I-Ash ingenye yezinkuni ezithandwa kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesiginci namuhla, elaziswa kakhulu ngokuzwakala kwayo okuhle nokusimama kwayo.
Kulula futhi ukusebenza ngayo futhi inephethini enhle yokusanhlamvu - iyenza ibe ukhuni olufaneleka kakhulu lwabakhi besiginci.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ezinye zezizathu zokuthi kungani umlotha uthandwa kangaka, kanye nokuthi yini eyenza kube i-tonewood enhle yokwakha isiginci.
Uhlolojikelele lwe-Ash
I-Ash ingenye yezinkuni ze-tonewood ezaziwa kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesiginci, kokubili ugesi kanye ne-acoustic. Umlotha uwuhlobo lwesihlahla esaziwa ngokukwazi ukumelana nokubola nokuguga, okuwenza ube wukhuni olukhulu ukusetshenziselwa. iziginci. Ukhuni luwela ngaphansi kwezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-oki ebomvu esenyakatho (i-Quercus rubra) nomlotha omhlophe (i-Fraxinus americana). Zombili lezi zinhlobo zinezici ezihlukile, kodwa zisebenza kahle ekwakhiweni kweziginci eziningi.
I-Northern red oak inezakhiwo zethoni ezinamandla kunomlotha omhlophe, ihlinzeka ngomsindo okhanya kancane onama-overtones achazwe kakhudlwana. Iphinde ibe ne-resonance-friendly uma iqhathaniswa nomlotha omhlophe, okuyenza ibe inketho ekahle yama-resonator guitar ngisho nezaga noma izingoma zokucula. Umlotha omhlophe ngakolunye uhlangothi uvame ukuba nezimfanelo zethoni ethambile enemisindo eyindilinga egxila kakhulu kumabhesi kunokuphezulu noma ama-mids. Ibukeka ngendlela yakudala uma inebala elimnyama futhi ikhiqiza amathoni amakhulu kuma-amplifiers - alungele izitayela eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ze-jazz.
Zombili izinhlobo ze-Ash zifunwa kakhulu ngabadali besiginci ngenxa yokuqina, amandla kanye nokumelana nokuguga okubenza babe yi-tonewoods ethembekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili banikeza ukucaca kwethoni kanye namathoni anamandla okubanikeza inzuzo ngaphezu kwezinkuni ezishibhile njenge-Alder noma i-Mahogany kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. I-Ash iwukhuni oluguquguquka ngendlela emangalisayo olungasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokwakha ukuze luzuze noma yimuphi umculi ofuna umsindo ogqamile noma izimfanelo zethoni emnyama - kuye ngohlobo olukhethiwe!
Izinzuzo ze-Ash Tonewood
Ukusetshenziswa komlotha njenge-tonewood yokukhiqiza isiginci kuye kwathandwa amashumi eminyaka amaningi, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwezici ezinzima nezithambile. Umlotha uwukhuni olunesisindo esimaphakathi, olunye lwezinhlobo eziminyene zokhuni lwasekhaya olutholakalayo. Ngokuvamile, umlotha uwela esigabeni sokhuni oluqinile, kodwa futhi unezimfanelo ezithile ze-softwood. Impendulo yemvamisa ephezulu ye-Ash yaziwa njengokukhanya uma iqhathaniswa namanye ama-tonewoods futhi idala ama-overtones anomusa anobumnandi obucashile okwenze yaba enye yezinto ezifunwa kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesiginci sikagesi esisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwekhwalithi yayo enhle kakhulu ye-acoustic, umlotha uhlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezimbalwa eziyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa njenge-tonewood:
-Ilula kodwa iqinile: Izinkuni ze-Ash tonewood zilula kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zokhuni oluqinile njenge-alder noma i-oki, kodwa zihlala ziqinile kakhulu ngisho nezindonga zomzimba nezintamo ezincane kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziginci ezinomzimba womlotha ngokuvamile zizozizwa zikhululekile ukudlala ngezikhathi ezinde.
-Inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu: Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zomlotha njenge-tonewood ukuguquguquka kwayo; ikhono layo lokukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene endlebeni kusukela kumathoni e-jazz afudumele kuze kufike ekuhlanekezelekeni kwedwala elikhulu kuyenza ibe ifaneleka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo noma isitayela sokudlala.
-I-sonic resonance iphakeme kakhulu: I-sonic resonance eqinile ekhiqizwa umzimba womlotha inikeza ukusimama okuhle nokucaca lapho udlala amathoni ahlanzekile kumasethingi evolumu ephansi kanye nokuphumayo okucindezelwe kakhulu lapho uphusha ama-amps kakhudlwana kumaleveli evolumu aphezulu.
-Inephethini ekhangayo yokusanhlamvu: Imidwebo echazwe kahle yokusanhlamvu etholakala emizimbeni eqinile eyenziwe ngomlotha okhanyayo waseNyakatho Omhlophe iyenza ibe mnandi ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ithoni noma umsebenzi. Iphethini yayo yokusanhlamvu ehlaba umxhwele iphinde ibe negalelo ekupheleleni kwayo kwesakhiwo.
Izici Zomzimba ze-Ash
Umlotha uwukhuni oluvamile olusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kweziginci zikagesi neze-acoustic. I-Ash ivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo eziyingqayizivele ezenza kube i-tonewood enkulu. Kulesi sigaba, sizobheka izici zomzimba zomlotha nokuthi zingathinta kanjani umsindo noma ukudlala kwesiginci.
Iphethini yokusanhlamvu
Iphethini yokusanhlamvu yokhuni lomlotha ingahluka kuye ngokuthi izinkuni zivela kumlotha omhlophe noma uhlobo olumnyama. Umlotha omhlophe uvame ukuba nokusanhlamvu okungavamile, okuvulekile kuyilapho okusanhlamvu kumlotha omnyama kuqondile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane, akunakwenzeka ukuthola noma yisiphi isibalo lapho ubheka umlotha obandayo. Ukuthamba komlotha kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo ezikhulayo zesihlahla kanye neminyaka, kodwa ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuminyene kancane kunezinye izinkuni zethoni.
Kuye ngohlobo lomlotha osetshenziselwa ukwakha isiginci, i sekugcineni okusetshenzisiwe kanye nenani lokugqoka kuzophinde kuthinte izici zale tonewood. Ukuvuleka kokusanhlamvu nokho kwenza ukusebenzisa amaphethelo alula kukhange nakakhulu njengoba lokhu kuzobonisa ubuhle bemvelo ngokugqama ngokuthela kunoma yikuphi ukungalingani kombala noma izimpawu ezenzeka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yobudala noma amaphethini okukhula.
Isisindo
Isisindo singenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezibonakalayo ekunqumeni ikhwalithi ye-tonewood. Umlotha uvame ukuba lula futhi ngenxa yalokho, uwenza ube yisinqumo esihle kakhulu sokusebenzisa imizimba yesiginci. Isisindo esincane se-Ash sivumela abadlali besiginci ukuthi bazulazule esiteji ngaphandle kokusindwa yinsimbi yabo, ngaphandle kokudela amandla aso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo esiphansi sibangela ubunzima obuncane entanyeni nasekhanda ngenkathi udlala izivivinyo eziyinkimbinkimbi zeminwe noma izingoma ezinomsindo ezinezintambo ezinzima. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ithoni efanelekile yezinhlobo ezisheshayo, eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne-jazz noma umculo we-country odinga i-fretwork ejulile.
Isilinganiso sokuminyana okomile komlotha sisukela ku-380-690 kg/m3 (23-43 lbs/ft3). Lokhu kuhluka okuncane kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe izingcezu ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezinikeza ukukhanya nokucaca emsindweni ngenxa yokukhanya kwawo, noma udale ithoni enamandla kakhulu ngokukhetha izingcezu ezisindayo ezine-resonance ehlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkuni Ezilula.
