I-capacitor iyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi esetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla kagesi.
Ama-capacitor enziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi amabili ahlukaniswe i-insulator, ngokuvamile i-dielectric, futhi angagcina inkokhelo isikhathi esithile.
Zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zamasekhethi e-elekthronikhi futhi zingasetshenziswa ukuhlunga noma ukugcina amandla futhi zingasetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-oscillator circuits alula.
Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi iyini i-capacitor, ukuthi isetshenziselwa ini, nokuthi isebenza kanjani.
Iyini i-capacitor?
I-capacitor iyingxenye kagesi egcina amandla ngendlela yokushaja kagesi. Iqukethe amapuleti amabili e-conductive aqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-dielectric material (i-insulating material). Uma uxhunywe kumthombo wamandla, amapuleti ayashajwa futhi amandla kagesi agcinwe ku-dielectric material. La mandla agciniwe angabese ededelwa uma edingeka, avunyelwe ukuthi asetshenziselwe noma iyiphi inombolo yezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ama-Capacitor afika ngezindlela eziningi, osayizi kanye nezinto zokwakha - konke kuya ngenhloso yawo. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-capacitor lwaziwa ngokuthi i-film capacitor - lokhu kusebenzisa izendlalelo ezincanyana zepulasitiki noma ze-ceramic njengempahla ye-dielectric, enemicu yensimbi ehambisayo eyaziwa ngokuthi 'ama-electrodes' nhlangothi zombili. Lezi zinhlobo zama-capacitor zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-electronics ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi kanye nezakhiwo ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Ama-Capacitor abuye asetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezinjini nezinto zikagesi lapho zisiza khona ukulawula amandla kagesi noma ukuhlunga umsindo nokuphazamiseka okungabangela ukusebenza okungalungile noma ukulimaza izingxenye ezansi komugqa. Njengoba izinto zikagesi ziba nzima kakhulu, ama-capacitor adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo; ukusiza ukugcina ukugeleza kwamanje okunembile ngesikhathi sokushintsha ukusebenza noma ukuhlinzeka ngesivikelo ngokumelene noshintsho olusheshayo kumazinga kagesi avela emithonjeni yangaphandle.
Izinhlobo zama-capacitor
Ama-Capacitor afika ngenani lezinhlobo, osayizi nezitayela. Amanye ama-capacitor asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulalelwayo eziphezulu kanti amanye asetshenziswa kumakhompuyutha noma kumasistimu okuvikela ekhaya. Zonke zifeza inhloso efanayo eyisisekelo; bagcina amandla kagesi lapho i-current ikhishwa futhi babuyisele lawo mandla lapho umsinga ume. Izinhlobo zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
Ama-Ceramic Capacitors: Lawa mancane futhi afika esethengiswe kumabhodi wesekethe. Ane-dielectric eyenziwe ngezinto zobumba futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa izinto zikagesi ezisezingeni eliphansi, njengokuphazanyiswa kwamafrikhwensi omsakazo (RFI) ehlunga noma ama-bypass circuits.
Ama-Electrolytic Capacitors: Lezi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-polarized capacitors ngoba ane-anode terminal engalungile, i-positive cathode terminal kanye nesisombululo se-electrolyte ngaphakathi komzimba we-capacitor ovumela umthamo omkhulu we-capacitor. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezintweni zamandla, izihlungi, amasekhethi esikhathi kanye namanye amaphuzu amaningi okulawula amandla.
I-Tantalum Capacitor: Yenziwe nge-tantalum oxide, lawa ma-capacitor asebenzisa i-dielectric yesimo esiqinile (kunokuba i-electrolyte ewuketshezi). Lokhu kubanika ukusebenza okungcono kwezinga lokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-electrolytic capacitor, kanye nokuzinza okuthuthukisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokuvumelana okungcono phakathi kwemikhiqizo yenqwaba.
I-Film/Paper Capacitor: Lolu hlobo lwakhiwe ngefilimu eyenziwe ngensimbi noma iphepha elisebenza njengesivikelo phakathi kwamapuleti amabili e-aluminium foil adala ama-electrode angaphezulu kwendawo ukuze akwazi ukugcina ukushaja kagesi okwengeziwe. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho ukubekezelela ukuphazamiseka kukagesi kuyadingeka ngenxa yekhono lazo lokumelana nemisinga yokukhuphuka okubangelwa i-arcing noma izimo ze-spark overvoltage.
