukubambezeleka ekuculeni noma ekudlaleni komculi wezwi noma wezinsimbi ukuze udale umsindo othokozisayo nowenziwe ngendlela ehlukile.
- Indlela ka-Robert Fripp yokulutha: usebenzisa i-Revox tape rekhoda ukuze uzuze izikhathi zokulibaziseka ezinde futhi udale izingcezu zesigingci esiyedwa esibizwa nge-“Frippertronics.”
- Ukusebenzisa kukaJohn Martyn ukubambezeleka: ukuphayona ekusebenziseni ukubambezeleka ekudlaleni isiginci se-acoustic, kukhonjiswe ku-albhamu yakhe ethi “Sibusisa Isimo Sezulu.”
Sebenzisa Ekuthuthukiseni Amasu Okuhlola
Imiphumela yokulibaziseka ibe yisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuhlola ekukhiqizeni umculo. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu zihlanganisa:
- Ukusetshenziswa kokulibaziseka ekuthuthukiseni i-fuzz ne-wah pedals yesiginci.
- Ukusetshenziswa kokulibaziseka kwe-Echoplex tape ngaphakathi emhlabeni wokuxuba nokwenza amathoni athakazelisayo.
- Ukuphindwaphindwa kwamaphethini okulibaziseka alula ukuze udale ukuthungwa okumangalisayo, njengoba kuzwakale ku-albhamu ka-Brian Eno ethi “Music for Airports.”
Amathuluzi Okubambezeleka Okuthandayo
Amanye amathuluzi okulibaziseka aziwa kakhulu asetshenziswa ngabaculi afaka:
- Amaphedali okulibaziseka edijithali: enikeza ububanzi bezikhathi zokulibaziseka nemiphumela.
- Izilingisi zokulibaziseka zetheyiphu: ukudala kabusha umsindo wokulibaziseka kwekhasethi ye-vintage.
- Ama-plugin abambezeleka: okuvumela ukulawula okunembayo kumapharamitha wokulibaziseka ku-DAW.
Sekukonke, imiphumela yokulibaziseka isiphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile labaculi abahlukene bezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kusukela kumculo we-elekthronikhi kuya ekudlaleni isiginci se-acoustic. Ukusetshenziswa kobuciko bokubambezeleka kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abaculi ukuthi bazame ngalo mphumela oguquguqukayo.
Umlando Wokubambezeleka Kwemiphumela
Imiphumela yokubambezeleka isetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni komculo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Indlela yokuqala yokulibaziseka kwaba ngokudlala, lapho imisindo yayirekhodwa futhi idlalwe futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwavumela ukuxubana okucashile noma okuphinyiselwe kwemisindo edlule, okudala izendlalelo eziminyene zamaphethini omculo. Ukusungulwa kokubambezeleka okwenziwe kusetshenziswa izintambo zokudlulisela, isitoreji kanye nesiteshi, ukudlulisa amasignali amakhilomitha angamakhulu ukusuka edolobheni noma izwe ezithathwe kulo. Uhambo lwangaphandle lwamasignali kagesi ngokusebenzisa ikhondakta yezintambo zethusi beluhamba kancane ngendlela emangalisayo, cishe u-2/3 wamamitha ayisigidi ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi imigqa emide ngokomzimba yayidingeka ukuze kubambezeleke isignali yokufaka isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze ibuyiswe futhi ixutshwe nesiginali yoqobo. Inhloso bekuwukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomsindo, futhi lolu hlobo lokubambezeleka olungokoqobo lwaluyingqalasizinda engaguquki, ngokuvamile ehlinzekwa inkampani.
Ukuthi Ukubambezeleka Kusebenza Kanjani
Ukubambezeleka kusebenza ngokuthumela isignali yokufaka ngeyunithi yokulibaziseka, ebese iqhuba isignali ngokubhala okungaguquki kanye namandla kazibuthe. Iphethini yamagnetisation ilingana nomphumela wesiginali yokufaka futhi igcinwa kuyunithi yokulibaziseka. Amandla okurekhoda nokudlala emuva le phethini yamagnetisation ivumela umphumela wokulibaziseka ukuthi ukhiqizwe kabusha. Ubude bokubambezeleka bungalungiswa ngokushintsha isikhathi phakathi kwesiginali yokufaka kanye nokudlalwa kabusha kwephethini yamagnetisation.