Ukupha
Ngaphakathi kwendawo yezinto ezibonakalayo, umlotha unezinga eliphakathi le-porosity. Ngokuvamile, uma ukhuni lunezimbotshana, luzosabela kakhulu futhi ithoni ekhanyayo izokhiqiza. Izinga eliphakathi le-porosity linikeza ukhuni lomlotha ukubukeka okuqinile okuqinile. Inikeza nokuzwakala okuthile ku-tonewood futhi ikhona njengendawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwezinkuni ezithambile nokhuni oluqinile olunikeza ukuzwakala nokuzwakala okukhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ijwayele ukufanela izitayela eziningi zesigingci se-acoustic nezikagesi ngendlela yayo eyingqayizivele, ihlanganisa ndawonye ezinye zezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela kuzo zonke lezi ezinye izinhlobo ze-tonewoods.
Izimpawu Zethoni Zomlotha
I-Ash ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-tonewood yeziginci zikagesi ngenxa yesethi yayo eyingqayizivele yezimpawu ze-tonal. U-Ash waziwa ngokunikeza ithoni elinganiselayo nokuhlasela okujabulisayo kwe-midrange okuhle kakhulu kumculo we-rock noma we-blues. Umsindo futhi ucacile futhi ucacile, nokuthwebula okubonakalayo okulungele imisindo ehlanzekile namathoni okuhola achaziwe. Ake sijule futhi sixoxe ngezici ze-tonal zomlotha ngokuningiliziwe.
Brightness
Umlotha waziwa ngezici zawo zethoni ezikhanyayo nezigxilile. Inemvamisa eyisisekelo eqinile kanye nokuhlasela okuphezulu okuvumela ububanzi obugcwele bokucaca ngaphandle kokwengeza kakhulu phakathi nendawo noma ekugcineni okuphansi. Umlotha ungasebenza kahle ngokusekela okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi uma uhlanganiswe nama-pickup athile.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zomlotha ezitholakalayo ze-guitar tonewoods: i-hardMaple ne-softMaple. Imephu eqinile inohlamvu oluqinile futhi iminyene kunemephu ethambile. Futhi ingenye ye-tonewoods enzima kakhulu etholakalayo, kodwa ayizi ngaphandle kweminye imihume. Ukuqina kokhuni kungenza kube nzima ukubunjwa, ngoba kudinga amandla amaningi phakathi nezinqubo ze-sanding kanye nokuqeda ukuze kuthathe isimo esifisayo. Ukwengeza, i-maple eqinile ijwayele ukukhiqiza amathoni agqamile angakhathaza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma engahlanganiswa namathoni athambile avela kweminye imithombo efana i-rosewood noma i-mahogany.
I-Soft Maple ithethelela kakhulu okusho ukuthi kuthatha kahle ekubumbeni nasekuqedeni izinqubo okwenza kube lula ukusebenza ngayo kunemephu eqinile. Naphezu kokuphenduleka kakhulu kunozakwabo oqinile, i-softmaple isakhiqiza amathoni agqamile agqamayo kumamiksi kuyilapho igcina imfudumalo nokujula ngamavolumu aphansi. Lokhu kukwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwemisindo ehlanzekile noma ukungeza nje umehluko emigqeni eyedwa ngesikhathi sokuhola noma ukugcwalisa ithrekhi ye-albhamu.
Sustain
Ngokwemvelo, umlotha waziwa ngomsindo wawo oqhubekayo futhi ozwakalayo. Ingqikithi yomlotha inika ibhalansi elinganayo yokufudumala nokukhanya kububanzi befrikhwensi. Uma udlala izingoma kusiginci esenziwe ngomzimba womlotha, akukho iphutha ekucaceni kwenothi ngalinye elikhala ngokugqamile. Lokhu kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kubadlali abafuna incazelo kumasethi abo.
