I-capacitor licandelo lombane elisetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla ombane.
Iicapacitors zenziwe ngamacwecwe amabini ensimbi ahlukaniswe yi-insulator, ngokuqhelekileyo i-dielectric, kwaye inokugcina intlawulo ixesha elithile.
Zisetyenziswa kwiindidi ezininzi zeesekethe ze-elektroniki kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca okanye ukugcina amandla kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukwakha iisekethe ze-oscillator ezilula.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ukuba yintoni i-capacitor, yintoni esetyenziselwa yona, kwaye isebenza njani.
Yintoni i-capacitor?
I-capacitor yinxalenye yombane egcina amandla ngendlela yentlawulo yombane. Iqukethe iipleyiti ezimbini zokuqhuba eziqulethwe ngaphakathi kwe-dielectric material (insulating material). Xa uqhagamshelwe kumthombo wamandla, iipleyiti zihlawuliswa kwaye amandla ombane agcinwe kwi-dielectric material. La mandla agciniweyo anokukhululwa xa kufuneka, avumele ukuba asetyenziswe kulo naliphi na inani lezicelo.
IiCapacitors ziza kwiimilo ezininzi, ubukhulu kunye nezixhobo - konke kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yabo. Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwe-capacitor lwaziwa ngokuba yi-film capacitor – oku kusebenzisa umaleko obhityileyo weplastiki okanye we-ceramic njengemathiriyeli ye-dielectric, enemicu yentsimbi ebhityileyo eyaziwa ngokuba 'yi-electrodes' macala omabini. Ezi ntlobo ze-capacitors zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-electronics ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye nempahla ehlala ixesha elide.
Ii-Capacitors zikwasetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo ezifana neenjini kunye nezibonelelo zamandla apho zinceda ukulawula amandla ombane okanye ukuhluza ingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka okunokubangela ukusebenza okungahambi kakuhle okanye ukonakala kwezinto ezantsi kumgca. Njengoko izinto zombane zisiya zisiba nzima ngakumbi, ii-capacitors zidlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwezi nkqubo; ukunceda ukugcina ukuhamba okuchanekileyo kwangoku ngexesha lokutshintsha imisebenzi okanye ukubonelela nge-buffering ngokuchasene notshintsho lwequbuliso kumanqanaba ombane ovela kwimithombo yangaphandle.
Iintlobo ze-capacitors
IiCapacitors ziza kwiintlobo ezininzi, ubukhulu kunye nezitayela. Ezinye ii-capacitors zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zomsindo eziphezulu ngelixa ezinye zisetyenziswa kwiikhomputha okanye kwiinkqubo zokukhusela ekhaya. Zonke zisebenza injongo enye esisiseko; bagcina amandla ombane xa umsinga ukhutshiwe kwaye bawabuyisele loo mandla xa umsinga uyeka. Iintlobo ziquka ezi zilandelayo:
IiCapacitors zeCeramic: Ezi zincinci kwaye ziza kuthengiswa kwangaphambili kwiibhodi zesekethe. Zine-dielectric eyenziwe nge-ceramic material kwaye zidla ngokusetyenziselwa i-electronics ekumgangatho ophantsi, njengokuphazamiseka kwamaza kanomathotholo (RFI) Iifayile okanye iisekethe zokugqitha.
I-Electrolytic Capacitors: Ezi ziqhelekileyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-polarized capacitors kuba zine-terminal ye-anode engathandekiyo, i-terminal ye-cathode efanelekileyo kunye nesisombululo se-electrolyte ngaphakathi komzimba we-capacitor ovumela amandla amakhulu e-capacitor. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwizinto zombane, izihluzi, iisekethe zexesha kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi zolawulo lwamandla.
I-Tantalum Capacitors: Yenziwe kwi-tantalum oxide, ezi capacitors zisebenzisa i-dielectric yesimo esiqinileyo (kunokuba i-electrolyte yamanzi). Oku kubanika ukusebenza okungcono kobushushu xa kuthelekiswa ne-electrolytic capacitors, kunye nokuzinza okuphuculweyo ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokuhambelana okungcono phakathi kweemveliso zebhetshi.
Ifilimu / I-Capacitor yePhepha: Olu hlobo lwakhiwe ngefilimu enesinyithi okanye iphepha elisebenza njenge-insulator phakathi kweeplate ezimbini ze-aluminium foil ezenza i-electrode yendawo ephezulu ukuze ikwazi ukugcina intlawulo yombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa apho ukunyamezela ukuphazamiseka kombane kuyadingeka ngenxa yokukwazi ukujamelana nemisinga yokunyuka okubangelwa yi-arcing okanye i-spark overvoltage iimeko.
