Ikwenza njani oko? Ingaba iaudio iphuma njani kumthombo ukuya kwisithethi ukuze uyive?
Isignali yesandi luphawu lombane lwesandi kwi isandi sokukhala uluhlu lwe-20 ukuya kwi-20,000 Hz. Zinokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo, okanye zivele kwi-microphone okanye isixhobo sokudlulisa isixhobo sokucofa. Ukuhamba komqondiso yindlela esuka kumthombo ukuya kwisithethi, apho umqondiso wesandi uguqulwa ube sisandi.
Makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni isignali yomsindo kunye INDLELA esebenza ngayo. Ndizakuxoxa kwakhona ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba komqondiso kunye nendlela yokuseta ukuhamba komqondiso wenkqubo yomsindo yasekhaya.
Ukuqonda iNkqubo yoMqondiso weAudio
Yintoni iNkqubo yoMqondiso weAudiyo?
Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba iingoma zakho ozithandayo zidibana njani? Ewe, yonke into inombulelo kukwenziwa kophawu lomsindo! Ukusetyenzwa kophawu lweaudio yinkqubo yokuguqula isandi sibe yifomathi yedijithali, ukulawula izandi zesandi, kunye nokongeza iziphumo ukwenza ingoma egqibeleleyo. Isetyenziswa kwizitudiyo zokurekhoda, kwiiPC kunye neelaptops, nakwizixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokurekhoda.
Ukuqalisa ngokwenziwa koMqondiso weAudio
Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokucutshungulwa kophawu lwesandi, Intshayelelo kaWarren Koontz yokuHlekisa uMqondiso weAudio yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokuqalisa. Igubungela iziseko zesandi kunye neempawu zomsindo we-analog, isampuli kunye nokulinganisa isandi se digital imiqondiso, ixesha kunye nokusetyenzwa kwesizinda sobuxhakaxhaka, kunye nezicelo ezithile ezifana noyilo lokulinganisa, ukuveliswa kwesiphumo, kunye noxinzelelo lwefayile.
Funda iAudio Signal Processing ngeMATLAB
Eyona nto ilungileyo ngale ncwadi kukuba iza nemizekelo kunye nemithambo esebenzisa izikripthi zeMATLAB nemisebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba unokucubungula iaudiyo ngexesha lokwenyani kwiPC yakho kwaye ufumane ukuqonda ngcono ukuba kusebenza njani ukusetyenzwa kophawu lweaudio.
Malunga uMbhali
UWarren Koontz ungunjingalwazi ophumayo kwiZiko leTekhnoloji laseRochester. Une-BS evela kwiYunivesithi yaseMaryland, iMS evela kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology, kunye nePh.D. kwiYunivesithi yasePurdue, bonke kubunjineli bombane. Wachitha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 kwi-Bell Laboratories ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zosulelo lwedijithali, kwaye emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, wajoyina i-faculty e-ESEMTHETHWENI ukunceda ukudala i-Audio Engineering Technology ukhetho. U-Koontz uye waqhubeka nophando lwakhe kwinkalo yobunjineli bomsindo kwaye upapashe kwaye ubonise iziphumo zophando lwakhe.
INzululwazi eNgemva kokuTshintshana kwemijelo
Yintoni i-AC?
Ii-Alternating Currents (AC) zifana nomntwana wasendle wombane – azihlali ndaweni-nye kwaye zisoloko zitshintsha. Ngokungafaniyo neNgqo ngoku (DC) equkuqela nje kwicala elinye, i-AC ihlala itshintsha phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi. Yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kwiisiginali zesandi – inokwenza kwakhona izandi ezintsonkothileyo ngokuchanekileyo.
Usebenza njani?
Iimpawu zomsindo we-AC zimodareyithwa ukuze zingqinelane nesandi sesandi senziwa ngokutsha, kanye njengamaza esandi atshintshana phakathi koxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphantsi. Oku kwenziwa ngokutshintsha amaxabiso amabini - i-frequency kunye ne-amplitude.
- Ukuphindaphinda: Kukangaphi isignali itshintsha ukusuka ku-positive ukuya ku-negative.
- I-Amplitude: Inqanaba okanye umthamo wesignali, ulinganiswa ngeedecibels.
Kutheni i-AC inkulu kangaka?
I-AC ifana neqhawe lombane - inokwenza izinto ezingenakukwazi ukwenza ezinye iintlobo zombane. Inokuthatha izandi ezintsonkothileyo izijike zibe ziimpawu zombane, ize iphinde izijike zibe sisandi kwakhona. Kufana nomlingo, kodwa ngesayensi!
