Ikwenza kanjani lokho? Umsindo usuka kanjani emthonjeni uye esipikheni ukuze uwuzwe?
Isignali yomsindo iwumfanekiso kagesi womsindo ku- imvamisa yomsindo ububanzi be-20 kuye ku-20,000 Hz. Angahlanganiswa ngokuqondile, noma aqhamuke kumbhobho noma i-transducer yokuthatha insimbi. Ukugeleza kwesignali indlela esuka emthonjeni iye esipikheni, lapho isignali yomsindo iguqulwa ibe umsindo.
Ake sibheke ukuthi iyini isignali yomsindo nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Ngizophinde ngixoxe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokugeleza kwesignali nendlela yokusetha ukugeleza kwesiginali yesistimu yomsindo wasekhaya.
Ukuqonda Ukucutshungulwa Kwesiginali Yomsindo
Kuyini Ukucutshungulwa Kwesiginali Yomsindo?
Wake wazibuza ukuthi izingoma zakho ozithandayo zihlangana kanjani? Nokho, konke kungenxa yokucubungula isignali yomsindo! Ukucutshungulwa kwesignali yomsindo kuyinqubo yokuguqula umsindo ube amafomethi edijithali, ukuguqula amaza omsindo, nokwengeza imiphumela ukuze udale ingoma ekahle. Isetshenziswa ezitudiyo zokuqopha, kuma-PC kanye namalaptop, ngisho nasezintweni zokuqopha ezikhethekile.
Ukuqalisa Ngokucubungula Isignali Yomsindo
Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokucutshungulwa kwesignali yomsindo, Isingeniso sika-Warren Koontz Sokucubungula Isignali Yomsindo iyindawo ekahle yokuqala. Ihlanganisa izisekelo zomsindo nezimpawu zomsindo we-analog, amasampula kanye nokulinganisa umsindo wedijithali amasiginali, isikhathi nesizinda sokucutshungulwa kwesizinda, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezifana nedizayini yesilinganisi, ukwenziwa komphumela, nokucindezelwa kwamafayela.
Funda Ukucutshungulwa Kwesiginali Yomsindo nge-MATLAB
Ingxenye engcono kakhulu ngale ncwadi ukuthi iza nezibonelo nezivivinyo ezisebenzisa imibhalo nemisebenzi ye-MATLAB. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukucubungula umsindo ngesikhathi sangempela ku-PC yakho futhi uthole ukuqonda okungcono kokuthi ukucubungula isignali yomsindo kusebenza kanjani.
Mayelana Nombhali
UWarren Koontz unguprofesa ophuma e-Rochester Institute of Technology. Une-BS ayithola e-University of Maryland, i-MS evela e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, kanye ne-Ph.D. kusuka eNyuvesi yasePurdue, konke kunjiniyela kagesi. Uchithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 e-Bell Laboratories ethuthukisa amasistimu okudlulisela edijithali, futhi ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, wajoyina ubuhlakani e-RIT ukusiza ukudala inketho ye-Audio Engineering Technology. U-Koontz uqhubekile nocwaningo lwakhe emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bomsindo futhi ushicilele futhi wethula imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe.
Isayensi Engemuva Kwama-Alternating Currents
Yini i-AC?
I-Alternating Currents (AC) ifana nengane yasendle kagesi – ayihlali endaweni eyodwa futhi ihlezi ishintsha. Ngokungafani ne-Direct Current (DC) evele igeleze iye ohlangothini olulodwa, i-AC ihlezi ishintsha phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Yingakho isetshenziswa kumasignali alalelwayo - ingaphinda idale imisindo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokunemba.
Isebenza kanjani?
Amasignali omsindo we-AC ayashintshwa ukuze afane nephimbo lomsindo okhiqizwa kabusha, njengamaza omsindo ashintshana phakathi kwengcindezi ephezulu nephansi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokushintsha amanani amabili - imvamisa kanye ne-amplitude.
- Imvamisa: Imvamisa kangakanani isignali ishintsha ukusuka kokuphozithivu ukuya kokubi.
- Ubukhulu: Izinga noma ivolumu yesiginali, ikalwa ngama-decibel.
Kungani i-AC inkulu kangaka?
I-AC ifana neqhawe likagesi - ingenza izinto ezinye izinhlobo zikagesi ezingakwazi. Ingathatha imisindo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyiguqule ibe amasignali kagesi, bese ibuyisela umsindo futhi. Kufana nomlingo, kodwa ngesayensi!