Emazingeni aphezulu okuzuza, umlotha wabelana ngokufana okuthile nemephu; zombili izinkuni zikhiqiza ukucwazimula okufanayo lapho zihlanekezelwa futhi zihlala zichazwe kakhulu ngenxa yomgogodla ominyene. Emazingeni aphansi enzuzo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlotha unikeza ithoni efudumele ehamba phambili ngokudlala izingxenye ezihlanzekile ngaphandle kokuzenza zizizwe zizacile kakhulu noma zinciphisa umsindo wesiginci sakho.
Okunye okubalulekile ukuguquguquka kwethoni okuvela kokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi “ukubola okuqhubekayo” — uma ushaya inothi, cishe u-15-20% walelo nothi uzofa ngokushesha phakathi nalokho esikubiza ngokuthi “isigaba sokuhlasela”. Lesi sigaba sokuhlasela singase siholele kokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuqina okuguquguqukayo” lapho lokhu 'kubola' kunwebeka khona isikhathi eside ukuze kwakheke ukuthungwa kwethoni okukhangayo njengokungathi kuzwakala ngamananela amaningana agelezayo - cabanga ngalokhu njengento ebanzi kune-vibrato spectrum evamile. lapho amanothi eqhubeka khona ukunanela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunokuba avele aphele ngokushesha ukusuka kwelinye ngemva kwelinye njengoba kungahlinzeka ngokudlidliza okujwayelekile.
I-Resonance
Izici ze-acoustic zomlotha zingachazwa kangcono njenge-resonant. Iwukhuni oluqinile olulula olunokwakheka okusanhlamvu okuqinile, ukuhlukana okubanzi okusanhlamvu, ngisho nokuthungwa. Le nhlanganisela inikeza izici zethoni yomlotha ezisiza ukugcina ukuzwakala kwensimbi ngaphandle kokudlula amandla ezinye izakhi ezifana nezintambo. Kanjalo, lolu hlobo lwezinkuni luzifanelekela kahle iziginci zikagesi zendabuko noma izinsimbi zomzimba eziqinile ezidinga ukugcinwa nokusabela okukhulu kumafrikhwensi ahlukene.
Umlotha ukhiqiza amathoni agqamile nokuphakama okucacile ngenxa yesikhala sawo esibanzi sokusanhlamvu nesisindo esilula, esiza ukudala izinga elimangalisayo lokucaca kumagagasi alo omsindo. Zonke lezi zici zihlangana ukwenza lolu godo lube yimpahla efanelekile yokwakha isiginci njengoba ibhalansi yethoni yayo inikeza amazinga amahle kakhulu okufudumala, ukusekela nokukhuluma. Phezu kwalokho, ibukeka iyinhle ngenxa yephethini yayo yokusanhlamvu ekhangayo - imizimba yomlotha eqinile ingenye yezinto eziqediwe ezibukeka kahle kakhulu ezibonwa kumiklamo yesiginci kuyo yonke iminyaka!
Ukusetshenziswa Okungcono Kakhulu kwe-Ash Tonewood
I-Ash tonewood ingenye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ze-tonewoods ezisetshenziswa ezinsimbini ezinezintambo, ikakhulukazi kuma-guitar. Yaziwa ngokugqama, iphimbo layo eligcwele futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza imisindo eyahlukene. Ukhuni lubuye lusebenze kalula futhi lungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezibukeka zizinhle futhi zizwakala kahle. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokusetshenziswa okungcono kakhulu kwe-ash tonewood.
Ama-Guitars kagesi
Iziginci zikagesi ezakhiwe ngomzimba womlotha zingaletha amathoni ahlukahlukene kuye ngokukhetha izinkuni. Umlotha ungasetshenziselwa yomibili imisindo ehlanzekile nefudumele. Ivame ukubonakala kuma-guitar kagesi akhiqizwa e-United States.
