I-Privamental Frequency, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yisiseko" okanye "i-harmonic yokuqala", kumculo ukuba yintoni isitulo sokuqala kwiokhestra yesimfoni.
Yeyona frequency iphantsi kuthotho lwe-harmonic kunye nesiqalo sezinye iithowuni ezibandakanya isiqwenga somculo.
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ukuba yeyiphi i-frequency esisiseko, ukubaluleka kwayo kumculo, kunye nendlela yokuwusebenzisa kwiingoma zakho.
Inkcazo yefrikhwensi esisiseko
I-frequency esisiseko, okanye i-harmonic yokuqala yezandi zesandi esintsonkothileyo, sisantya nje esivelisa eyona ntshukumo isezantsi yeamplitude yesandi. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yi-tonal center" yesandi ngenxa yokuba yonke inqaku kuluhlu lwe-harmonic lifumana ireferensi yesandi kuyo.
Ukuphindaphindwa kwenowuthi kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezimbini—ubude balo kunye nokuqina kwalo. Okukhona umtya usiba mde nangakumbi, kokukhona uphezulu amaza omoya. Izixhobo ezifana neepiyano kunye neziginkci—ezenziwe ngemitya engcangcazela ngokuchola-sebenzisa lo mgaqo ukwenza uluhlu lwazo lweepitsi.
Ngobuchwephesha, i-frequency esisiseko ibhekisa kumntu ngamnye we-sinusoidal partials ngaphakathi kwe-composite waveform-kwaye la macandelo afanayo e-sinusoidal anoxanduva lokuthwala umqondiso wethu womculo kunye neefrikhwensi esichonga ngazo ithoni. Oku kuthetha ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa olona hlobo lulula lwethoni emculweni kunokusinceda senze imilonji esebenzayo, iimvisiswano kunye nezingqisho eziya kusebenza ngokuvakalayo kwizinto esizithandayo.
Indlela amaza omculo asetyenziswa ngayo
I-frequency esisiseko, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-pitch esisiseko okanye i-harmonic yokuqala, isetyenziselwa ukwenza iingoma kunye neziphumo kwiintlobo ezininzi zomculo. Yingcamango ebalulekileyo ukuqonda ukuze kuphunyezwe umgangatho ongcono wesandi kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwemveliso kunye nokudlala isixhobo.
Kumxholo womculo, i-frequency esisiseko yithoni ephantsi eveliswayo xa isandi somsindo sinxibelelana nendawo esingqongileyo. Ubuninzi bale toni bumiselwa bubude bayo; oku, ngokulandelelana, kuxhomekeke kwi-vibration periodicity okanye isantya sento eyivelisayo - umtya wesixhobo, iintambo zezwi okanye i-synthesizer waveform phakathi kweminye imithombo. Ngenxa yoko, i-timbre kunye neminye imiba ehambelana nezandi inokuguqulwa ngokutshintsha ipharamitha enye - ukuphindaphinda kwabo okusisiseko.
Ngokwamagama omculo, le parameter ichaphazela kakhulu indlela esizibona ngayo iithowuni ezimbini ezidlalayo ngaxeshanye: nokuba ziziva zihambelana (apho kubethelwa ngokungekho nzulu) okanye ukungakhululeki (xa kukho ukubethwa okubonakalayo). Omnye umba onempembelelo ungabandakanya indlela esitolika ngayo ii-cadences kunye ne-chords: ukudityaniswa okuthile phakathi kwe-pitches kunokubangela iziphumo ezithile ngokuxhomekeke kwiziseko zazo; njengoko amalungu anjalo anokusebenza kunye ukuvelisa iziphumo ezilindelekileyo kodwa ezinika umdla ezenza izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ezinjengeengoma kunye neengoma zomculo ngokubanzi.
Okokugqibela, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kwizimbo zangoku zemveliso-ukongeza ulawulo kwizandi ezisisiseko kusivumela ukuba sisebenzise ngempumelelo iziphumo ezifana nokwahlula ngokwezigaba kunye nokuculwa okuxhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo lwesandi oluchanekileyo kwiingoma ezidityaniswe kunye zibe ngezandi ezinkulu. Ngozinzo lwethoni kuyo yonke imithombo yesandi ngaphakathi kwendawo enye, iitimbres ezintsha ezinomdla zinokudalwa ngelixa ugcina imigca yeengoma ezingemva eqhubeka kumxube okanye ilungiselelo.