Kuyini Ukugeleza Kwesiginali?
Okuyisisekelo
Ukugeleza kwesignali kufana nomdlalo wefoni, kodwa ngomsindo. Uhambo umsindo oluthatha kusukela emthonjeni wawo ukuya ezindlebeni zakho. Kungaba uhambo olufushane, njengalapho ulalele izingoma zakho eziyintandokazi kusitiriyo sakho sasekhaya. Noma kungaba uhambo olude, olumazombezombe, njengalapho usendaweni yokuqopha enazo zonke izinsimbi namakhwela.
I-Nitty Gritty
Uma kuziwa ekugelezeni kwesignali, kunezitobhi eziningi endleleni. Umsindo ungase udlule kukhonsoli yokuxuba, okokusebenza komsindo wangaphandle, ngisho namagumbi ahlukene. Kufana nomjaho omkhulu wokudlulisa umsindo!
Izinzuzo
Ubuhle bokugeleza kwesignali ukuthi kungasiza ukwenza umsindo wakho ube ngcono. Ingakusiza ukulawula ivolumu, engeza imiphumela, futhi wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi umsindo uya endaweni efanele. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuthola okuningi kumsindo wakho, uzofuna ukwazi ukugeleza kwesignali.
Ukuqonda Izimpawu Zomsindo
Ayini Amasignali Omsindo?
Izimpawu zomsindo zifana nolimi lwesikhulumi sakho. Yizona ezitshela izikhulumi zakho ukuthi zithini nokuthi zisho phezulu kangakanani. Yizona ezenza umculo wakho uzwakale umuhle, amamuvi akho azwakala kakhulu, futhi ama-podcast akho azwakale njengokurekhoda okuphrofeshinali.
Imaphi Amapharamitha Anezici Zomsindo Wezimpawu?
Izimpawu zomsindo zingabonakala ngamapharamitha ambalwa ahlukene:
- Umkhawulokudonsa: Lona uhla lwamafrikhwensi isignali engawathwala.
- Izinga lokuzisholo: Leli izinga elimaphakathi lesiginali.
- Ileveli Yamandla Ngama-Decibel (dB): Lesi isilinganiso samandla esiginali ngokuhlobene nezinga lesithenjwa.
- I-Voltage Level: Lesi isilinganiso samandla esiginali ngokuhlobene nokuvinjwa kwendlela yesiginali.
Imaphi Amaleveli Ahlukene Ezimpawu Zomsindo?
Izimpawu zomsindo ziza ngamaleveli ahlukene kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza. Nasi isifinyezo esisheshayo samaleveli avame kakhulu:
- Izinga Lomugqa: Leli izinga elijwayelekile lama-consoles okuxuba ochwepheshe.
- Izinga Lomthengi: Leli izinga eliphansi kuneleveli yomugqa futhi lisetshenziselwa okokusebenza komsindo wabathengi.
- Izinga Lemakrofoni: Leli izinga eliphansi kakhulu futhi lisetshenziselwa imibhobho.
Kusho Ukuthini Konke Lokhu?
Kafushane, izimpawu zomsindo zifana nolimi lwesikhulumi sakho. Batshela izikhulumi zakho ukuthi zithini, zisho phezulu kangakanani, nokuthi uwenza kanjani umculo wakho, amamuvi, namaphodikasti kuzwakale kumnandi. Ngakho-ke uma ufuna umsindo wakho uzwakale kahle kakhulu, udinga ukuqonda amapharamitha ahlukene namaleveli amasignali omsindo.
Iyini i-Digital Audio?
Kwenzenjani?
Umsindo wedijithali wuhlobo lwedijithali lwesignali yomsindo. Isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-plug-in alalelwayo kanye nesoftware ye-digital audio workstation (DAW). Ngokuyisisekelo, ulwazi oludlula ku-DAW lusuka kuthrekhi yomsindo luye ku-plug-in luphinde lukhiphe okokukhiphayo kwehadiwe.
Ithuthwa Kanjani?