I-Supercapacitor/ Ultracapacitor: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-supercap/ i-ultra cap noma i-electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), lolu hlobo lunamandla amakhulu kakhulu okugcina (ngokuvamile aphakeme kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi) ngokukhuthazela okuthuthukisiwe (kufika kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zemijikelezo). Idizayinelwe lezo zinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amanani amakhulu wamandla lapho kudingeka khona njengesimo sokulondoloza izikhungo zedatha lapho kubalwa khona amasekhondi ngaphambi kokuthi othile akwazi ukuvula omunye umthombo wamandla mathupha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Capacitor
Ama-Capacitor ayingxenye eyisisekelo kagesi edlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla kagesi, ukudala izihlungi kanye namasekhethi wesikhathi. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zomsindo wemoto kanye nakuma-electronics abathengi. Ake sibheke okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-capacitor ngokuningiliziwe.
Ukushelela kokunikezwa kwamandla
Ama-Capacitor angasetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlunga kumjikelezo wokuphakela amandla futhi asize ukudala i-voltage ye-DC ebushelelezi. Lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kumasekhethi asebenzisa amandla kagesi aphambili, lapho ukulungisa kuguqule i-AC ibe yi-pulsed DC. I-electrolytic capacitor ivamise ukuxhunywa kukho konke okukhiphayo kwesilungisisi njengento eshelelayo yokunikezwa kwamandla. I-capacitor ishaja ngokushesha, ibambe okunye kokushaja kwayo ukuze isize ukushelela noma yimaphi ama-pulses asuka kusilungisi futhi inikeza i-voltage ezinzile ukuze iphakele ezinye izingxenye. Ukuphakama kwe-capacitance, noma umthamo wokugcina, ku-capacitor, umphumela wokushelela uzoba mkhulu njengoba ukwazi ukumunca amandla amaningi ngaphambi kokudinga ukushajwa kabusha. Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, ama-capacitor yenani eliphakeme anciphisa ukuguquguquka, okufana nokugeleza kwamaleveli kagesi kanye nokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa izinguquko zomthwalo, okuhlinzeka ukuzinza kwezinye izici ngaphakathi kwesekhethi yohlelo lokusebenza.
Ukuguqulwa kwesignali
Ama-Capacitor asetshenziswa kabanzi ekucubunguleni isignali kanye nokuxhumana ngogesi. Ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile kumasekethe amaningi kagesi, ngenxa yekhono lawo lokugcina nokukhulula amandla.
Ekucubunguleni isignali, ama-capacitor angasetshenziselwa amandla awo okunciphisa umsindo nokuhlunga amaza noma amasignali angafuneki. Ukuvikelwa kwezimpawu emsindweni kubizwa ngokuthi ukushelela noma ukusefa okudlula kancane, futhi ngokuvamile kutholakala ngokusebenzisa ama-capacitor.
Ekuxhumaneni kwe-elekthronikhi, i-capacitor ingasetshenziswa ukuguqula isignali kagesi isuka kwelinye ifomu iye kwelinye ngaphandle kokushintsha imvamisa yayo. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-coupling noma ukudluliswa kwe-voltage, futhi ama-capacitor nawo avame ukusetshenziselwa le njongo kumamukeli nama-transmitters omsakazo. Ukwengeza, ama-capacitor asebenza njengengxenye yezihlungi ze-high pass, ezisusa amasignali aphansi ngenkathi edlula aphezulu endleleni.
Ama-Capacitor nawo avame ukuqashwa ezihlungini ezisebenzayo ze-analog: anquma imvamisa impendulo yesihlungi ngokusetha i-cutoff frequency yaso. Ngakho-ke, badlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni amasiginali omsindo lapho beklama izinto zomculo ezifana nezikhulisa-msindo noma ama-mix consoles.
uhlelo lwezikhathi
Isikhathi siwukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwama-capacitor. Emijikelezweni yansuku zonke, ama-resistors ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zamandla kagesi aphezulu noma ama-high-frequency, ama-capacitor angasetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho. Kuvame ukuba nenzuzo ukusebenzisa ama-capacitor ukwenza isikhathi ngoba awawachithi amandla ngokushesha njengama-resistors futhi angakwazi ukuphatha ama-voltage aphezulu anengozi encane yokuphuka.
Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngendlela ephephile nephumelelayo yokulawula i-voltage kanye namandla kusekethe, ama-capacitor nawo asetshenziselwa ukunikeza amandla ezindaweni ezithile zedatha zezingxenye ezifana nama-LED noma ama-transistors angase adinge ama-pulses wamanje uma ecushiwe. Lokhu kungasiza ukuqinisa isignali ethunyelwe ingxenye ukuze ihambe phambili ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla noma ubuqotho.
Ama-Capacitor nawo asetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini yomsindo ukuze ahlunge amasignali futhi anciphise ukuhlanekezela ngesikhathi esavumela ulwazi oluwusizo nakuba kunokuphazamiseka okuncane komsindo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, futhi zivame ukubekwa kuzo zonke izikhala zezipikha ukuze zisize ukukhawulela amasekethe amafushane ngengozi ngenkathi futhi zigcina ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo okulinganayo ezigabeni zokuphuma kwe-amplifier.
Uma isetshenziswa ngobuhlakani nangokuqonda ugesi, ama-capacitor anamandla amangalisayo okubumba ukugeleza kweshaja - okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi bakhe amasistimu omsindo ayinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo ngezindleko eziphansi.
Izicelo ezivamile
Ama-Capacitor yizingxenye zikagesi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ikhono lazo lokugcina amandla lizenza izingxenye ezibalulekile zesistimu ezidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo esikhathini esithile. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezihlanganisa amandla kagesi, izinjini, amasistimu omsindo, amasistimu e-HVAC nokunye. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-capacitor ezivame kakhulu.
Motors
Ama-motor asebenzisa ama-capacitor ukulawula isivinini se-motor noma ukuthuthukisa i-torque yokuqala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlinzeka noma ngokususa a Isigaba kumawinding enjini kagesi. Asetshenziswa kumadrayivu amafrikhwensi aguquguqukayo, izinsiza zamandla nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ama-capacitor angakwazi ukulungisa i-voltage noma yamanje emithwalweni enyakaziswayo futhi avimbele amandla ukuthi angamoshi ngokukhipha amandla angafuneki ezinhlelweni zamandla. Kuma-currents angaphansi kwama-medium frequency motors, amanani amakhulu e-capacitor avamise ukusetshenziswa kuzo zombili iziphetho zenjini ukuze kusetshenziswe amabhange e-capacitor yesinxephezelo sesigaba ukuze kudambiswe umphumela we-harmonic wamagagasi amanje abangelwa umthwalo ongewona umugqa wesiguquli.
Lighting
Ama-Capacitor angasetshenziswa ukunika amandla nokulawula izinhlelo zokukhanyisa zabo bonke osayizi. Kuma-ballasts e-electronic, asetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanje nokusheshisa inqubo yokuqalisa izibani ze-fluorescent kanye nokukhanyisa kokukhishwa okukhulu. Ziphinde zisize ekunciphiseni ukucwayiza kwezibani. Ezinhlelweni zesekethe ze-transistorized, ama-capacitor agcina amandla kagesi aqhubekayo, esiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibani zihlala zikhanya. Ukwengeza, banikeza ukuvikeleka ngesikhathi sokwenyuka kwamandla kagesi ngokunciphisa umthwalo kagesi ezintweni zokukhanyisa kuzo zombili izilungiselelo zangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Izithuthi
Ama-capacitor ezimoto abaluleke kakhulu ngoba anomthwalo wemfanelo wokusiza isimiso sikagesi semoto ukuba sinciphise futhi sinxephezele ngokungahambisani nokuhamba kukagesi, okuyinto evamile ezimotweni eziningi. Ama-capacitor ezimoto agcina amandla ukuze anikeze amandla ku-alternator yemoto noma i-starter motor lapho kudingeka. La mandla asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ama-voltage spikes adalwe lapho isidingo samanje sidlula umthamo webhethri noma i-alternator. Ama-capacitor ezimoto nawo angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zomsindo, ukulawula imisinga ngaphakathi kwezikhulisi nezipikha. Ngokusheshisa ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi, ama-capacitor ezimoto asiza ukwelula impilo yebhethri futhi ehlise ukuxineka kwezinye izingxenye zikagesi.