IFiziksi yeZandi
Ngaphambi kokuba ujonge kwizinto ezisisiseko zomculo, kubalulekile ukuqonda i-physics yesandi. Isandi luhlobo lwamandla oluyilwa zizinto ezingcangcazelayo. Xa into ishukunyiswa, idala amasuntswana omoya athi angqubeke kwiseti elandelayo yamasuntswana omoya aze ahambe ngokwepateni yamaza ade ayokufika endlebeni. Olu hlobo lwentshukumo lwaziwa 'njengezandi zesandi'. Esi sandi sijikelezayo sithwala izinto ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, ezinje ngamaza.
Indlela eveliswa ngayo amaza esandi
Ukuze sive isandi, into eshukumayo kufuneka idale ukungcangcazela emoyeni. Oku kwenziwa ngokushukuma kwamaza okucinezela kunye nee-rarefactions, ezihamba ukusuka kumthombo ngokusebenzisa umoya ojikelezayo. Intshukumo yamaza ine-frequency kunye ne-wavelength. Njengoko iqhubeka emoyeni iyahlula ibe ziifom zamaza ezizimeleyo ezenziwe ngamaza amaninzi kumanqanaba amaninzi awohlukeneyo e-amplitude. Ukungcangcazela kungena endlebeni yethu kwaye kubangela ukuba igubu lendlebe yethu lingcangcazele ngamaxesha athile, okusivumela ukuba silitolike njengesandi.
Awona maza asezantsi amaza esandi aziwa ngokuba ngamaza omoya asisiseko, okanye ithowuni esisiseko. Le yeyona nto sinokuyibona njenge "nowuthi" ehambelana nesixhobo okanye ilizwi. Xa umtya wesixhobo ungcangcazela ngobude bawo obupheleleyo, kuveliswa kuphela amaza omoya: ithowuni yawo esisiseko. Ukuba into ishukuma ngesiqingatha sobude bayo, kuya kuveliswa amaza amabini apheleleyo kwaye iithowuni ezimbini ziya kuviwa: enye iphezulu kunangaphambili (“inqaku layo elisiqingatha” ), enye ingaphantsi (“inqaku eliphindwe kabini” layo). Lo mcimbi usebenza kuzo zonke izixhobo ezinokuvelisa iithowuni ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani besakhiwo sazo esichulumancisayo ngexesha lokungcangcazela - njengeentambo okanye izixhobo zomoya ezifana nefluti.
Ubuninzi bezandi ezisisiseko zinokulawulwa kusetyenziswa ubuchule obunje ngemvisiswano - apho amanqaku amaninzi adlalwa ngaxeshanye ukuvelisa izandi ezinkulu - kunye neechords - apho amanqaku amabini okanye ngaphezulu adlalwa kunye kwizithuba ezincinci kunee-octave - ezikhokelela kwizandi ezityebileyo ezihlala zithembela oku kumodareyitha kwethowuni yokuqala esisiseko ubukhulu besimilo kunye neemvakalelo zovakalelo. Ngokuqonda indlela i-freuqency edala ngayo amaza omsindo kwaye inxibelelana namanye amaza, iimvumi zinokusebenzisa le migaqo ukuqamba umculo onamandla ozaliswe yintetho kunye neemvakalelo ezihambelana nzulu nabaphulaphuli kumanqanaba okuqonda kunye ne-subconcious.
Ifiziksi yokuphindaphinda kunye nesandi
Ifiziksi yesandi isekwe ikakhulu kumaza kunye nesandi. I-Frequency linani lamaxesha amaza esandi agqibezela umjikelo opheleleyo ngesekondi, ngelixa i-pitch iyinto eyenzeka kwi-subjective ye-frequency, enokuviwa njengeethowuni eziphantsi okanye eziphezulu. Ezi ngcinga zimbini zinxibelelene, kwaye ukuphindaphindeka okusisiseko kumisela inowuthi yomculo kuso nasiphi na isixhobo.
Isiseko sefrikhwensi liza le-acoustic elikhutshwa kwinto engcangcazelayo enamaza afanayo nawo onke amanye amaza e-acoustic aveliswa yile nto, emisela inqaku layo lomculo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuso nasiphi na isixhobo esinikiweyo, uluhlu lwalo oluvakalayo lweepitshi luqala kwi-frequency esisiseko kwaye luqhubekele phezulu ukuya kumaza odidi aphezulu adalwe zii-overtones okanye ii-harmonics. Umzekelo, umtya wesiginci ofanelekileyo uqulethe ii-harmonics ezininzi eziphindaphindwayo ziphindaphindwa rhoqo (i-harmonic yesibini), i-triple (i-harmonic yesithathu) njalo njalo de ekugqibeleni ifikelele kwi-octave enye ngaphezulu kwesandi sayo sokuqala.