Yintoni ukuHamba koMqondiso?
I siseko
Ukuhamba komqondiso kufana nomdlalo wefowuni, kodwa unesandi. Luhambo oluthathwa sisandi ukusuka kumthombo waso ukuya ezindlebeni zakho. Isenokuba luhambo olufutshane, njengaxa umamele iingoma ozithandayo kwi-stereo yasekhaya. Okanye inokuba luhambo olude, olujikajikayo, njengaxa ukwistudiyo sokurekhoda kunye nazo zonke iintsimbi neempempe.
Ubungqina beNitty
Xa kuziwa ekuhambeni komqondiso, kukho iindawo ezininzi zokumisa endleleni. Isandi sinokudlula kwikhonsoli yokuxuba, izixhobo zomsindo zangaphandle, kunye namagumbi ahlukeneyo. Kufana nogqatso olukhulu lwe-audio relay!
Izinzuzo
Ubuhle bokuhamba komqondiso kukuba kunokunceda ukwenza isandi sakho sibe ngcono. Inokukunceda ukulawula i Ivolumu, yongeza iziphumo, kwaye uqiniseke nokuba isandi siya kwindawo eyiyo. Ke, ukuba ujonge ukufumana okuninzi kwiaudio yakho, uya kufuna ukwazi ukuhamba komqondiso.
Ukuqonda Iimpawu ezivakalayo
Yintoni iMiqondiso yeAudio?
Iimpawu zesandi zifana nolwimi lwezithethi zakho. Ngabo abaxelela izithethi zakho ukuba zithini kwaye zikhwaza kangakanani. Zizo ezenza umculo wakho uvakale umhle, iimuvi zakho zivakala kakhulu, kwaye iipodcasts zakho zivakala ngathi zirekhodiweyo.
Zeziphi iiParameters ezibonisa imiqondiso yomsindo?
Iimpawu zeaudio zinokuphawulwa ziiparamitha ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo:
- Ububanzi: Olu luluhlu lweefrikhwensi ezinokuthi zithwale umqondiso.
- Inqanaba leNominal: Lo ngumgangatho ophakathi wophawu.
- INqanaba laMandla kwiiDecibels (dB): Lo ngumlinganiselo wamandla omqondiso ngokunxulumene nenqanaba lokubhekisela.
- Inqanaba leVoltage: Lo ngumlinganiselo wamandla omqondiso xa uthelekiswa nokuphazamiseka kwendlela yomqondiso.
Ngawaphi amaNqanaba awohlukeneyo eMiqondiso yeAudio?
Iimpawu zeaudio ziza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo. Nalu uluhlu olukhawulezayo lwawona manqanaba aqhelekileyo:
- Inqanaba lomgca: Eli linqanaba eliqhelekileyo leengcali zokuxuba iiconsoles.
- Inqanaba loMthengi: Eli linqanaba elisezantsi kunenqanaba lomgca kwaye lisetyenziselwa izixhobo zomsindo zabathengi.
- Inqanaba leMic: Eli lelona nqanaba lisezantsi kwaye lisetyenziselwa imibhobho.
Kuthetha Ukuthini Konke Oku?
Ngamafutshane, imiqondiso yesandi ifana nolwimi lwezithethi zakho. Baxelela izithethi zakho ukuba zithini, ukuba zikhwaza kangakanani, kunye nendlela yokwenza umculo wakho, iimuvi, kunye neepodcasts zivakale zimnandi. Ke ukuba ufuna ukuba iaudio yakho ivakale kakuhle, kuya kufuneka uqonde iiparamitha ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba emiqondiso yomsindo.
Yintoni i-Digital Audio?
Yintoni?
I-odiyo yedijithali luhlobo lwedijithali lwesignali yesandi. Isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeplug-ins ezimanyelwayo kunye nesoftware yedijithali yomsindo (DAW). Ngokusisiseko, lulwazi oludlula kwi-DAW ukusuka kwingoma yomsindo ukuya kwiplagi kunye nokuphuma kwemveliso yehardware.
Ithuthwa njani?
Iaudio yedijithali inokuthunyelwa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentambo, kuquka:
- Ifayibha yamehlo
- Coaxial
- Isibini esijijekileyo
Ngaphezu koko, ikhowudi yomgca kunye neprotocol yonxibelelwano isetyenziswa ukunika isignali yedijithali kwindawo yothumelo. Ezinye zezona zithutho zedijithali zidumileyo ziquka:
- ISITHETHE
- I-TDIF
- TOS-LINK
- I-S / PDIF
- AES3
- MADI
- Umsindo nge-Ethernet
- Audio phezu IP
Ke Ithetha Ukuthini Yonke Lonto?
