Wayengubani u-Antonio de Torres Jurado? U-Antonio de Torres Jurado wayengumSpanishi luthier othathwa njengoyise wesimanje isiginci sakudala. Wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, e-Almería ngo-1817, washonela e-Almería ngo-1892.
Wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, e-Almería ngo-1817 njengendodana yomthelisi uJuan Torres nomkakhe uMaria Jurado. Wachitha ubusha bakhe efundisa umsebenzi wokubaza, futhi wabuthelwa ebuthweni isikhashana eneminyaka engu-16 ngaphambi kokuba uyise akwazi ukumkhulula enkonzweni ngaphansi kwesizathu esikhohlisayo sokuthi akafaneleki ngokwezempilo. U-Antonio osemncane waphonswa emshadweni ngokushesha noJuana María López oneminyaka emi-3, owamnika izingane ze-3. Kulezo zingane ezintathu, ezimbili ezincane zashona, kuhlanganise noJuana owashona kamuva eneminyaka engu-25 ngenxa yesifo sofuba.
Kukholakala (kodwa akuqinisekiswa) ukuthi ngo-1842 u-Antonio Torres Jurado waqala ukufunda ubuciko bokwenza isiginci kuJosé Pernas eGranada. Wabuyela eSeville wavula isitolo lapho azenzela khona esakhe iziginci. Kulapho ahlangane khona nabaculi abaningi nabadidiyeli bakhe, abamphusha ukuthi asungule iziginci ezintsha abazozisebenzisa uma becula. Ngokudumile, u-Antonio wathatha iseluleko kumshayi wesigingci owaziwayo kanye nomqambi u-Julián Arcas futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wasekuqaleni wesiginci sesimanjemanje.
Waphinde washada ngo-1868, waqhubeka nokusebenza eSevile kwaze kwaba ngu-1870 lapho yena nomkakhe bethuthela e-Almería lapho bavula khona isitolo se-china ne-crystal. Lapho waqala ukusebenzela umklamo wakhe wokugcina wesigingci odume kakhulu, imodeli kaTorres. Washona ngo-1892, kodwa iziginci zakhe zisadlalwa nanamuhla.
Impilo Nefa lika-Antonio Torres Jurado
Ukuphila Kwabancane Nomshado
U-Antonio Torres Jurado wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, e-Almería ngo-1817. Wayeyindodana yomthelisi uJuan Torres nomkakhe uMaria Jurado. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, u-Antonio wabuthelwa empini, kodwa uyise wakwazi ukumkhipha enkonzweni ngaphansi kwezaba ezingamanga zokuthi akafaneleki ngokwezempilo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, washada noJuana María López futhi waba nezingane ezintathu, ezimbili zazo ezashona ngokudabukisayo.
Ukuzalwa Kwesiginci Sesimanje Sakudala
Kukholakala ukuthi ngo-1842, u-Antonio waqala ukufunda ubuciko bokwenza isiginci kuJosé Pernas eGranada. Ngemva kokubuyela eSeville, wavula esakhe isitolo waqala nokuzakhela esakhe iziginci. Lapha, wahlangana nabaculi nabaqambi abaningi abamphusha ukuba asungule futhi akhe iziginci ezintsha. Wathatha iseluleko kumdlali wesiginci nomqambi owaziwayo u-Julián Arcas futhi waqala umsebenzi wesiginci sesimanje sakudala.
Ngo-1868, u-Antonio waphinde washada futhi wathuthela e-Almería nomkakhe, lapho bavula khona isitolo se-china ne-crystal. Lapha, waqala umsebenzi wetoho wokwakha iziginci, aqhubeka isikhathi esigcwele ngemva kokushona komkakhe ngo-1883. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye eyalandela, wenza cishe iziginci eziyi-12 ngonyaka kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1892.
Legacy
Iziginci ezenziwe eminyakeni yokugcina ka-Antonio zazithathwa njengeziphakeme kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isiginci esenziwa eSpain naseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Imodeli yakhe yesiginci yasheshe yaba ipulani yazo zonke iziginci zesimanjemanje, ezilingiswa futhi zakopishwa emhlabeni wonke.