Umsindo wedijithali ungathunyelwa ngezintambo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- I-Optical fiber
- Coaxial
- Jozi elisontekile
Futhi, ikhodi yolayini kanye nephrothokholi yokuxhumana kusetshenziswa ukuze kunikezwe isignali yedijithali yesisetshenziswa sokudlulisa. Ezinye zezokuthutha zomsindo wedijithali ezaziwa kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- ISIKO
- I-TDIF
- TOS-LINK
- I-S / PDIF
- I-AES3
- I-MADI
- Umsindo nge-Ethernet
- Umsindo nge-IP
Ngakho Kusho Ukuthini Konke Lokho?
Ngokwamagama abantu abavamile, umsindo wedijithali uyindlela yokuthumela amasignali alalelwayo ngamakhebuli nangomoya. Isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-plug-in alalelwayo kanye nesoftware ye-digital audio workstation (DAW). Ngakho-ke, uma ungumculi, Umkhiqizi, noma unjiniyela womsindo, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wasebenzisa umsindo wedijithali esikhathini esithile emsebenzini wakho.
Ukuguqula Izimpawu Zomsindo
Kuyini Ukucutshungulwa Kwesiginali?
Ukucubungula isignali kuyindlela yokuthatha isignali yomsindo, njengomsindo, nokuyishintsha ngandlela thize. Kufana nokuthatha umsindo, uwuxhume kukhompuyutha, bese usebenzisa inqwaba yamafindo nokudayela ukuze uzwakale uhlukile.
Yini Ongayenza Ngokucutshungulwa Kwesiginali?
Ukucubungula isignali kungasetshenziswa ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezipholile ngomsindo. Nanka amanye amathuba:
- Amafrikhwensi aphezulu noma aphansi angahlungwa.
- Amafrikhwensi athile angagcizelelwa noma ancishiswe ngesilinganisi.
- I-Harmonic overtones ingangezwa ngokuhlanekezela.
- I-amplitude ingalawulwa nge-compressor.
- Imiphumela yomculo efana nesabizwana, ikhorasi, nokubambezeleka kunganezelwa.
- Izinga eliphelele lesiginali lingalungiswa nge-fader noma i-amplifier.
- Amasignali amaningi angahlanganiswa ne-mixer.
Kusho Ukuthini Konke Lokhu?
Kafushane, ukucubungula isignali kuyindlela yokuthatha umsindo futhi uzwakale uhluke ngokuphelele. Ungayenza ibe phezulu noma ithambe, wengeze imiphumela, noma uhlanganise imisindo eminingi ibe munye. Kufana nokuba nenkundla yokudlala ye-sonic ongadlala kuyo!
Iyini iTransduction?
Okuyisisekelo
Ukuguqulwa kuyinqubo yokuguqula umsindo ube amasignali kagesi. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyinqubo yokuguqula amaza omsindo abe ngu-0 no-1s. Kufana nebhuloho eliwumlingo phakathi komhlaba ophathekayo nowedijithali.
Abadlali
Kunabadlali ababili abakhulu kumdlalo wokuguqula:
- Imakrofoni: Lawa ma-transducer athatha amaza omsindo awaguqule abe amasignali kagesi.
- Izipikha: Lawa ma-transducer athatha amasignali kagesi awenze amaza omsindo.
Izinhlobo
Uma kuziwa ekudlulisweni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamasignali alalelwayo: i-analog nedijithali. I-Analog iyigagasi lomsindo lokuqala, kanti idijithali iyinguqulo ka-0s no-1s.
Inqubo
Inqubo ye-transduction ilula kakhulu. Okokuqala, igagasi lomsindo lihlangana ne-capsule yemakrofoni. Leli capsule libe seliguqula amandla omshini wokudlidliza abe amandla kagesi. Lokhu kwamanje kuyakhuliswa futhi kuguqulelwe kusignali yedijithali. Ekugcineni, lesi siginali yedijithali iguqulwa isiphinde sibe igagasi lomsindo ngesipika.
Isayensi yeFunky
Izindlebe zethu zibuye ziguqule umsindo zibe izimpawu zikagesi, kodwa lezi izimpawu zokuzwa, hhayi izimpawu zomsindo. Amasignali azwakalayo awokuzwa, kuyilapho amasiginali omsindo ezezobuchwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke usunakho - umhlahlandlela osheshayo futhi olula wokuguqula. Manje ungajabulisa abangani bakho ngolwazi lwakho lwenqubo yomlingo yokuguqula amaza omsindo abe ngo-0 kanye no-1s!