Ngokwabantu abaqhelekileyo, iaudio yedijithali yindlela yokuthumela imiqondiso yesandi ngeentambo kunye nomoya. Isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeplug-ins ezimanyelwayo kunye nesoftware yedijithali yomsindo (DAW). Ngoko, ukuba uyimvumi, Umvelisi, okanye injineli yomsindo, amathuba okuba ukhe wasebenzisa iaudio yedijithali ngaxa lithile kumsebenzi wakho.
Ukulawula Iimpawu zomsindo
Yintoni iNkqubo yoMqondiso?
Ukulungiswa komqondiso yindlela yokuthatha isignali yesandi, njengesandi, kwaye uyiguqule ngandlela thile. Kufana nokuthatha isandi, usifake ekhompyutheni, uze usebenzise amaqhoshana kunye needayili ukuze sivakale ngokwahlukileyo.
Yintoni Onokuyenza Ngokwenziwa Kwemiqondiso?
Ukulungiswa komqondiso kunokusetyenziswa ukwenza zonke iintlobo zezinto ezipholileyo ngesandi. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezinokwenzeka:
- Iifrikhwensi eziphezulu okanye ezisezantsi zinokuhluzwa.
- Iifrikhwensi ezithile zinokugxininiswa okanye zincitshiswe ngesilinganisi.
- I-Harmonic overtones inokongezwa ngokugqwetha.
- I-amplitude inokulawulwa nge-compressor.
- Iziphumo zomculo ezifana nesenzi, ikwayara, kunye nokulibaziseka zingongezwa.
- Umgangatho jikelele wesignali unokulungiswa ngefader okanye i-amplifier.
- Iimpawu ezininzi zinokudibaniswa kunye nomxube.
Kuthetha Ukuthini Konke Oku?
Ngamafutshane, ukusetyenzwa komqondiso yindlela yokuthatha isandi kwaye yenze ivakale yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ungayenza ibe phezulu okanye ithambe, wongeze iziphumo, okanye udibanise izandi ezininzi zibe nye. Kufana nokuba nebala lokudlala le-sonic onokuthi udlale kulo!
Yintoni iTransduction?
I siseko
Ukutshintshwa yinkqubo yokuguqula isandi sibe yimiqondiso yombane. Ngamanye amazwi, yinkqubo yokuguqula amaza esandi abe ngoo-0 noo-1. Kufana nebhulorho enomlingo phakathi kwehlabathi elibonakalayo kunye nedijithali.
Abadlali
Kukho abadlali ababini abaphambili kumdlalo wokuguqula:
- I-Microphone: Ezi zixhobo zokuguqula isandi zithatha amaza esandi zize ziwaguqule abe ziimpawu zombane.
- Izithethi: Ezi transducers zithatha imiqondiso yombane ziziguqule zibe ngamaza esandi.
Iindidi
Xa kuziwa ekuguqulelweni, kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zeempawu zomsindo: i-analog kunye nedijithali. I-Analog sisindi sesandi sokuqala, ngelixa idijithali iyinguqulelo ka-0 kunye no-1s.
Inkqubo
Inkqubo yokudluliselwa ilula kakhulu. Okokuqala, isandi somsindo sidibana ne-microphone capsule. Le capsule ke iguqula amandla omatshini wokungcangcazela abe ngumbane. Le yangoku iye yandiswa kwaye iguqulelwe kwisignali yedijithali. Okokugqibela, olu phawu lwedijithali luguqulwa lubuyele ekubeni lizandi sisithethi.
ISayensi eFunky
Iindlebe zethu zikwadlulisela isandi kwimiqondiso yombane, kodwa ezi ziimpawu zokuva, hayi imiqondiso yesandi. Imiqondiso yokuva yenzelwe ukuva, ngelixa iisignali ze-audio zezeteknoloji.
Ngoko ke unayo - isikhokelo esikhawulezayo nesilula sokuguqulwa. Ngoku ungachukumisa abahlobo bakho ngolwazi lwakho lwenkqubo yomlingo yokuguqula amaza esandi abe ngoo-0 kunye no-1!
Ukuqonda i-Decibel Scale
Yintoni iDecibel?