I-Supercapacitor / i-Ultracapacitor: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-supercap / i-ultra cap okanye i-electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), olu hlobo lunamandla amakhulu kakhulu okugcina (ngokubanzi aphezulu kunezinye iintlobo ezininzi) kunye nokunyamezela okuphuculweyo (ukuya kumakhulu amawaka emijikelezo). Yenzelwe ezo zicelo zifuna isixa esikhulu samandla kwimfuno efana nemeko yogcino lwamaziko edatha apho imizuzwana ibalwa phambi kokuba umntu atshintshe ngesandla komnye umthombo wamandla.
Ukusetyenziswa kweCapacitor
IiCapacitors ziyinxalenye yombane esisiseko edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla ombane, ukudala izihlungi kunye nakwiisekethe zexesha. Zikwasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zomsindo wemoto kunye nombane wabathengi. Makhe sijonge ezinye zokusetyenziswa kwe-capacitor ngokubanzi.
Ukugudisa unikezelo lwamandla
IiCapacitors zingasetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokucoca kwisekethe yonikezelo lwamandla kunye nokunceda ukwenza i-voltage ye-DC egudileyo. Oku kubonakala rhoqo kwiisekethe ezisebenzisa umbane ongundoqo, apho ukulungiswa kuguqula i-AC ibe yi-pulsed DC. I-electrolytic capacitor idla ngokudityaniswa kuyo yonke imveliso yesilungisi njengento egudileyo yobonelelo lwamandla. I-capacitor ihlawulisa ngokukhawuleza, ibambe enye yentlawulo yayo ukuze incede ukugulisa nayiphi na i-pulses evela kwisilungisi kwaye ibonelele nge-voltage ezinzile ngakumbi ukondla amanye amacandelo. Ukuphakama kwe-capacitance, okanye ukugcinwa kwamandla, kwi-capacitor, i-smooth effect iya kuba khona njengoko inokuthatha amandla amaninzi ngaphambi kokuba ifune ukutshaja. Kwesi sicelo, ii-capacitors zexabiso eliphezulu zinciphisa ukuguquguquka, okufana nokujikeleza kumanqanaba ombane kunye ne-voltage spikes okubangelwa utshintsho lomthwalo, ukubonelela ngozinzo kwizinto eziqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwesekethe yesicelo.
Ukusetyenziswa komqondiso
I-Capacitors isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-signal processing kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki. Zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiisekethe ezininzi ze-elektroniki, ngenxa yokukwazi ukugcina kunye nokukhulula amandla.
Ekuqhubeni umqondiso, ii-capacitors zingasetyenziselwa ukukwazi kwabo ukunciphisa ingxolo kunye nokucoca iifrikhwensi ezingafunekiyo okanye iimpawu. Ukukhuselwa kweempawu kwingxolo kubizwa ngokuba yi-smoothing okanye i-low-pass filtering, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ifezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwee-capacitors.
Kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, i-capacitor ingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula isignali yombane ukusuka kwelinye ifom ukuya kwelinye ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukuphindaphinda kwayo. Le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba yi-coupling okanye i-voltage transfer, kwaye ii-capacitors zikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kule njongo kubamkeli berediyo kunye nabathumeli. Ukongeza, ii-capacitors zisebenza njengenxalenye yezihluzi zokupasa okuphezulu, ezisusa imiqondiso ephantsi-kwi-frequency ngelixa udlula ngaphezulu kwendlela.
IiCapacitors zikwasetyenziswa rhoqo kwizihluzi ze-analog ezisebenzayo: zimisela i impendulo rhoqo yesihluzi ngokuseta ukunqunyulwa kwamaza. Ke ngoko, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni imiqondiso yesandi xa beyila izixhobo zomculo ezinje ngeamplifiers okanye ukuxuba i-consoles.
Isikhathi
Ixesha lisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-capacitors. Kwiisekethe zemihla ngemihla, i-resistors idla ngokusetyenziselwa ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-voltage okanye i-high-frequency, i-capacitors inokusetyenziswa rhoqo endaweni yoko. Kudla ngokuba luncedo ukusebenzisa ii-capacitors ukulungiselela ixesha kuba aziwachithi amandla ngokukhawuleza njengezixhasi kwaye zinokuphatha ii-voltages eziphezulu ezinomngcipheko omncinci wokuqhekeka.
Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngendlela ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo yokulawula i-voltage kunye ne-current in circuit, ii-capacitors zikwasetyenziselwa ukubonelela amandla kwiindawo ezithile zedatha kumacandelo afana ne-LED okanye i-transistors enokufuna i-pulses yangoku xa ivuliwe. Oku kunokunceda ukuqinisa umqondiso othunyelwe yinxalenye ukwenzela ukuba ihambe ngakumbi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okanye ingqibelelo.
IiCapacitors zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezivakalayo ukucoca imiqondiso kunye nokunciphisa ukugqwetheka ngelixa zisavumela ulwazi oluluncedo nangona luphazamiseko oluncinci lwengxolo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, zikwaqhele ukubekwa kuzo zonke iitheminali zesithethi ukunceda ukunciphisa iisekethe ezimfutshane ngengozi ngelixa zikwagcina ukuhanjiswa komthwalo olinganayo kumabakala wokuphuma kweamplifier.
Xa isetyenziswa ngokuyilayo kunye nokuqonda kombane, ii-capacitors zinamandla amangalisayo okubumba ukuhamba kwentlawulo-evumela iinjineli ukuba ziphuhlise iinkqubo zeaudio ezinzima kakhulu ngexabiso elincinci.
Izicelo eziqhelekileyo
I-Capacitors ngamalungu ombane asetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ukukwazi kwabo ukugcina amandla kubenza babe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo efuna unikezelo lwamandla oluzingileyo kwithuba lexesha. Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezininzi ezibandakanya izixhobo zombane, iimoto, iisistim zeaudio, iinkqubo zeHVAC nokunye. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo ze-capacitor.
Motors
IiMotor zisebenzisa i-capacitors ukulawula isantya semoto okanye ukuphucula i-torque yokuqala. Oku kwenziwa ngokubonelela okanye ngokususa a isigaba ukuya kumajiko ombane emoto. Isetyenziswe kwiidrive frequency drives, izibonelelo zamandla kunye nezinye izicelo, ii-capacitors zinokuhlengahlengisa i-voltage okanye yangoku kwimithwalo ye-pulsed kwaye ithintele amandla ukuba angachithwa ngokuchitha amandla angafunekiyo kwiinkqubo zamandla. Kwimisinga ephantsi kweenjini zamaza aphakathi, amaxabiso amakhulu e-capacitor adla ngokusetyenziswa kuzo zozibini iziphelo zemoto ukuqhuba iibhanki zembuyekezo yesigaba sokunciphisa impembelelo ye-harmonic yamaza akhoyo abangelwa ngumthwalo ongeyo-linear wesiguquli.
Ukukhanyisa
I-Capacitors ingasetyenziselwa ukunika amandla kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zokukhanyisa zabo bonke ubukhulu. Kwii-ballasts ze-elektroniki, zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuhamba kwangoku kunye nokukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuqalisa izibane ze-fluorescent kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu kokukhutshwa. Zikwanceda ekunciphiseni ukudanyaza kwezibane. Kwiinkqubo zeesekethe ze-transistorized, i-capacitors igcina umbane oqhubekayo, inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibane zihlala zikhanya. Ukongeza, banikezela ngokhuseleko ngexesha lokunyuka kwamandla ombane ngokunciphisa umthwalo wombane kwizibane zokukhanya kuzo zombini iisetingi zangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Automotive
I-Automotive capacitors ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inoxanduva lokunceda inkqubo yombane yesithuthi ukunciphisa kunye nokuhlawulela ukungahambisani nokuhamba kombane, okuqhelekileyo kwizithuthi ezininzi. Iicapacitors zeemoto zigcina amandla ukunika amandla kwi-alternator yemoto okanye i-starter motor xa kufuneka. La mandla asetyenziselwa ukuthomalalisa ii-spikes zamandla ombane ezenziweyo xa imfuno yangoku igqitha umthamo webhetri okanye ialternator. Ii-capacitors ze-Automotive zingasetyenziselwa kwiinkqubo zomsindo, ukulawula imisinga ngaphakathi kwe-amplifiers kunye nezithethi. Ngokugudisa ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane, iicapacitors zeemoto zinceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwezinye izinto zombane.