Namuhla, iziginci zisalandela imiklamo ebekwe ngu-Antonio Torres Jurado, umehluko kuphela izinto zokwakha. Ifa lakhe lisaqhubeka emculweni wanamuhla, futhi ithonya lakhe emlandweni womculo wesimanje alinakuphikwa.
U-Antonio de Torres: Ukwenza Ifa Lesiginci Eliqhubekayo
Izinombolo
Zingaki izinsimbi ezakha uTorres ngokwakhe? Akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile, kodwa uRomanillos ulinganisela inani cishe kuma-guitar angu-320. Kuze kube manje, angu-88 asetholakele, kanti amanye amaningi atholakele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Amahemuhemu athi uTorres waze wenza isiginci esingagoqeka esingahlanganiswa futhi sihlukaniswe ngemizuzu - kodwa ingabe sasikhona ngempela? Ingabe ingelinye lamathuluzi angu-200+ acekeleke phansi, alahlekile, noma ahlala efihliwe?
I-Price Tag
Uma uke walingeka ukuba ubhide isiginci se-Torres, zilungiselele ukukhokha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamadola. Kufana nezintengo zamavayolini enziwe ngu-Antonio Stradivari - angaphansi kuka-600 amavayolini akhe asekhona, futhi eza nenani eliphakeme. Ukuqoqa iziginci zakudala akuzange kuqale kuze kube ngawo-1950, kanti imakethe yamaviyolini amadala ibiqinile kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngakho-ke, kwazi bani - mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku sizobona i-Torres ithengisa ngezibalo eziyisikhombisa!
Umculo
Kodwa yini eyenza lezi zinsimbi zikhetheke kangaka? Ingabe umlando wabo ekwakhiweni kwesiginci, ukuvela kwabo, noma ikhono labo lokwenza umculo omnandi? Cishe kuyinhlanganisela yakho konke okuthathu. U-Arcas, uTárrega, noLlobet bonke bakhangwa iziginci zeTorres ngenxa yomsindo wabo, futhi kuze kube namuhla, labo abanezindlebe eziqeqeshiwe bayavuma ukuthi iTorres ayizwakali njengezinye isiginci. Omunye umbuyekezi ngo-1889 waze walichaza ngokuthi “ithempeli lemizwelo, i-Arcanum yenala enyakazayo futhi ejabulisa inhliziyo ephunyuka ekububuleni kuleyo micu ebonakala ibhekwe ngabomvu yezingoma ze-mermaids.”
USheldon Urlik, oneziginci ezine zeTorres eqoqweni lakhe, uthi ngesinye sazo: “Ukucaca kwephimbo, ukuhlanzeka kwe-timbre, nezinga eligxilile lomculo walesi siginci kubonakala kuyisimangaliso.” Abadlali baphinde baqaphela ukuthi kulula kangakanani ukudlala iziginci ze-Torres, nokuthi zisabela kanjani lapho kunqanyulwa intambo - njengoba uDavid Collett ekubeka, "Iziginci zeTorres zikuvumela ukuthi ucabange okuthile, futhi isiginci siyakwenza."
Imfihlakalo
Ngakho yini imfihlo yalezi zinsimbi? Bobabili u-Antonio - u-Torres no-Stradivari - bathole izinga lobuciko elingakwazi ukuphindwa ngokugcwele. Ama-violin e-Stradivari acutshungulwe ngama-x-ray, ama-electron microscopes, ama-spectrometers, nokuhlaziywa kwe-dendrochronological, kodwa imiphumela ayizange iphelele. Izinsimbi zikaTorres ziye zahlaziywa ngokufanayo, kodwa kusenokuthile okushodayo okungenakukopishwa. UTorres ngokwakhe wanikeza imibono yakhe ngalokhu, ethi emcimbini wesidlo sakusihlwa: “Angisebenzisi noma yimaphi amathuluzi ayimfihlo, kodwa ngisebenzisa inhliziyo yami.”
Futhi leyo yimfihlakalo yangempela ngemuva kwalezi zinsimbi - uthando nemizwelo engena ekuziklameni.