Xa ujonge imitha yomqondiso, ujonge ulwazi lwe-decibel. Iidecibels zilinganisa ukuphakama okanye ukuphakama kwesandi. Sisikali selogarithmic, hayi umgca, into ethetha ukuba inokulinganisa uluhlu olukhulu lwamanqanaba esandi samandla. Indlebe yomntu sisixhobo esimangalisayo esikwaziyo ukuva isandi sesipina esihlayo kufutshane, kunye nokuduma kwenjini yejethi mgama.
IiYunithi zokulinganisa ingxolo
Xa ulinganisa amanqanaba engxolo ngemitha yomgangatho wesandi, ulinganisa ubunzulu bengxolo kwiiyunithi zedecibel (dB). Imitha yesandi isebenzisa isiboniso esinoluhlu lwe-decibel kunye nesisombululo esisondele kuluhlu oluguquguqukayo lwendlebe. Kuya kuba nzima ukwenza imitha yenqanaba lesandi esinentsebenzo yomgca, ngoko ke kusetyenziswa isikali se-logarithmic, kusetyenziswa i-10 njengesiseko.
Amanqanaba e-Decibel yeZandi eziqhelekileyo
Nalu uluhlu lwamanqanaba e-decibel yezandi eziqhelekileyo:
- Ukuthula okukufutshane - 0 dB
- Ukusebeza - 15 dB
- Ithala leencwadi — 45 dB
- Incoko eqhelekileyo - 60 dB
- Ukuhlamba indlu yangasese - 75-85 dB
- Indawo yokutyela enengxolo - 90 dB
- Ingxolo ephezulu kwiwadi yesibhedlele — 100 dB
- Ukukhala komntwana - 110 dB
- Injini yeJet - 120 dB
- I-Porsche 911 Carrera RSR Turbo 2.1–138 dB
- Ukuphuma kwebhaluni - 157 dB
Iintlobo zeeDecibels
Xa kuziwa kumsindo, kukho iindidi ezininzi zeedecibels:
- I-SPL (Amanqanaba oxinzelelo lwesandi): ilinganisa izandi zehlabathi langempela (ezingezizo iimpawu), zilinganiswe ngemitha ye-SPL ekhethekileyo.
- I-dBFS (i-Decibels Full Scale): indlela amanqanaba omqondiso wedijithali alinganiswa ngayo kwihlabathi le-0 kunye ne-1s, apho amandla omqondiso aphezulu = 0 kwimitha.
- I-dBV (i-Decibels Volt): isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwisixhobo se-analog okanye isoftware yedijithali elinganisa izixhobo ze-analog. Iimitha ze-VU zibhalisa iavareji yemigangatho yeaudio, ngokuchaseneyo nemitha yencopho, ebonisa kuphela eyona miqondiso ingxolayo yomzuzwana yencopho. Ngeentsuku zokuqala zomsindo we-analog, iteyiphu yemagnethi yayingakwazi ukurekhoda umqondiso wesandi obuninzi xa kuthelekiswa neteyiphu yemagnethi eveliswe kumashumi eminyaka kamva, ngoko ke iye yamkeleka ukurekhoda ngaphezulu kwe-0 ngokuxhomekeke kwiteyiphu esetyenziswayo, ukuya kuthi ga ku +3 okanye +6 okanye ngaphezulu.
Ukuqonda iifomathi zomsindo
Yintoni ifomathi yomsindo?
Xa urekhoda iaudio, kufuneka wenze isigqibo sokuba iza kugcinwa njani na. Oku kuthetha ukukhetha ifomathi yomsindo echanekileyo, ubunzulu besuntswana, kunye nomlinganiselo wesampulu. Kufana nokukhetha iisetingi zekhamera ezifanelekileyo kwifoto. Unokukhetha umgangatho weJPEG (ophantsi, ophakathi, ophezulu) okanye urekhode ubuninzi beenkcukacha kwifayile ye-RAW.
Iifomati zomsindo zifana neefomathi zemifanekiso - .png, .tif, .jpg, .bmp, .svg - kodwa isandi. Ifomathi ye-audio ichaza ukuba ingakanani idatha esetyenziselwa ukumela i-audio, nokuba icinezelwe okanye hayi, kwaye luhlobo luni lwedatha olusetyenziswayo.
Umsindo ongacinezelwanga
Xa kuziwa kwimveliso yeaudio, uya kufuna ukunamathela kwiaudio engaxinzelelwanga. Ngaloo ndlela, unokulawula indlela i-audio ehanjiswa ngayo. Nokuba usebenzisa iqonga elinje ngeVimeo, iYouTube, okanye iSpotify, uya kufuna ukwazi kakuhle iaudio ngefomathi engaxinzelelwanga kuqala.