I-ash tonewood eyenziwe eMelika edume kakhulu umlotha wexhaphozi, ukhuni olulula olunohlamvu oluqinile kanye nokuzwakala okuphezulu okukuvumela ukuthi udlulise ithoni efudumele. Inama-mids aqinile, isiphetho esiphansi esilinganiselwe kanye nokuphakama okukhanyayo, okuyenza ibe yinhle ekudlaleni i-rock ne-blues. Izinsimbi ezinomlotha wexhaphozi ngokuvamile zinomsindo ovulekile, onomoya onomsindo onamathoni amaningi emvelo afana nalawo atholakala kumamodeli omzimba angenalutho kodwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga zempendulo ezingokwemvelo zezinsimbi ezinomzimba ongenalutho.
I-Blonde ash tonewood iphinde inikeze izici ezifanayo ze-sonic njengomlotha wamaxhaphozi. Kodwa-ke, okuyenza ihluke ukuminyana kwayo okukhulayo okunikeza impendulo eyengeziwe ye-bass eqinile ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa izintambo zegeji ezisindayo okwenza ilungele abadlali be-bass abadinga ukwehla okusindayo kanye nokuphakama okukhanyayo. Imibala empunga e-blond nayo ibukeka ihlukile uma isetshenziswa ekuqedweni kwesiginci sikagesi - okuvumela abakhi bezinsimbi ukuthi bakhe iziphetho ezibukeka kahle zesigingci ezibukeka kahle.
Ama-Gouar Acoustic
I-Ash ifaneleka kakhulu iziginci ze-acoustic ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwamathoni ajabulisayo, isisekelo esiphilayo kanye namandla ayo nokuqina. Ukuqina kwenza umlotha ube mnandi futhi uhlasele lapho udlalwa ngokuzwakalayo; kodwa-ke, ingakhanya ngokwedlulele uma isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni komzimba wesiginci. Ukulinganisa le khwalithi yethoni, abanye abenzi besiginci bahlanganisa umlotha nokhuni oluthambile njengeSitka spruce noma i-mahogany. Lokhu kwengeza imfudumalo nokujula ku-tonality yensimbi.
Ukwakheka okuqinile okusanhlamvu kwe-Ash kunikeza ukucaca okukhulu, incazelo kanye nokuzwakala kwethoni yesigingci se-acoustic engahlala ingashintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma inakekelwa kahle. Lesi sakhiwo esiqinile futhi sisenza sizinze kakhulu, simelane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi sisiza zonke izingxenye ukuthi zihlale zivumelana isikhathi eside kunezinye eziningi ze-tonewood; ngakho-ke, ukunikeza umdlali iphimbo elingcono lilonke.
Futhi kuwukhuni olulula - okulwenza lulungele iziginci ze-acoustic njengoba isisindo sithinta ukunethezeka kwensimbi kanye nokusimama nomsindo. Enye i-drawback ukuthi ingaqhekeka kalula uma ingamanziswanga kahle - ibenze bangavikeleki ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esibandayo/ esimanzi.