I-Revolutionary Model ka-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Ithonya lika-Antonio Torres Jurado
Isiginci saseSpain njengoba sisazi namuhla sikweleta lukhulu ku-Antonio de Torres Jurado - izinsimbi zakhe ziye zanconywa futhi zaqashelwa abashayi besigingci abanjengoFrancisco Tarraga, uFederico Cano, uJulian Arcas, noMiguel Llobet. Imodeli yakhe iyona efaneleka kakhulu yesiginci sekhonsathi, futhi iyisisekelo sokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lwesiginci.
Ukuphila Kwasekuqaleni kuka-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Kukholakala ukuthi u-Antonio de Torres Jurado ube nethuba lokuhlangana nokufunda ukudlala isiginci noDionisio Aguado odumile lapho esemncane kakhulu. Ngo-1835, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokubaza. Washada futhi waba nezingane ezine, ezintathu zazo zashona ngokudabukisayo. Kamuva, umkakhe naye washona ngemva kobudlelwane beminyaka engu-10. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, waphinde washada futhi waba nezingane ezine.
Ifa lika-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Ifa lika-Antonio de Torres Jurado liqhubeka ngemodeli yakhe yoguquko yesiginci saseSpain:
- Izinsimbi zakhe ziye zadunyiswa futhi zaqashelwa ngabanye babadlali besiginci abakhulu kunabo bonke.
– Imodeli yakhe iyona efaneleke kakhulu yesiginci sekhonsathi, futhi iyisisekelo sokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lwesiginci.
– Waba nethuba lokufunda kuDionisio Aguado odumile lapho esemncane kakhulu.
- Wabhekana nezinhlekelele eziningi empilweni yakhe, kodwa ifa lakhe lizoqhubeka liphila.
U-Antonio de Torres Jurado: Ingcweti yeWoodcraft
I-Granada
Kukholakala ukuthi u-Antonio de Torres Jurado uthuthukise ikhono lakhe lokwenza izinkuni eGranada, eshabhu kaJose Pernas - umdidiyeli wesiginci owaziwayo wangaleso sikhathi. Amakhanda eziginci zakhe zokuqala afana ngokuphawulekayo nakaPernas.
Seville
Ngo-1853, u-Antonio de Torres Jurado wakhangisa ngezinkonzo zakhe njengomenzi wesiginci eSeville. Embukisweni wezandla owawusedolobheni elifanayo, wawina indondo - okwamlethela udumo nokuhlonishwa njengomdlali we-luthier.
I-Almeria
Wathuthela phakathi kweSeville ne-Almeria, lapho enza khona isiginci ngo-1852. Wenza nesiginci esibizwa ngokuthi “La Invencible” ngo-1884, e-Almeria. Ngo-1870, wabuyela e-Almeria unomphela futhi wathola indawo yokuthengisa izingcezu ze-porcelain nezingilazi. Kusukela ngo-1875 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1892, wagxila ekwenzeni isiginci.
Ngo-2013, kwasungulwa i-Antonio de Torres Jurado Spanish Guitar Museum e-Almeria ukuze kuhlonishwe lesi siginci esihle kakhulu.
U-Antonio de Torres ka-1884 "La Invencible" Guitar
Ubaba Wesiginci Sesimanje SaseSpain
U-Antonio de Torres Jurado wayengumpetha we-luthier wase-Almeria, eSpain othathwa kabanzi njengoyise wesiginci sesimanje saseSpain. Uguqule izindinganiso zendabuko zokwenza isiginci, wazama futhi wakha izindlela zakhe zokwenza izinsimbi zekhwalithi ephezulu. Ikhono lakhe nobuchule bakhe bumzuzele isikhundla esiphezulu kubadidiyeli besigingci, futhi iziginci zakhe zanconywa abanye bezigingci abahamba phambili besikhathi sakhe, abanjengoFrancisco Tárrega, uJulián Arcas, uFederico Cano, noMiquel Llobet.
Ngo-1884 "La Invencible" Guitar
Lesi siginci sango-1884 sasingesinye sezingcezu eziphawuleka kakhulu eqoqweni lomshayi wesigingci uFederico Cano, owavela ku-International Exhibition eSevilla ngo-1922. Sakhiwe ngezinkuni ezikhethiwe ezingenakutholakala namuhla, futhi sihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu. i-spruce top, i-Brazilian rosewood eneziqephu ezimbili emuva nasezinhlangothini, kanye ne-nameplate esiliva ene-monogram "FC" kanye negama elithi "La Invencible" (Ongahlulwa).