Ukuqonda Isikali Se-Decibel
Iyini i-Decibel?
Uma ubheka imitha yesignali, ubheka ulwazi lwe-decibel. Ama-decibel akala ukuphakama noma ukuphakama komsindo. Kuyisilinganiso se-logarithmic, hhayi esomugqa, okusho ukuthi singakala uhla olukhulu lwamazinga wamandla omsindo. Indlebe yomuntu iyithuluzi elimangalisayo elikwazi ukuzwa umsindo wephinikhodi ewa eduze, kanye nokuduma kwenjini yejethi buqamama.
Amayunithi Wokulinganisa Umsindo
Uma ukala amazinga omsindo ngemitha yeleveli yomsindo, ukala ukushuba komsindo kumayunithi e-decibel (dB). Imitha yomsindo isebenzisa isibonisi esinobubanzi be-decibel nokulungiswa ukuze kufinyelelwe kububanzi obuguquguqukayo bendlebe. Kungaba nzima ukwenza imitha yeleveli yomsindo enokusebenza komugqa, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa isikali se-logarithmic, kusetshenziswa u-10 njengesisekelo.
I-Decibel Levels of Common Sounds
Nalu uhlu lwamaleveli e-decibel emisindo evamile:
- Ukuthula okuseduze - 0 dB
- Ukuhleba - 15 dB
- Umtapo wolwazi - 45 dB
- Ingxoxo evamile — 60 dB
- Ukushaywa kwendlu yangasese - 75-85 dB
- Indawo yokudlela enomsindo — 90 dB
- Umsindo ophakeme ewodini lesibhedlela - 100 dB
- Ukukhala kwengane - 110 dB
- Injini yeJet - 120 dB
- I-Porsche 911 Carrera RSR Turbo 2.1–138 dB
- Ukuphuma kwebhaluni - 157 dB
Izinhlobo zamaDecibel
Uma kukhulunywa ngomsindo, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-decibel:
- I-SPL (Amazinga Okucindezela Komsindo): ikala imisindo yomhlaba wangempela (okungewona amasignali), ikalwa imitha ye-SPL ekhethekile.
- I-dBFS (Ama-Decibels Isikali Esigcwele): ukuthi amazinga esignali yedijithali akalwa kanjani emhlabeni wama-0s no-1s, lapho amandla esiginali aphezulu =0 kumitha.
- I-dBV (Decibels Volt): isetshenziswa kakhulu kumishini ye-analog noma isofthiwe yedijithali elingisa igiya le-analog. Amamitha e-VU abhalisa amazinga omsindo amaphakathi, ngokungafani namamitha aphezulu, abonisa kuphela amasignali aphakeme kakhulu wesikhashana. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zomsindo we-analog, itheyiphu kazibuthe yayingakwazi ukurekhoda isignali yomsindo eningi uma iqhathaniswa nekhasethi kazibuthe eyakhiqizwa emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ngakho-ke kwamukeleka ukuqopha ngaphezu kuka-0 kuye ngokuthi i-tape esetshenziswayo, kufika ku-+3 noma +6 noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuqonda Amafomethi Omsindo
Iyini Ifomethi Yomsindo?
Uma uqopha umsindo, udinga ukunquma ukuthi uzogcinwa kanjani. Lokhu kusho ukukhetha ifomethi yomsindo efanele, ukujula kancane, kanye nesilinganiso sesampula. Kufana nokukhetha izilungiselelo zekhamera ezifanele zesithombe. Ungakhetha ikhwalithi ye-JPEG (ephansi, emaphakathi, ephezulu) noma urekhode inani eliphakeme lemininingwane kufayela elingu-RAW.
Amafomethi omsindo afana namafomethi wesithombe – .png, .tif, .jpg, .bmp, .svg – kodwa ezomsindo. Ifomethi yomsindo ichaza ukuthi ingakanani idatha esetshenziselwa ukumela umsindo, ukuthi ucindezelwe noma cha, nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwedatha olusetshenziswayo.
Umsindo Ongacindezelwe
Uma kuziwa ekukhiqizweni komsindo, ngokuvamile uzofuna ukunamathela nomsindo ongacindezelwanga. Ngaleyo ndlela, ungakwazi ukulawula ukuthi umsindo usatshalaliswa kanjani. Ngisho noma usebenzisa inkundla efana neVimeo, YouTube, noma Spotify, uzofuna ukwazi kahle umsindo ngefomethi engacindezelwanga kuqala.