Ama-Bass Guitars
Ama-bass guitar afaneleka kahle ku-ash tonewood ngenxa yezimpawu zawo ze-sonic. I-Ash inethoni elinganiselayo kulo lonke ibanga lemvamisa, okusho ukuthi uma isetshenziswa kuma-bass guitar, iletha isiphetho esiqinisekisayo esinencazelo enhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mids aphansi abalulekile - "alahlekile" avela kwezinye izinkuni zamathoni amaningana - akhona kahle kumabhesi agqitshwe umlotha futhi anikeze umsindo ophelele ukuthungwa kwe-punchy. Sekukonke, yingakho i-Fender Precision Bass - phakathi kwamabhesi kagesi ayisakhiwo sodumo emlandweni - iye yahlotshaniswa kuphela ne-ash tonewood kusukela yethulwa ngo-1951. Ukwengeza, umlotha uvame ukuba lula kakhulu ngesisindo, okuvumela ukudlala ngokunethezeka ngenkathi ukugcina abadlali be-bas benamandla phakathi neseshini emide yesitudiyo noma ama-gigs abukhoma.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, umlotha uwukhuni olukhulu lwamagitala kagesi ngenxa yethoni yawo ecwebezelayo nekhanyayo, amaphethini okusanhlamvu aqinile, nesisindo esiphansi. Kuyinketho enhle uma ufuna insimbi enomsindo ocacile, olinganiselayo futhi ebukeka iyinhle futhi. I-Ash nayo kulula ukusebenza nayo, ngakho-ke inketho enhle kubakhi besigingci be-DIY. Sekukonke, umlotha uwukhuni oluhle kakhulu lweziginci zikagesi futhi okuthile okufanele kucatshangelwe uma usemakethe yezintambo eziyisithupha ezintsha.
Isifinyezo Sezinzuzo
Ama-roast amancane athambile anezinga eliphakeme le-caffeine, kanti ama-roast amnyama anomunyu obonakalayo kanye ne-asidi ephansi. Ama-roast aphakathi nendawo adume kakhulu e-United States, kuyilapho ama-continental roast amnyama kakhulu. I-roast ngayinye inikeza iphrofayela yayo yokunambitheka ehlukile, futhi kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuze uthole ukuthi yini oyithanda kakhulu.
Sekukonke, ikhofi yisiphuzo esishintshashintsha ngendlela emangalisayo esikuvumela ukuthi uhlole amaphrofayili e-flavour ahlukene futhi uthole okuthile okulungele ukunambitha kwakho. Noma ngabe ukhetha ukukhanya nokuthambile noma okumnyama nokushubile, ayikho impendulo engalungile uma kuziwa ekukhetheni okuncamelayo kokuthosa.
Izincomo ze-Ash Tonewood
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umlotha uwukhuni oluqinile kunamanye ama-tonewood athandwayo njenge-mahogany. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuthatha amandla engeziwe lapho kubaza futhi inikeza ithoni egqamile ngenxa yokuqina namandla angeziwe. Naphezu kobunzima, umlotha usabhekwa njengenye yezinkuni ze-tonewood ezihamba phambili lapho, okwenza kube yisinqumo esihle kubadlali abaningi.
Ngokuya ngezincomo, umlotha usebenza kahle ngokuhambisana nezinye izinkuni ezilula njenge-maple noma ngezinkuni ezinzima njenge-rosewood noma i-ebony. Inhlanganisela ivumela umdlali ukuzwa amathoni ahlukene ngaphandle kokudinga ukushintsha ulwazi lwakhe ngokuphelele, okungabiza futhi kudle isikhathi.
Ngokufanelekile, kungcono kakhulu ukuthola imizimba eyenziwe ama-luthiers aqonda ukubaluleka kokuqondiswa kokusanhlamvu maqondana nokukhiqizwa komsindo kumagitala. Ngokuvamile, ufuna okusanhlamvu okuhamba ngobude ngokuhlakanipha eduze komzimba wesiginci ukuze kusebenzisane kakhulu namaza okudlidliza akhiqizwa ekuhlwitheni intambo ngqo endleleni yayo. Njengoba lokhu kusebenzisana kukhulisa amaza athile, umphumela uba ithoni iyonke ecace kakhudlwana emelana nokuba nodaka noma isicaba lapho amanothi ehlanganiswa ndawonye emshweni.
Ngokunamathela kulezi zincomo zokubheka umlotha njengokukhethwa kwakho kwe-tonewood, ungaqiniseka ukuthi insimbi yakho yakhiwe ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezizokunikeza isipiliyoni sokudlala esijabulisayo iminyaka eminingi!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