Ukubambezeleka kwe-Analogi
Ukubambezeleka kwe-analogi kuyindlela endala yokubambezeleka esebenzisa iyunithi enama-echo arekhodiwe aphindwa kabili ngokwemvelo futhi alungiswa ukuze akhiqize izikhawu zesigqi ezihlukene. Ukusungulwa kokulibaziseka kwe-analogi bekuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kwavumela izindlela ezengeziwe zokubonisa ekukhiqizeni umculo. Amaphrosesa okuqala okulibaziseka kwe-analog ayesekelwe kumamotho kagesi, okwakuyizindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezivumela ukuguqulwa kwemisindo ye-echosonic.
Izinzuzo kanye Nobubi Bokubambezeleka kwe-Analogi
Amasistimu wokulibaziseka we-analogi anikeze umsindo wemvelo nowezikhathi owawufaneleka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zomculo ezihlukahlukene. Bavumele ukuhlolwa ngesikhundla nenhlanganisela yama-echos, kanye nekhono lokusula ama-echos uma kudingeka. Kodwa-ke, baphinde baba nezingqinamba ezithile, njengesidingo sokunakekelwa kanye nesidingo sokushintsha amakhanda amatheyiphu kazibuthe njalo.
Sekukonke, izinhlelo zokulibaziseka kwe-analogi zinikeze izindlela eziyingqayizivele nezicacile zokwengeza ukujula nokuba khona ekukhiqizweni komculo, futhi zisaqhubeka zisetshenziswa abaculi nabakhiqizi abaningi namuhla.
Ukubambezeleka kwedijithali
Ukubambezeleka kwedijithali kuwumphumela wokulibaziseka osebenzisa amasu okucubungula isignali yedijithali ukukhiqiza ama-echo omsindo orekhodiwe noma obukhoma. Ukusungulwa kokubambezeleka kwedijithali kwafika ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, lapho ubuchwepheshe bomsindo wedijithali busesezigabeni zabo zokuqala zokuthuthuka. Iyunithi yokuqala yokubambezeleka kwedijithali kwakuyi-Ibanez AD-900, eyasebenzisa inqubo yesampula ukuze irekhode futhi idlale isikhathi esifushane somsindo. Lokhu kwalandelwa i-Eventide DDL, AMS DMX, ne-Lexicon PCM 42, wonke okwakungamayunithi abizayo futhi ayinkimbinkimbi akhula ngokuduma ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
Amakhono Okubambezeleka Kwedijithali
Amayunithi okubambezeleka kwedijithali anamandla amakhulu kunemiphumela elula ye-echo. Angasetshenziselwa ukudala i-loping, ukuhlunga, kanye nemiphumela yokushintshashintsha, esebenzisa izindlela ezengeziwe zokukhuluma. Amaphrosesa wedijithali wokulibaziseka nawo angathuthukiswa, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bengeze izici ezintsha nemisebenzi njengoba zitholakala. Amanye amayunithi okubambezeleka kwedijithali ayakwazi ngisho nokwelula nokukala isignali yokufaka, enze umsindo omsulwa nowemvelo ongenakho ukuphazamiseka kwamamotho ezikhathi ezithile nezindlela.
Isofthiwe yekhompyutha
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imiphumela yokubambezeleka iye yaba yinsada kuma-software ekhompyutha. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha womuntu siqu, isofthiwe inikeza inkumbulo engenamkhawulo kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu kunokucubungula isignali yehadiwe. Imiphumela yokulibaziseka kusofthiwe yekhompuyutha iyatholakala njengama-plugin angangezwa ku-workstations yomsindo wedijithali (ama-DAW) futhi anikeze inhlobonhlobo yokusebenza kokulingisa imisindo ebingenzeka ngaphambili kuphela ngehadiwe ye-analog noma yedijithali.