Umsindo Ocindezelwe
Uma usebenza ngomculo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi ucindezele ifayela lomsindo uma likhulu kakhulu endaweni yokusabalalisa. Isibonelo, i-Distrokid yamukela kuphela amafayela afika ku-1GB. Ngakho-ke uma ingoma yakho iyinde ngempela, kuzomele uyicindezele.
Amafomethi wefayela ajwayelekile kakhulu okukhiqiza umculo yi-WAV ne-FLAC. I-FLAC iyifomethi yokucindezela engalahleki, engcono kunama-mp3. I-Spotify incoma ukusebenzisa ifomethi ye-AAC.
Ithekelisa Umsindo
Uma uthumela umsindo njengengxenye yevidiyo, ngokuvamile uzoba nokusethwa kusengaphambili okumbalwa ongakhetha kukho (isb. i-YouTube, i-Vimeo, i-Mobile, i-Web, i-Apple Pro Res.). Umsindo uzocindezelwa kanye nevidiyo ngokusekelwe kuzilungiselelo zakho zokuthumela.
Uma unekesi yokusetshenziswa engalingani nokusetha ngaphambilini, ungenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ku-inthanethi ukuze uthole izilungiselelo ezingcono kakhulu.
Ukuqhathanisa Usayizi Wefayela
Nakhu ukuqhathaniswa kosayizi bamafayela kuwo wonke amafomethi omsindo ahlukene:
- WAV: Kukhulu
- I-FLAC: Maphakathi
- MP3: Encane
Ngakho, kukhona onakho! Manje usuwazi konke mayelana namafomethi omsindo.
Kuyini Ukujula Kancane?
Ukujula kancane yitemu lobuchwepheshe elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwefomethi yegagasi yomsindo. Kucishe kufane nenani lezindawo zamadesimali ezisetshenziselwa ukumela lonke ifayela lomsindo, futhi kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ikhwalithi iyonke nokulungiswa komsindo.
Izisekelo Zokujula Kancane
Ukujula kancane kumayelana nobubanzi bamanani asetshenziselwa ukumela amasiginali anomsindo kakhulu futhi athule angarekhodwa ngendlela yedijithali. Nasi isifinyezo esisheshayo sezisekelo:
- Amanani wokujula kancane amele ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwefomethi yegagasi yomsindo.
- Ukujula kancane kuphinde kuchaze inani eliphelele lezindawo zamadesimali zabo bonke o-0 no-1s ezisetshenziselwa ukumela lonke ifayela lomsindo.
- Izindinganiso ezivame kakhulu zokujula yi-16-bit kanye ne-24-bit. Lapho kusetshenziswa izingcezu eziningi, ifayela lomsindo likhulu, futhi ikhwalithi ezoba phezulu noma ukulungiswa kuzoba phezulu.
- Umsindo we-CD uchazwa njengophakathi kwe-16-bit, kuyilapho ama-DVD akwazi ukudlala umsindo we-16, 20 noma 24 bit.
Ukujula Kancane njengepharamitha Yokudala
Ukujula kancane akulona nje igama lobuchwepheshe - kungasetshenziswa futhi njengepharamitha yokudala. Isibonelo, kukhona lonke uhlobo lomculo we-elekthronikhi olubizwa nge-Chiptune elingisa indlela umsindo owawuzwakala ngayo lapho udlalwa ezizukulwaneni zangaphambili zamakhompyutha anama-8-bit processors.
Ngakho-ke uma ubheke ukungeza ukunambitheka kwe-lo-fi emsindweni wakho, ukujula kancane kuyinto okufanele icatshangelwe. Khumbula nje ukuthi uma kusetshenziswe izingcezu eziningi, ifayela lomsindo likhulu futhi lizoba phezulu izinga noma ukulungiswa okuzoba yikho.
Isiphetho
Manje usuwazi konke mayelana nesignali yomsindo NJENGOKUMELELE umsindo njengesignali esesimweni sokudlidliza kukagesi noma komshini. Kuyindlela esizwa ngayo umculo nendlela esiwuqopha ngayo. Kuyindlela esabelana ngayo nabanye nendlela esikujabulela ngayo ezisetshenziswa zethu.
Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukuqala ngakho futhi ujabule!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