Umsindo ocinezelweyo
Ukuba usebenza nomculo, unokufuna ukucinezela ifayile yeaudio ukuba inkulu kakhulu kwiqonga lokuhambisa. Umzekelo, iDistrokid yamkela kuphela iifayile ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1GB. Ke ukuba ingoma yakho inde ngenene, kuya kufuneka uyicinezele.
Iifomati zefayile eziqhelekileyo zokuvelisa umculo yi-WAV kunye ne-FLAC. I-FLAC yifomathi yoxinzelelo engalahlekiyo, engcono kuneemp3s. USpotify ucebisa ukuba usebenzise ifomathi ye-AAC.
Kuthunyelwa ngaphandle Audio
Xa uthumela ngaphandle iaudio njengenxalenye yevidiyo, udla ngokuba nezinto ezimbalwa onokukhetha kuzo (umz. YouTube, Vimeo, Mobile, Web, Apple Pro Res.). Iaudio iya kucinezelwa kunye nevidiyo ngokusekwe kwisethingi yakho yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ukuba unetyala lokusetyenziswa elingakufanelanga ukusetha kwangaphambili, unokwenza uphando olongezelelweyo kwi-intanethi ukufumana ezona zicwangciso zingcono.
Ubungakanani befayile uthelekiso
Nalu uthelekiso lobungakanani befayile kwiifomati ezahlukeneyo zeaudio:
- WAV: Makhulu
- I-FLAC: Phakathi
- MP3: Incinci
Ngoko, nantso! Ngoku uyazi konke malunga neefomati zeaudio.
Yintoni Ubunzulu beBit?
Ubunzulu besuntswana ligama lobugcisa elisetyenziswa ukuchaza isisombululo esiguqukayo sohlobo lwamaza lwesandi. Ifana nenani ledesimali ezisetyenziselwa ukumela yonke ifayile yeaudio, kwaye yinto ephambili ekumiseleni umgangatho uwonke kunye nesisombululo sesandi.
Iziseko zobunzulu beBit
Ubunzulu beBit bonke bumalunga noluhlu lwamaxabiso asetyenziswayo ukumela eyona miqondiso ingxolayo kunye neyona ithuleyo inokurekhodwa kumbindi wedijithali. Nalu uluhlu olukhawulezayo lweziseko:
- Amaxabiso obunzulu beBit amele isisombululo esiguquguqukayo sohlobo lwamaza lwesandi.
- Ubunzulu beBit bukwachaza inani elipheleleyo leendawo zabo bonke oo-0 kunye no-1s ezisetyenziselwa ukumela yonke ifayile yeaudio.
- Eyona migangatho iqhelekileyo bit ubunzulu yi-16-bit kunye ne-24-bit. Okukhona kusetyenziswe amasuntswana, kokukhona ifayile yesandi inkulu, kwaye iphezulu umgangatho okanye isisombululo iya kuba.
- Umsindo weCD uchazwa njenge-16-bit medium, ngelixa iiDVD zinokudlala i-16, 20 okanye i-24 bit audio.
Ubunzulu beBit njengeParamitha yokuYila
Ubunzulu beBit ayilogama lobugcisa kuphela – bunokusetyenziswa njengeparamitha yokuyila. Umzekelo, kukho lonke uhlobo lomculo we-elektroniki obizwa ngokuba yiChiptune elinganisa indlela ebevakala ngayo umsindo xa udlalwa kwizizukulwana zangaphambili zeekhompyuter ezine-8-bit processors.
Ke ukuba ujonge ukongeza isuntswana lencasa ye-lo-fi kwisandi sakho, ubunzulu bentwana ngokuqinisekileyo yinto ekufuneka uyiqwalasele. Khumbula nje ukuba amasuntswana amaninzi asetyenziswayo, inkulu ifayile yesandi kwaye iphezulu umgangatho okanye isisombululo iya kuba.
isiphelo
Ngoku uyazi konke malunga nomqondiso we-audio njenge-REPRESENTATION yesandi njengomqondiso ngendlela yokunyakaza kombane okanye komatshini. Yindlela esiva ngayo umculo kunye nendlela esiwurekhoda ngayo. Yindlela esabelana ngayo nabanye kunye nendlela esiyonwabela ngayo kwizixhobo zethu.
Ke, ungoyiki ukuqalisa ngayo kwaye wonwabe!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.
