Ngubani uAntonio de Torres Jurado? UAntonio de Torres Jurado wayengumSpanish ngakumbi othathwa njengoyise wale mihla isiginci seklasiki. Wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, eAlmería ngo-1817, waza wafela eAlmería ngowe-1892.
Wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, eAlmería ngo-1817 njengonyana womqokeleli werhafu uJuan Torres kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uMaria Jurado. Wachitha ubutsha bakhe njengomfundi wokuchwela, kwaye wabhalwa ngokufutshane emkhosini eneminyaka eyi-16 ngaphambi kokuba utata wakhe akwazi ukumkhulula enkonzweni phantsi kwesizathu sokuba akafanelekanga kwezonyango. UAntonio omncinci watyhalwa ngoko nangoko emtshatweni kunye noJuana María López oneminyaka emi-3, owamnika abantwana abathathu. Kwaba bantwana bathathu, ababini abancinci basweleka, kuquka noJuana owasweleka kamva eneminyaka engama-3 ngenxa yesifo sephepha.
Kwakukholelwa (kodwa akuqinisekiswanga) ukuba ngo-1842 uAntonio Torres Jurado waqala ukufunda ubugcisa bokwenza isiginci kuJosé Pernas eGranada. Wabuyela eSeville wavula ivenkile apho wazenzela khona eyakhe Iigita. Kulapho wadibana khona neemvumi ezininzi kunye nabaqambi, abathi bamtyhalela ekubeni avelise iziginkci ezintsha abanokuthi bazisebenzise xa becula. Udumo, uAntonio wathatha ingcebiso kumdlali wesiginci owaziwayo kunye nomqambi uJulián Arcas kwaye waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwisiginci sanamhlanje.
Waphinda watshata ngo-1868, kwaye waqhubeka esebenza eSevile ukuya kutsho ngo-1870 xa yena nenkosikazi yakhe bafudukela eAlmería apho bavula ivenkile yasechina kunye nekristale. Apho waqala ukusebenza kwidizayini yakhe yokugqibela neyeyona idumileyo, imodeli yeTorres. Wafa ngo-1892, kodwa iziginkci zakhe zisadlalwa nanamhlanje.
Ubomi kunye neLifa lika-Antonio Torres Jurado
Ubomi Basemtsha Nomtshato
U-Antonio Torres Jurado wazalelwa eLa Cañada de San Urbano, eAlmería ngo-1817. Wayengunyana womqokeleli werhafu uJuan Torres kunye nomfazi wakhe uMaria Jurado. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, uAntonio wabizelwa emkhosini, kodwa uyise wakwazi ukumkhupha enkonzweni ngesityholo sobuxoki sokuba wayegula. Kungekudala emva koko, watshata noJuana María López waza waba nabantwana abathathu, ababini kubo basweleka ngokulusizi.
Ukuzalwa Kwekatala yanamhlanje yeClassical
Kukholelwa ukuba ngo-1842, uAntonio waqala ukufunda ubugcisa bokwenza isiginci kuJosé Pernas eGranada. Emva kokubuyela eSeville, wavula ivenkile yakhe waza waqalisa ukwenza iikatala zakhe. Apha, wadibana neemvumi ezininzi kunye nabaqambi abathi bamtyhalela ekubeni enze izinto ezintsha kunye nokwenza iziginkci ezintsha. Wathatha icebiso kumdlali wesiginkci owaziwayo kunye nomqambi uJulián Arcas waza waqalisa umsebenzi kwisiginci sanamhlanje seklasiki.
Ngowe-1868, uAntonio waphinda watshata waza wafudukela eAlmería nomfazi wakhe, apho bavula ivenkile ethengisa izinto ezithengiswayo. Apha, waqala umsebenzi wexeshana wokwakha iziginkci, awathi waqhubeka ixesha elizeleyo emva kokufa komfazi wakhe ngo-1883. Kwiminyaka elithoba elandelayo, wadala malunga ne-12 guitar ngonyaka de wafa ngo-1892.
Ilifa
Iziginkci ezenziwe kwiminyaka yokugqibela ka-Antonio zazithathwa njengezona ziphezulu kakhulu kunaso nasiphi na esinye isiginkci esenziwe eSpain naseYurophu ngelo xesha. Imodeli yakhe yesiginkci kungekudala yaba yiplani yazo zonke iziginkci ze-acoustic zanamhlanje, eziye zaxeliswa kwaye zakhutshelwa kwihlabathi liphela.