Kuchazwe Imingcele Yemiphumela Yokulibaziseka Eyisisekelo:
Isikhathi sokulibaziseka inani lesikhathi esithathwayo ukuze isignali ebambezelekile iphinde. Lokhu kungalawulwa ngokuphendula inkinobho yesikhathi sokulibaziseka noma ngokuthepha i-tempo kusilawuli esihlukile. Isikhathi sokulibaziseka silinganiswa ngama-millisecond (ms) futhi singavunyelaniswa ku-tempo yomculo kusetshenziswa ireferensi ye-DAW's BPM (amabhithi ngomzuzu).
- Isikhathi sokulibaziseka singasethwa ukuze sihambisane nesivinini somculo noma sisetshenziswe ngokwesitayela ukudala umphumela wokulibaziseka omude noma omfushane.
- Izikhathi zokulibaziseka ezinde zingaveza umuzwa oqhelile, ojiyayo kuyilapho izikhathi zokulibaziseka ezimfushane zingasetshenziswa ukudala umphumela osheshayo we-slapback.
- Isikhathi sokulibaziseka sincike engqikithini yomculo futhi kufanele ilawulwe ngendlela efanele.
Impendulo
Ukulawulwa kwempendulo kunquma ukuthi zingaki izimpinda ezilandelanayo ezenzeka ngemva kokubambezeleka kokuqala. Lokhu kungaphendulwa ukuze kudalwe umphumela we-echo ophindayo noma kwehliswe ukuze kukhiqizwe ukubambezeleka okukodwa.
- Impendulo ingasetshenziswa ukudala umuzwa wesikhala nokujula kungxube.
- Impendulo eningi kakhulu ingabangela umphumela wokulibaziseka ukuthi ube mkhulu futhi ube nodaka.
- Impendulo ingalawulwa kusetshenziswa inkinobho noma iknobhu kumphumela wokulibaziseka.
Hlanganisa
Isilawuli semiksi sinquma ibhalansi phakathi kwesignali yangempela nesiginali ebambezelekile. Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amasignali amabili ndawonye noma ukudala umphumela wokulibaziseka ogqame kakhudlwana.
- Isilawuli sokuhlanganisa singasetshenziselwa ukudala umphumela wokulibaziseka ocashile noma oshiwo kuye ngomphumela oyifunayo.
- Inhlanganisela engu-50/50 izoholela ebhalansini elinganayo phakathi kwesiginali yokuqala nesiginali ebambezelekile.
- Isilawuli sokuhlanganisa singalungiswa kusetshenziswa i-knob noma isilayidi kumphumela wokulibaziseka.
Freeze
Umsebenzi wokuqandisa uthwebula isikhashana ngesikhathi futhi uwubambe, ovumela umsebenzisi ukuthi adlale phezu kwawo noma awuqhubekisele phambili.
- Umsebenzi wokufriza ungasetshenziselwa ukudala amaphedi azungezile noma ukuthwebula isikhathi esithile ekusebenzeni.
- Umsebenzi wokufriza ungalawulwa kusetshenziswa inkinobho noma shintsha umphumela wokulibaziseka.
Imvamisa kanye ne-Resonance
Izilawuli zefrikhwensi ne-resonance zilolonga ithoni yesiginali ebambezelekile.
- Ukulawulwa kwefrikhwensi kungasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa noma ukusika amafrikhwensi athile kusiginali ebambezelekile.
- Isilawuli se-resonance singasetshenziselwa ukukhulisa noma ukunciphisa ukuzwakala kwesiginali ebambezelekile.
- Lezi zilawuli zivame ukutholakala emiphumeleni yokulibaziseka ethuthuke kakhulu.