Amandla ezinto ezisisiseko anokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezifana nobukhulu bentambo, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha isixhobo okanye uhlobo lwezixhobo zokucwangcisa umqondiso ezisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa; kungoko xa kufikwa ekudaleni amacandelo omculo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngononophelo ukuze yonke i-nuance ibe nokucaca okwaneleyo ngaphandle kokugqithisa omnye komnye okanye ukudala ukuphindaphinda kakhulu.
Ukuphindaphindwa okusisiseko kwizixhobo zoMculo
Ukuphindaphinda okusisiseko ngumbono ophambili ekufuneka uqondwe xa uxoxa ngalo naluphi na uhlobo lwesixhobo somculo. Luphawu olusisiseko lwesandi esikhoyo xa inqaku lidlalwa kwisixhobo. Amaxesha asisiseko anokusetyenziswa ukuhlalutya indlela inqaku elidlalwa ngayo, kunye nethoni nesandi sesixhobo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ingcamango yezihlandlo ezisisiseko nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwizixhobo zomculo.
Indlela esetyenziswa ngayo amaxesha amaninzi ukuchonga amanqaku omculo
Amaxesha asisiseko asetyenziswa ziimvumi ukuchaza nokuchonga amanqaku omculo. Yeyona nto iphambili yomsindo wesandi sexesha, kwaye ithathwa njengento ephambili eyenza iimpawu ze-timbre ("isicatshulwa" okanye umgangatho wethoni yesandi). I-Timbre idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo okanye amazwi, njengoko nganye ineentlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo zeethowuni ezizenza zaziwe, nokuba zidlala inqaku elifanayo.
Xa isixhobo okanye ilizwi lidlala inowuthi, liyangcangcazela ngamaxesha athile. Le frikhwensi inokulinganiswa, kwaye i-pitch yeli nqaku inokuchongwa ngokusekelwe kwindawo yayo ngokumalunga namanye amanqaku. Ii-frequencies ezisezantsi zidla ngokudityaniswa namanqaku asezantsi (i-low pitches), kunye ne-frequencies ephezulu ngokuqhelekileyo ihambelana namanqaku aphezulu (i-pitches ephezulu).
La maza aphindaphindwayo xa kubhekiswa kumanqaku omculo aziwa ngokuba ngamaza omculo asisiseko, anokuthiwa “kwinqanaba lesandi” okanye “ithowuni esisiseko”. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, ukuxhaphaka okusisiseko kusinceda ukuba sichonge ukuba yintoni inqaku elidlalwayo, ngelixa i-timbre isixelela ngesixhobo okanye ilizwi edlalwa ngalo.
Kwimveliso yomculo, iifrikhwensi ezisisiseko zisinceda ukuba sahlule phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezidlala amanqaku afanayo - njengokwazi xa kukho ivayolin endaweni yevayolin eyenza ezo thowuni zinesandi esiphezulu kakhulu. Ukuchonga ezi ngoma kunceda abaqambi benze izandi ezizodwa kwaye bacokise iingoma zabo ngelixa bexutywa kwimveliso yasemva. Kwiimeko zentsebenzo ephilayo, izixhobo zinokufuna iishuneli ezilinganisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yesixhobo ngasinye ukuze abadlali basoloko bebetha ngokuchanekileyo uluhlu lwamanqaku abacetyiweyo ngexesha lokusebenza. Ngokuqonda indlela iifrikhwensi ezisisiseko ezinokusinceda ngayo ukuba sizichonge ngcono xa sisenza umculo wokusetyenziswa bukhoma kunye nesitudiyo sifumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo ekwenzeni iingoma ezahlukeneyo zomculo ukuze bonwabele abaphulaphuli bethu!
Indlela izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezivelisa ngayo iifrikhwensi ezisisiseko ezahlukeneyo
Ukuphindaphinda okusisiseko yenye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zezixhobo zomculo, njengoko imisela inowuthi kunye nethoni yesandi somculo. Isixhobo ngasinye sivelisa isakhelo saso esisodwa esisisiseko esisekwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengobude baso kunye nemathiriyeli esenziwe ngayo. Ukwenza lula, ubude besixhobo bunxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo nobukhulu bamaza aso esandi.
Umzekelo, xa umtya okwikitare uncothulwa, ushukuma ngesantya esithile (kuxhomekeke kubunzima obuthathiweyo) nto leyo eguqulela kwi-frequency yayo esisiseko - kuluhlu oluvakalayo lwabantu - oluya kudala ii-overtones ezithile. Ngokufanayo, intsimbi okanye igong iya kungcangcazela xa ibethiwe kwaye idale amaza athile anxulumene nobunzima okanye ubungakanani bayo.
Ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwezixhobo zomoya owenziwe ngamaplanga kukwachaphazela ukuphindaphinda kwazo okusisiseko njengoko ziyimibhobho evuthelwa ngumoya enezibuko okanye imingxuma elungelelaniswe ecaleni komphezulu wazo ukumodareyitha umoya okhoyo ngaphakathi kuwo; oku kubavumela ukuba benze amanqaku ahlukeneyo kuluhlu lwabo ngokuzisa iipitshi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kulo mthombo omnye. Ngokubanzi, izixhobo zengcongolo ezincinci ezifana neefluti kunye neeclarinets zifuna umoya omncinci wokungcangcazela okunamandla kumaza aphezulu kunezikhulu ezifana neebassoons kunye nee-oboes.
Ngokuqwalasela indlela ubude besixhobo, ukwakhiwa kwesixhobo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezinegalelo ngayo ekuveliseni amaza abonakalayo kuluhlu oluvakalayo lwabantu, sinokubona ukuba izixhobo zomculo ezahlukeneyo zineempawu ezahlukileyo ezivelisa izandi ezizodwa xa ziguqulelwa kwindlela yokubonakalisa umculo-igalelo kulwazi lwethu olutyebileyo lomculo. ithiyori!
Ukusebenzisa iFrequency esisiseko kuMculo
Ukuphindaphinda okusisiseko okanye i-harmonic yokuqala yinto ephambili onokucinga ngayo njengemvumi. Yeyona frikhwethi isezantsi yezandi zesandi kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela esiyibona ngayo intsalela yothotho lwe-harmonic. Njengemvumi, ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi i-frequency esisiseko kunye nendlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo emculweni kubalulekile ukuze wenze isandi esityebileyo nesintsokothileyo. Makhe siphonononge indlela yokusebenzisa amatyeli abalulekileyo kumculo wethu.
Ukusebenzisa amaza omoya asisiseko ukudala imvisiswano
Emculweni, izinto ezisisiseko kukwenzeka rhoqo apho isandi sivelisa ithoni yaso eyahlukileyo. Olu lwazi lusisiseko lufunyenwe kwizinto zomculo ezifana nesandi kunye nemvisiswano inceda ukudala isazisi seqhekeza lomculo owenzayo. Xa udibanisa i-frequency esisiseko yesixhobo esinye kunye nesantya esisisiseko sesinye isixhobo, ukuvisisana kuyadalwa.
Ukusebenzisa i-frequency esisiseko ukudala imvisiswano, kubalulekile ukuqonda ingcamango emva kwayo. Ibinzana elithi “ixesha elisisiseko” libhekisa kwisandi esisodwa salo naliphi na inqaku okanye isandi esisebenza njengebhloko eyimfuneko yokwakha. Ngokuqonda amaza esandi ngasinye, unokwazi ukubona umlinganiswa othile kwaye usebenzise olo lwazi ukwenza iingoma, iichords okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwe-harmonic phakathi kwezixhobo ezibini ezahlukeneyo okanye izandi.
Ngokomzekelo, ngokudibanisa izandi ezibini (A no-B) apho uA uku-220 Hz no-B eku-440 Hz—nomlinganiselo osisiseko wamaza e-2:1—unokwenza izithuba zesithathu esithathwini esikhulu phakathi kuka-A no-B ngokuvisisana (ukubonelela zombini). amanqaku abambelela kwipateni yesikali esikhulu). Ukongezelela ukuba esinye isixhobo (C) singena kumxube kwi-660 Hz-ukuba nekhefu lesine eligqibeleleyo ukusuka ku-B-ngelixa begcina iifrikhwensi zabo ezisisiseko kwi-2: 1 ratio; imvakalelo yomanyano engakumbi ibiya kwenziwa phakathi kwezo zixhobo zintathu xa zidlalwa kunye ngaxeshanye!
Ukusebenzisa iifrikhwensi ezisisiseko kudityaniswe neengoma zomculo kusinceda senze iingoma ezintsonkothileyo ezigcina uphawu oluthile lwebhrendi. Ikwasivumela ukuba siphonononge ukuthungwa okutsha kwe-harmonic / izandi ezingafaniyo nantoni na esiyivileyo ngaphambili! Khumbula nje ukuba xa usebenzisa le ndlela yokudala umculo; Ngalo lonke ixesha qala ngokuqhelana nepitch's Fundamental Frequency (FF), njengoko inokusebenza njengemephu yendlela yakho xa usakha ii-harmonies!