Umsindo Walesi Siginci Awufani Nawe
Umsindo walesi sigingci awunakuqhathaniswa nawo. Ine-bass ejule ngendlela emangalisayo, i-treble emnandi futhi engena, kanye nobubanzi obungenakuqhathaniswa. I-harmonics yayo ingumlingo omsulwa, futhi ukungezwani kuthambile futhi kukhululekile ukudlala. Akumangalisi ukuthi lesi siginci simenyezelwa njengeGugu Lesizwe!
Ukubuyiselwa
Kukhona imifantu yelongitudinal ngemuva nasezinhlangothini zesiginci, ezinye zazo esezilungisiwe ngochwepheshe be-luthiers u-Ismael no-Raúl Yagüe. Imifantu esele izolungiswa maduze, bese sizokwazi ukukhombisa amandla ayo aphelele ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni umonakalo ovela ezintanjeni zesiginci.
Izinsimbi
Iziginci zikaTorres zaziwa ngazo:
– Rich, umsindo ogcwele
– Ubuciko obuhle
- Isistimu ye-fan bracing ehlukile
- Ifunwa kakhulu ngabaqoqi nabaculi.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
U-Antonio Torres wasisungula kanjani isiginci?
U-Antonio Torres Jurado usungule isiginci sesimanjemanje sezingasoze zabuna ngokuthatha izinhlobo zeziginci zaseYurophu futhi azisungule, ngokusekelwe eselulekweni esivela kumshayi wesigingci owaziwayo kanye nomqambi u-Julián Arcas. Waqhubeka nokucwenga imiklamo yakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1892, edala ipulani yazo zonke iziginci zesimanje ze-acoustic.
Ubani owayengumqambi womdlali wokuqala ukujabulela nokugubha iziginci zikaTorres?
U-Julián Arcas ube ngumqambi womdlali wokuqala ukujabulela nokugubha iziginci zikaTorres. Wanikeza iseluleko sikaTorres ngokwakha, futhi ukusebenzisana kwabo kwaguqula uTorres waba umphenyi osemdala wokwakhiwa kwesiginci.
Zingaki iziginci zikaTorres?
Ziningi iziginci zikaTorres, njengoba idizayini yakhe ilolonge umsebenzi wawo wonke umenzi wesiginci kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi isasetshenziswa abashaya isigingci sakudala namuhla. Izinsimbi zakhe zenze iziginci zabanye abakhi bangaphambi kwakhe zaphelelwa yisikhathi, kanti ubefunwa ngabadlali ababalulekile besigingci eSpain.
Wenzani u-Antonio Torres ukuze enze isiginci sizwakale kangcono?
U-Antonio Torres wenze kahle kakhulu idizayini elinganayo yebhodi lomsindo lesiginci, elenza libe likhudlwana futhi libe mncane ngokuqinisa abalandeli ukuze bathole amandla. Wabuye wafakazela ukuthi kwakungaphezulu, hhayi ingemuva nezinhlangothi zesiginci okwakunikeza insimbi umsindo waso, ngokwakha isiginci esineqolo nezinhlangothi ze-papier-mâché.
Isiphetho
U-Antonio de Torres Jurado wayengumculi we-luthier owashintsha indlela iziginci ezakhiwa futhi zidlalwa ngayo. Wayeyingcweti yengcweti eyakha amathuluzi agqama kakhulu emhlabeni. Ifa lakhe lisekhona nanamuhla ngeziginci zakhe, ezisadlalwa abaculi abaphambili emhlabeni. Ithonya lakhe emhlabeni wesigingci alinakuphikwa futhi ifa lakhe lizoqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwane ezizayo. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngo-Antonio de Torres Jurado nomsebenzi wakhe omangalisayo, kunezinsiza eziningi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, ungangabazi ukungena futhi uhlole umhlaba wale luthier emangalisayo!
NginguJoost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Neaera kanye nomkhangisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba, futhi ngiyathanda ukuzama izinto ezintsha ngesiginci enhliziyweni yesifiso sami, futhi kanye nethimba lami, bengilokhu ngidala izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2020. ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngokurekhoda namathiphu esiginci.