Namhlanje, iigitala zisalandela uyilo olubekwe nguAntonio Torres Jurado, kunye nokwahlukana kuphela kwezinto zokwakha. Ilifa lakhe lisaqhubeka kumculo wanamhlanje, kwaye impembelelo yakhe kwimbali yomculo wale mihla ayinakuphikiswa.
UAntonio de Torres: Ukwenza iLifa leGuitare elihlala lihleli
Amanani
Zingaphi izixhobo ezakhiwa nguTorres ngokwakhe? Akukho mntu waziyo ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa uRomanillos uqikelela inani malunga neekatala ezingama-320. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-88 sele ifunyenwe, kunye nezinye ezininzi ezifunyenwe ukusukela ngoko. Kukho amarhe okuba uTorres wade wenza isiginkci esidilikayo esinokudityaniswa kwaye sahlulwe ngemizuzu - kodwa ngaba sasikhona ngokwenene? Ngaba sesinye sezixhobo ezingama-200+ eziye zatshatyalaliswa, zalahleka, okanye zahlala zifihliwe?
Ithegi yeXabiso
Ukuba ukhe walingeka ukuba ubize isiginci seTorres, zilungiselele ukuhlawula amakhulu amawaka eedola. Ifana namaxabiso evayolini enziwe ngu-Antonio Stradivari - ngaphantsi kwama-600 evayolin yakhe iyasinda, kwaye iza nethegi yexabiso elikhulu. Ukuqokelela iigitare zakudala akuzange kuqale kude kube ngoo-1950, ngelixa imarike yeevayolin ezindala zomelele ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ke, ngubani owaziyo-mhlawumbi ngenye imini sakubona iTorres ithengisa amanani asixhenxe!
Umculo
Kodwa yintoni eyenza ezi zixhobo zikhetheke kangaka? Ngaba yimbali yabo kuyilo lwesiginkci, imvelaphi yabo, okanye isakhono sabo sokwenza umculo omnandi? Inokuba yindibaniselwano yazo zontathu. UArcas, uTárrega, kunye noLlobet bonke batsalwa kwiigitare zaseTorres ngenxa yesandi sabo, kwaye unanamhla, abo baneendlebe eziqeqeshiweyo bayavuma ukuba iTorres ayivakali njengenye isiginci. Omnye umhlalutyi ngowe-1889 wada wayichaza “njengetempile yeemvakalelo, iArcanum yentabalala eshukumayo nevuyisa intliziyo ephuma kwincwina evela kwimisonto ebonakala ngathi ikhusela iingoma zencasa.”
USheldon Urlik, oneziginkci ezine zeTorres kwingqokelela yakhe, uthi ngomnye wazo: “Ukucaca kwethoni yelizwi, ukucoceka kwetimbre, nomgangatho ogxininisiweyo womculo wesi katara kubonakala kungummangaliso.” Abadlali baqaphele ukuba kulula kangakanani ukudlala iigitala zeTorres, kunye nendlela eziphendula ngayo xa kutsalwa umtya - njengoko uDavid Collett ebeka, "Iigitare zeTorres zikuvumela ukuba ucinge into, kwaye isiginci siyayenza."
Imfihlelo
Ngoko yintoni imfihlelo emva kwezi zixhobo? Bobabini uAntonio - uTorres kunye noStradivari - baphumelele inqanaba lobugcisa obungenakuphindwa ngokupheleleyo. Iiviolin ze-Stradivari ziye zafundwa nge-x-rays, i-electron microscopes, i-spectrometers, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-dendrochronological, kodwa iziphumo azikho. Izixhobo zikaTorres ziye zahlalutywa ngokufanayo, kodwa kusekho into engekhoyo engenako ukukhutshelwa. UTorres ngokwakhe wanikela iingcinga zakhe ngoku, esithi kwitheko lesidlo sangokuhlwa: “Andisebenzisi naziphi na izixhobo ezifihlakeleyo, kodwa ndisebenzisa intliziyo yam.”
Kwaye yeyona mfihlakalo yokwenyani emva kwezi zixhobo – umdla kunye novakalelo olungena ekuqulunqweni kwazo.