Lapho Ongayimisa Khona Imithelela Yokubambezeleka Kuchungechunge Lwakho Lwesiginali
Uma kuziwa ekusetheni eyakho uchungechunge lwesiginali, kungaba lula ukuzizwa udidekile mayelana nokuthi ungawabeka kuphi amaphedali wemiphumela ehlukile namadivayisi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthatha isikhathi sokusungula iketango elihleleke ngokufanelekile kungakusiza ukuba ulolonge ithoni yakho iyonke futhi ukhulise umsebenzi wocezu ngalunye lwegiya.
Isimiso Esiyisisekelo sokuSebenza
Ngaphambi kokuthi singene emininingwaneni yokuthi ungayibeka kuphi imiphumela yakho yokubambezeleka, ake sizikhumbuze kafushane ukuthi ukubambezeleka kusebenza kanjani. Ukubambezeleka kuwumphumela osuselwe esikhathini odala ukuphindaphinda okunesigqi kwesignali yoqobo. Lezi zimpinda zingalungiswa ngokuya kwesikhathi sazo, ukubola, nezinye izakhi ukuze zinikeze i-ambience yemvelo noma engeyona eyemvelo emsindweni wakho.
Izinzuzo Zokubeka Ukubambezeleka Endaweni Elungile
Ukubeka imiphumela yakho yokubambezeleka endaweni efanele kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kumsindo wakho uwonke. Nazi ezinye zezinzuzo zokusungula uchungechunge lwesignali oluhlelwe kahle:
- Ukugwema imisindo enomsindo noma ecasulayo ebangelwa ukubeka imiphumela ngokulandelana okungalungile
- Ama-compressor nokubambezeleka kungasebenza kahle ndawonye ukudala imisindo ehlukile
- Inhlanganisela efanele yokubambezeleka nezaga inganikeza i-ambience ekhangayo ekusebenzeni kwakho
- Ukubeka imiphumela yokulibaziseka endaweni efanele kungakusiza usungule isitayela sakho siqu nethoni
Lapho Ungabeka Khona Ukulibaziseka Imiphumela
Manje njengoba sesiqonda izinzuzo zokusungula uchungechunge lwesignali oluhlelwe kahle, ake sibheke ukuthi singayibeka kuphi imiphumela yokubambezeleka ngokuqondile. Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso:
- Ekuqaleni kochungechunge lwakho: Ukubeka imiphumela yokulibaziseka ekuqaleni kochungechunge lwakho lwesignali ingakusiza ukuthi usungule ithoni ehlukile futhi ulolonge wonke umsindo wokusebenza kwakho.
- Ngemuva kwama-compressor: Ama-compressor angakusiza ukuthi uhlale ulawula ithoni yakho, futhi ukubeka imiphumela yokulibaziseka ngemva kwawo kungakusiza ugweme imiphumela edumazayo noma engeyona eyemvelo.
- Ngaphambi kwezaga: Imiphumela yokulibaziseka ingakusiza ukuthi udale izimpinda ezinesigqi ezingase zibe ngcono izaga, inikeze i-ambience yemvelo emsindweni wakho.
Okunye yezakhi
Impela, ukubekwa ngqo kwemiphumela yakho yokubambezeleka kuzoncika ohlotsheni lomculo owudlalayo, amathuluzi aphathekayo onawo, kanye nesitayela sakho siqu. Nazi ezinye izinto ezengeziwe okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Linga ngezinhlanganisela ezihlukene zokulibaziseka, izinqamuleli, nama-flangers ukuze uthole ukuthi yini ekusebenzela kangcono.
- Ungesabi ukucela iseluleko noma iziphakamiso kubashayi besiginci abangomakadebona noma onjiniyela bemisindo.
- Hlala uvumelana nezimo futhi ungahambisani nefomula - imisindo ekhanga kakhulu ivamise ukudalwa ngokugqama nokumaka isitayela sakho esiyingqayizivele.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke usunakho - umphumela wokulibaziseka iyithuluzi elivumela abaculi ukuthi benze umphumela womsindo ophindaphindiwe. Kuyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu kubaculi ukwengeza intshisekelo ezingomeni zabo. Ingasetshenziswa kumaphimbo, iziginci, izigubhu, kanye nanoma iyiphi insimbi. Ngakho ungesabi ukuzama!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