Ukusebenzisa amaza omoya asisiseko ukwenza isingqisho
Amaxesha asisiseko, okanye isiseko samaza esandi, aqhele ukusetyenziswa emculweni ukwenza isingqisho. Amaza esandi ahamba kancinane anobude bamaza amade kunye nezandi ezisezantsi, ngoxa isandi esihamba ngokukhawuleza sivelisa izandi eziphezulu. Ngokuhlenga-hlengisa ukuphindaphindwa kwezandi zesandi esidityanisiweyo, iimvumi zinokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukuhamba kunye nesantya seengoma zazo.
Kwiintlobo ezininzi zomculo, iifrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo ezisisiseko zihambelana nezingqisho ezithile. Umculo womdaniso we-elektroniki uhlala usebenzisa obu buchule ngokusebenzisa izandi eziguquguquka ngokukhawuleza ezinezandi eziphezulu ezisisiseko. Ngokuchaseneyo, iingoma zehip-hop kunye ne-R&B zihlala zisebenzisa izandi ezisezantsi ezinezandi zamaza amade ezihamba ngesantya esiphumlileyo - ezi zihambelana nezingqisho zegubu ezizinzileyo ezibonelela ngesiseko esizinzileyo sesingqisho seempawu zezwi.
Ngokulawula ukuphindaphindwa kwezandi ezidityanisiweyo, amagcisa omculo ayakwazi ukwenza izingqisho ezizodwa ezichaza isazisi sokuqamba kwabo. Ngokusebenzisa kwabo ngabom iifrikhwensi ezisisiseko izixhobo zamagcisa ziye zavelisa iifomula ezinobunkunkqele zolandelelwano oludelelayo iindlela zemveli kulwakhiwo kunye nokutshintshatshintsha komculo. Umculo oveliswa kusetyenziswa le ndlela yindlela evuselelayo yokuvakalisa iingcamango okanye amabali awodwa.
isiphelo
Ukuqukumbela, ukuqonda ukuphindaphindeka okusisiseko kwesandi yenye yezinto ezisisiseko zokuvelisa umculo. Ngaphandle komsindo osisiseko, bekuya kuba nzima ukuqonda iingoma kunye nokwenza umculo othandwa ngabantu. Ngokuqonda iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene nayo kunye nenkqubo yokuyifumana, unokwenza umculo onempembelelo ngakumbi kubaphulaphuli bakho.
Isishwankathelo samaxesha asisiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kumculo
Ukuphindaphinda okusisiseko, okwabizwa ngokuba "yisandi" sesandi, yenye yezinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuyila kunye nokuchonga umculo. Le frikhwensi yeyona toni isezantsi yesixhobo. Iyakwazi ukuviwa kunye nokuziva, kwaye xa idibene namanye amathoni idala i-overtones okanye "i-harmonics". Ezi zihlandlo zongezelelekileyo zandisa oko sinokukuva kwiithowuni ezisisiseko kwaye zizenze zibe mnandi ngakumbi xa zibonwa yindlebe yomntu.
Kwimixholo yomculo, ukuphindaphindeka okusisiseko kuhlala kusetyenziselwa ukuphawula amanqaku okuqala kunye nesiphelo samabinzana ngotshintsho lwe-harmonic okanye ngokuwabeka kwii-accents ezinamandla kunamanye amanqaku. Isenokuguqula izikali esele zikho ukugxininisa izithuba ezithile ngcono kunabanye. Ngokuyilawula kakuhle, abaqambi bayakwazi ukuphakamisa iimvakalelo ezithile okanye bavuselele umoya othile womculo. Izinto ezisisiseko zikwabaluleke kakhulu kwizixhobo ezininzi zomculo; izixhobo ezineentambo zifuna iipitsi ezingundoqo ezikhethekileyo ukuze zihlale zinomsindo ngelixa izixhobo zomoya zizisebenzisa njengeendawo zesalathiso xa zibeka amanqaku azo.
Ukuqukumbela, i-frequency esisiseko yinto esisiseko sokuqulunqwa komculo kunye nokusebenza okukhoyo ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Ukukwazi ukuwulawula kuvumela iimvumi ukuba zigobe umculo ngokuthanda kwazo kwaye ziwulawule ngokweemvakalelo nangobuhle. Ukuqonda amaza osasazo asisiseko kusinceda siqonde ngcono ukuba eethe-ethe kodwa enefuthe kangakanani na kumxholo omkhulu wethiyori yomculo kunye nolwakhiwo.
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.