Imodeli yeNguqulo ka-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Impembelelo ka-Antonio Torres Jurado
Isiginci saseSpain njengoko sisazi namhlanje sityala kakhulu uAntonio de Torres Jurado - izixhobo zakhe ziye zadunyiswa kwaye zamkelwa ziziginci ezinkulu ezifana noFrancisco Tarraga, uFederico Cano, uJulian Arcas, kunye noMiguel Llobet. Umzekelo wakhe ngowona ufanelekileyo kwigitare yekonsathi, kwaye usisiseko sokwenziwa kolu hlobo lwesiginci.
Ubomi bokuqala buka-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Kukholelwa ukuba uAntonio de Torres Jurado wayenethuba lokudibana nokufunda ukudlala isiginci kunye noDionisio Aguado owaziwayo xa wayesemncinci kakhulu. Ngowe-1835, waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe wokuchwela. Watshata waza waba nabantwana abane, abathathu kubo ngokulusizi basweleka. Kamva, umfazi wakhe wasweleka emva kobudlelwane beminyaka eyi-10. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, waphinda watshata waza waba nabanye abantwana abane.
Ilifa lika-Antonio de Torres Jurado
Ilifa lika-Antonio de Torres Jurado uphila ngemodeli yakhe yoguqulo yesiginci saseSpain:
- Izixhobo zakhe ziye zadunyiswa kwaye zamkelwa ngabanye babadlali abakhulu kunabo bonke ixesha.
- Umzekelo wakhe ngowona ufanelekileyo kwigitare yekhonsathi, kwaye isiseko sokwenziwa kolu hlobo lwegitala.
– Wayenethuba lokufunda kuDionisio Aguado owaziwayo xa wayesemncinci kakhulu.
-Wajamelana neentlekele ezininzi ebomini bakhe, kodwa ilifa lakhe liya kuhlala likhona..
UAntonio de Torres Jurado: Inkosi yeWoodcraft
Granada
Kukholelwa ukuba uAntonio de Torres Jurado wagqibelelisa izakhono zakhe zokuchwela eGranada, kwindawo yokusebenzela kaJose Pernas – umenzi wesiginci owaziwayo ngelo xesha. Iintloko zeekatala zakhe zokuqala zifana ngokumangalisayo nezo zikaPernas.
Seville
Ngowe-1853, uAntonio de Torres Jurado wabhengeza iinkonzo zakhe njengomenzi wesiginci eSeville. Kumboniso wemisebenzi yezandla kwakwesi sixeko sinye, waphumelela imbasa – nto leyo eyamzisela udumo nokuwongwa njenge-luthier.
IAlmeria
Wahamba phakathi kweSeville kunye neAlmeria, apho wenza isiginci ngo-1852. Kwakhona wenza isiginci esibizwa ngokuba yi "La Invencible" ngo-1884, e-Almeria. Ngomnyaka we-1870, wabuyela e-Almeria ngokusisigxina kwaye wafumana indawo yokuthengisa i-porcelain kunye namaqhekeza eglasi. Ukususela ngo-1875 de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1892, wayegxile ekwenzeni isiginci.
Ngo-2013, iMyuziyam ka-Antonio de Torres Jurado yeSpanish Guitar yadalwa e-Almeria ukuze ihloniphe lo menzi-katala mkhulu.
UAntonio de Torres '1884 "La Invencible" Guitar
Uyise weSiginci seSpanish sanamhlanje
UAntonio de Torres Jurado wayeyincutshe yoluthier evela eAlmeria, eSpain ethathwa ngokubanzi njengoyise wekatala yanamhlanje yaseSpain. Wayiguqula imigangatho yemveli yokwenza isiginci, walinga kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela zakhe zokwenza izixhobo zomgangatho ophezulu. Ubuchule bakhe nobuchule bakhe bokuyila bumenze wafumana indawo ephezulu kubenzi besiginkci, kwaye iziginkci zakhe zanconywa zezinye zezona zintshatsheli zibalaseleyo ngexesha lakhe, ezinjengoFrancisco Tárrega, uJulián Arcas, uFederico Cano, noMiquel Llobet.
I-1884 "La Invencible" Guitar
Le ikatala ka-1884 yayiyenye yezona ziqwenga eziphawulekayo kwingqokelela ye-guitarist Federico Cano, eyayiboniswa kwi-International Exhibition e-Sevilla ngo-1922. umphezulu we-spruce, i-rosewood yaseBrazil enamacala amabini ngasemva kunye namacala, kunye ne-nameplate yesilivere ene-monogram "FC" kunye negama elithi "La Invencible" (Ongenakunqotshwa).