Ukuphepha kwe-Capacitor
Ukuphepha kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho usebenza ne-capacitor. Ama-Capacitor agcina amandla futhi adinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngenkathi eshajwa noma ekhishwa. Kulesi sigaba, sizodlula imihlahlandlela yokuphepha okufanele siyisebenzise lapho usebenza ne-capacitor futhi sixoxe ngezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nayo.
Ukugwema izikhindi
Uma usebenzisa ama-capacitor, kubalulekile ukukhumbula amandla ama-shorts ngenxa yokuthi ayizingxenye zikagesi. Amashothikhathi ayenzeka lapho i-capacitor imfishane. Nakuba ama-shorts angabangelwa ukukhubazeka kokukhiqiza noma ezinye izici zangaphandle, ama-shorts amaningi abangelwa ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwama-capacitor.
Ukuze ugweme ama-shorts, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi uthathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ngama-capacitor. Izindlela ezilandelayo zizokusiza ukuthi ugcine ukuphepha kwe-capacitor:
I-1) Ungalokothi ubeke ama-capacitor ekucindezelekeni ngokweqile noma ubunzima ngokuwashaja ngokweqile;
2) Ungawashiyi ama-capacitor endaweni egcwele kakhulu isikhathi eside;
3) Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa amasu okukhweza afanelekile kanye/noma izindlela eziqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa nokushaqeka;
4) Ungaxhumi ama-polarity amabili ahlukene ndawonye njengoba lokhu kungabangela i-arcing futhi kulimaze i-capacitor;
5) Hlola izingxenye ezifanelekayo noma izinto (njengezinto zokufakelwa) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi azikho iziphambeko ngaphambi kokufakwa;
I-6) Nakisisa izidingo zokulayisha -phoqelela ukulayisha okuncishisiwe uma kungenzeka futhi uphoqelele amasu okukhweza anele azo zonke izingxenye; futhi
7) Qaphela ukuthi ama-voltage alindile azodala ukugeleza kwamanje kuyo yonke isekethe, okungase kulimaze izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-capacitor uma ziyekwa zingathikhiwe.
Ngokuthatha lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha, abasebenzisi bangasiza ukugcina ukusetshenziswa okuphephile futhi bavimbele izimo eziyingozi ukuthi zenzeke ngenxa yamasekhethi amafushane noma ezinye izinkinga ngama-capacitor abo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuphepha kuhlala kuyinto ehamba phambili njalo lapho usebenza ngezinto zikagesi futhi ikakhulukazi nganoma yini ehilela ugesi!
Ukukhipha ama-capacitor
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-capacitor akhishwa kahle lapho uwaphatha noma uwashintsha. Ukuze ukhiphe okuphephile, xhuma i-resistor engu-1k ohm ukuya ku-10k ohm phakathi kwetheminali ngayinye ye-capacitor nomhlabathi. I-voltage kuyo yonke i-capacitor izoshabalala ngokushesha ngaphandle kwe-arcing noma ukukhiqiza izinhlansi, okuvumela ukushintshwa okuphephile noma ukuphathwa.
Kufanele futhi ukhumbule ukukhipha ama-capacitor aphezulu-voltage kahle ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Uma ungazikhiphi lezi zingxenye ngokuphepha, zingadala ingozi kagesi futhi ziqale nomlilo! Ukukhulula lezi zingxenye kuhilela ukuxhuma intambo evalekile phakathi kwamatheminali amabili engxenye bese uyikhipha emaminithini ambalwa. Qinisekisa ukuthi ugqoka izibuko zokuphepha ngenkathi wenza le nqubo ukuze uvikele amehlo akho ezinhlansini ezikhiqizwa phakathi nenqubo yokukhipha.
Ukulahla ama-capacitor
Lapho ulahla ama-capacitor, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-capacitor angase abe nobuthi obungaba khona, njengomthofu, i-barium nezinye izinsimbi, kufanele ugweme ukulahla lezi zinto emigqonyeni kadoti evamile noma ezindaweni zokulahla. Esikhundleni salokho kufanele zilahlwe ngendlela evumelana nemvelo ngokuthola isikhungo esifanelekile sokuqoqa kabusha noma umhlinzeki ogxile ekulahlweni kwezinto eziyingozi.
Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke ama-capacitor asaphethe imali ngaphambi kokulahlwa - noma ngabe abhalwe njengama-capacitor "afile". Ama-Capacitor angagcina amanani ayinsalela futhi angakhipha lapho ephathwa; ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphele lapho uwaphatha uze uwakhiphe. Ukuze ukhiphe i-capacitor ngokuphephile, uzodinga i-screwdriver evalekile isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze ugcine isandla sakho sibuyile kumatheminali ukuze i-voltage ingagxumi ukubamba kwakho. Uma ama-capacitor ashajiwe esekhishiwe, susa noma yikuphi ukuvaleka okuxekethile ngamapulangwe noma izinqamuleli zocingo bese ugoqa ama-insulators ngaphambi kokuwalahla kahle.
Isiphetho
Ekuphetheni, ama-capacitor ayizingxenye ezibalulekile kunoma iyiphi isekethe kagesi. Asetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla, ukuhlunga umsindo kanye nokuhlinzeka ngomthombo wamanje wamasekhethi e-AC. Ama-Capacitor eza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene futhi anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukuqonda izisekelo zama-capacitor kuzokusiza ukuthi ubone izingxenye ezifanele zephrojekthi yakho.
Isifinyezo sezisekelo ze-capacitor
Ukufingqa izinto eziyisisekelo ze-capacitor, i-capacitor iyisakhi sikagesi esakhiwe ngamapuleti amabili okuqhuba ahlukaniswe yi-insulating material ebizwa ngokuthi i-dielectric. Isetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla ngendlela yenkundla kagesi. Ama-Capacitor avame ukusetshenziswa kumasekhethi e-elekthronikhi, imvamisa ehambisana nama-resistors namasekhethi ahlanganisiwe njengama-microprocessors, ukuze alawule amazinga amanje nawe-voltage. Angasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlunga amasignali futhi anikeze ukudluliswa kwamandla aphezulu kumasekhethi athile. Lapho ukhetha i-capacitor yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza oluthile, kubalulekile ukucabangela i-voltage yokusebenza, izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo, usayizi wephakheji, kanye nobubanzi bevelu ye-capacitance yohlobo lwe-capacitor olukhethayo.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-capacitor
Ama-Capacitor angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene ngenxa yekhono lawo lokugcina amandla nokuwakhulula lapho kudingeka. Ziyakwazi futhi ukuphatha inani elikhulu lamanje, ngakho-ke zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezihlungi namabhuleki wesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-capacitor angasiza ekunciphiseni umsindo kagesi futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kumasekhethi kagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumishini kagesi enamandla amakhulu njengamakhompiyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, namasethi wethelevishini.
Ama-Capacitor anezinzuzo eziningi uma kukhulunywa ngezinto zikagesi. Isibonelo, zisiza ukugcina izinga likagesi lizinzile ngokunikeza isitoreji sesikhashana sama-pulses anamandla amakhulu noma ukuqhuma okufushane kwamanje okungalimaza izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwakheka kwabo futhi kusiza ukuhlunga ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kulo lonke uhlelo noma ngaphakathi kwesekethe ngayinye. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni amasiginali angafuneki ukuthi angangeni ohlelweni noma ukuphazamisa amasiginali asevele engaphakathi kwayo.
Ukwengeza, ama-capacitor ahlinzeka ngokwamanje ngokushesha lapho kudingeka anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokuphawulekayo kunoma iyiphi isistimu ye-AC powered ngokunika amandla ukulawulwa kwe-capacitor yokuqala nokusebenza kwe-synchronous motor - okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zemvelo ngokwedlulele njengezinhlelo zokukhanyisa emgwaqweni namamotho e-HVAC. Okokugcina, ukuzinzisa amaza e-sine adalwe amasekhethi e-AC kungomunye wemisebenzi yawo eyinhloko - akhipha amandla kumafrikhwensi athile kuyilapho ekhulisa amandla kwamanye amaza - anciphisa ukuhlanekezelwa kwamandla kagesi futhi aqinisekise ukuphathwa kwamandla ahlanzekile kuzo zonke iziteshi.
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