Ukhuseleko lweCapacitor
Ukhuseleko kufuneka luhlale luphambili xa usebenza ne-capacitor. I-Capacitors igcina amandla kwaye idinga ukuphathwa ngononophelo ngelixa ihlawuliswa okanye ikhutshwe. Kweli candelo, siya kuhamba phezu kwezikhokelo zokhuseleko zokusebenzisa xa usebenza kunye ne-capacitor kwaye sixoxe ngeengozi ezinokuthi zidibene nayo.
Ukuphepha iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane
Xa usebenzisa i-capacitors, kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni amandla omfutshane ngenxa yokuba zizinto zombane. Iifutshane zenzeke xa i-capacitor imfutshane-iisekethe ngokwayo. Nangona iifutshane zingabangelwa yiziphene zokuvelisa okanye ezinye izinto zangaphandle, ezininzi iifutshane zibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwee-capacitors.
Ukuphepha iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane, kufuneka uhlale uthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye ne-capacitors. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziya kukunceda ugcine ukhuseleko lwe-capacitor:
I-1) Ungaze ubeke ii-capacitors kuxinzelelo olugqithisileyo okanye uxinzelelo ngokugqithisa;
2) Musa ukushiya i-capacitors kwindawo egcwele kakhulu ixesha elide;
3) Ngalo lonke ixesha sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuxhoma kunye/okanye iindlela eziqinisekisa ukwahlula ukothuka;
I-4) Musa ukudibanisa iipolarities ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye njengoko oku kunokubangela i-arcing kwaye kungonakalisa i-capacitor;
5) Hlola amacandelo afanelekileyo okanye izinto (ezifana nezixhobo zokugquma) ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ziphene phambi kofakelo;
6) Nika ingqalelo ngokusondeleyo kwiimfuno zokulayisha-ukunyanzelisa ukulayisha okuncitshisiweyo xa kunokwenzeka kwaye unyanzelise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuxhoma kuwo onke amacandelo; kwaye
7) Qaphela ukuba i-voltage yokulinda iya kubangela ukuhamba kwangoku kwisekethe yonke, enokuthi yonakalise ukulinganisa okusemgangathweni kwe-capacitor ukuba iyekwa ingabanjwanga.
Ngokuthatha ezi zilumkiso, abasebenzisi banokunceda ukugcina ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuthintela iimeko ezinobungozi ukuba zenzeke ngenxa yeesekethe ezimfutshane okanye eminye imiba kunye ne-capacitors zabo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukhuseleko luhlala luyinto ephambili ephambili ngalo lonke ixesha usebenza ngezinto zombane kwaye ngakumbi ngayo nantoni na ebandakanya umbane!
Ukukhupha ii-capacitors
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-capacitors zikhutshwa ngokufanelekileyo xa ziphathwa okanye zitshintsha. Ukwenza ukukhutshwa okukhuselekileyo, qhagamshela i-resistor ye-1k ohm ukuya kwi-10k ohm phakathi kwe-terminal nganye ye-capacitor kunye nomhlaba. I-voltage kwi-capacitor iya kutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwe-arcing okanye ukuvelisa iintlantsi, ukuvumela ukutshintshwa okukhuselekileyo okanye ukuphatha.
Kufuneka kwakhona ukhumbule ukukhupha i-high-voltage capacitors ngokufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokulahla. Ukuba awuzikhuphi ezi zixhobo ngokukhuselekileyo, zinokubeka ingozi yombane kwaye ziqale umlilo! Ukukhupha la malungu kubandakanya ukuhuka ucingo olugqunyiweyo phakathi kweetheminali ezimbini kwicandelo kwaye emva koko ulukhuphe kwimizuzu emininzi. Qinisekisa ukuba unxibe izibuko zokhuseleko ngelixa uqhuba le nkqubo ukuze ukhusele amehlo akho kwiintlantsi ezenziwe ngexesha lokukhutshwa.
Ukulahla i-capacitors
Xa ulahla i-capacitors, kubalulekile ukuthatha izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo zombini ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ngenxa yokuba ii-capacitors zinokuba ne-toxins ezinokubakho, ezifana nelothe, i-barium kunye nezinye izinyithi, kufuneka uphephe ukulahla ezi zinto kwimigqomo yenkunkuma eqhelekileyo okanye kwiindawo zokulahla. Endaweni yoko kufuneka zilahlwe ngendlela elungele i-eco-friendly ngokufumana indawo efanelekileyo yokuqokelela ngokutsha okanye umboneleli ogqwesileyo ngokulahlwa kwemathiriyeli eyingozi.
Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke ii-capacitors zisabambe intlawulo phambi kokulahlwa - nokuba zibhalwe njenge "dead" capacitors. Ii-Capacitors zingagcina iintlawulo ezishiyekileyo kwaye zinokukhupha xa ziphathwa; ke ngoko kufuneka uqaphele xa uziphatha ude uzikhuphe. Ukukhupha ngokukhuselekileyo i-capacitor, uya kudinga i-screwdriver efakwe i-insulated ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze ugcine isandla sakho sibuyile kwii-terminals ukuze i-voltage ingatsibe ukubamba kwakho. Emva kokuba ii-capacitors ezitshajiweyo zikhutshiwe, susa nakuphi na ukugquma okuxekethileyo ngepliers okanye iintambo zokusika uze uzisongele kwizigqumatheli phambi kokuba uzilahle ngokufanelekileyo.
isiphelo
Ukuqukumbela, ii-capacitors ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na isiphaluka sombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla, ukuhluza ingxolo kunye nokubonelela ngomthombo wangoku weesekethe ze-AC. I-Capacitors iza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ukuqonda iziseko ze-capacitors kuya kukunceda uchonge amacandelo afanelekileyo kwiprojekthi yakho.
Isishwankathelo seziseko ze-capacitor
Ukushwankathela iziseko ze-capacitor, i-capacitor yicandelo lombane elenziwe ngamacwecwe amabini aqhubayo ahlukaniswe yi-insulating material ebizwa ngokuba yi-dielectric. Isetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla ngendlela yendawo yombane. Ii-Capacitors ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiisekethe ze-elektroniki, zihlala zidibene ne-resistors kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo ezifana ne-microprocessors, ukulawula amanqanaba akhoyo kunye nombane. Zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca imiqondiso kunye nokubonelela ngogqithiso lwamandla aphezulu kwiisekethe ezithile. Xa ukhetha i-capacitor kwisicelo sakho esithile, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela i-voltage yokusebenza, ukushisa okusebenzayo, ubungakanani bephakheji, kunye noluhlu lwexabiso le-capacitance lohlobo lwe-capacitor olukhethayo.
Iinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-capacitors
I-Capacitors ingasetyenziselwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ngenxa yokukwazi ukugcina amandla kunye nokukhulula xa kufuneka. Ziyakwazi nokuphatha izixa ezikhulu zangoku, ngoko zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezihluzi kunye neebhuleki zesekethe. Ngapha koko, ii-capacitors zinokunceda ukunciphisa ingxolo yombane kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwiisekethe zamandla. Ngenxa yoko, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zombane ezinamandla aphezulu njengeekhompyuter, iiselfowuni, kunye neeseti zikamabonwakude.
IiCapacitors zinenani leenzuzo xa kufikwa kwizinto zombane. Umzekelo, bancedisa ukugcina inqanaba lombane lizinzile ngokubonelela ngogcino lwexeshana lwee-pulses zamandla aphezulu okanye ukuqhuma okufutshane kwangoku okunokuthi bonakalise izinto zombane ngokuhamba kwexesha. Uyilo lwabo lukwanceda ukuhluza ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kuyo yonke inkqubo okanye ngaphakathi kwesekethe yomntu. Oku kubalulekile ekukhuseleni iimpawu ezingafunekiyo ekungeneni kwinkqubo okanye ukuphazamisa iimpawu esele zingaphakathi kuyo.
Ukongezelela, ii-capacitors zibonelela ngoku ngokukhawuleza xa zifuneka zinganciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokumangalisayo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-AC enamandla ngokuvumela ukulawulwa kwe-capacitor yokuqala kunye nokusebenza kwe-synchronous motor - okubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide kwizicelo zendalo ezigqithisileyo ezifana neenkqubo zokukhanyisa ezitalatweni kunye neenjini ze-HVAC. Okokugqibela, ukuzinzisa amaza e-sine adalwe ziisekethe ze-AC ngomnye wemisebenzi yabo ephambili- bakhupha amandla ngaphandle kumaza athile ngelixa bekhulisa amandla kwezinye iifrikhwensi - ukunciphisa ukugqwethwa kwamandla ombane kunye nokuqinisekisa ulawulo lwamandla acocekileyo kuwo onke amajelo.
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.