Isandi sesi Guitar Asinakulinganiswa nanto
Isandi sesi siginci asinakulinganiswa nanto. Ine-bass enzulu ngokumangalisayo, i-treble eswiti kunye nengenayo, kunye nokugcinwa okungenakulinganiswa kunye nobubanzi. I-harmonics yayo ngumlingo ococekileyo, kwaye ukuxinezeleka kuthambile kwaye kukhululekile ukudlala. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba esi siginkci sibhengezwe njengeLifa leSizwe!
Ukubuyiselwa
Kukho iintanda zelongitudinal ngasemva nasemacaleni esiginci, ezinye zazo sele zilungisiwe yi master luthiers Ismael and Raúl Yagüe. Iintanda eziseleyo ziya kulungiswa kungekudala, kwaye emva koko siya kukwazi ukubonisa amandla ayo apheleleyo ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni nawuphi na umonakalo ovela kwimitya yesiginci.
Izixhobo zomculo
Iziginci zikaTorres zaziwa ngokuba:
– Rich, isandi esipheleleyo
-Ubugcisa obuhle
-Inkqubo yokuqinisa abalandeli
-Ifunwa kakhulu ngabaqokeleli kunye neemvumi.
FAQ
UAntonio Torres wasungula njani ikatala?
UAntonio Torres Jurado wasungula isiginci sanamhlanje seklasiki ngokuthatha iindlela zekatala zaseYurophu aze azenzele izinto ezintsha, ngokusekwe kwingcebiso evela kumdlali wesiginci owaziwayo kunye nomqambi uJulián Arcas. Waqhubeka ephucula uyilo lwakhe de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1892, esenza iplani yazo zonke iigitala zanamhlanje.
Ngubani umqambi wokuqala womdlali ukonwabela kwaye abhiyozele iigitala zikaTorres?
UJulián Arcas wayengumdlali wokuqala-umqambi ukonwabela kwaye abhiyozele iigitare zikaTorres. Wanika ingcebiso kaTorres ngokwakha, kwaye intsebenziswano yabo yajika uTorres waba ngumphandi osele ekhulile wokwakha ikatala.
Zingaphi iikatala zikaTorres ezikhoyo?
Zininzi iigitare zeTorres, njengoko uyilo lwakhe lumise umsebenzi wawo wonke umenzi wesiginci ukusukela kwaye lusasetyenziswa ziigitari zamandulo namhlanje. Izixhobo zakhe zenza ukuba iziginkci zabanye abenzi ngaphambi kwakhe ziphelelwe lixesha, kwaye wafunwa ngabadlali ababalulekileyo besiginci eSpain.
Wenza ntoni uAntonio Torres ukwenza isiginci sivakale ngcono?
U-Antonio Torres ugqibelele uyilo olulingeneyo lwebhodi yesandi yesiginci, eyenza ibe nkulu kwaye ibe mncinci ngokujongisisa kwabalandeli ukomelela. Kwakhona wangqina ukuba yayingumphezulu, hayi umva kunye namacala esiginci owanika isixhobo isandi saso, ngokwakha ikatala ngomva nasemacaleni epapier-mâché.
isiphelo
UAntonio de Torres Jurado wayengumvukeli woguquko owatshintsha indlela iigitala ezazisenziwa kwaye zazidlalwa ngayo. Wayeligcisa elinobuchule elenza ezinye zezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo ehlabathini. Ilifa lakhe lisekho nanamhla oku kwimo yeekatala zakhe, ezisadlalwa zezona mvumi zibalaseleyo kwihlabathi. Impembelelo yakhe kwihlabathi lesiginci ayinakuphikiswa kwaye ilifa lakhe liya kuqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwana ezizayo. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga no-Antonio de Torres Jurado kunye nomsebenzi wakhe omangalisayo, zininzi izixhobo ezifumanekayo kwi-Intanethi. Ke, ungathandabuzi ukuntywila kwaye ujonge umhlaba wale luthier emangalisayo!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weNeaera kunye nomthengisi womxholo, utata, kwaye ndiyakuthanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha ngesiginkci entliziyweni yothando lwam, kunye neqela lam, ndisenza amanqaku eblogi anzulu ukusukela ngo-2020. ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngokurekhoda kunye neengcebiso zesiginci.
