Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng tsa ho hlahisa motlakase ha li le tlas'a khatello ea mochine le ka tsela e fapaneng. Lentsoe lena le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike piezo le bolelang khatello, le motlakase. E ile ea fumanoa ka lekhetlo la pele ka 1880, empa khopolo eo esale e tsejoa ka nako e telele.
Mohlala o tsebahalang haholo oa piezoelectricity ke quartz, empa lisebelisoa tse ling tse ngata le tsona li bonts'a ketsahalo ena. Tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea piezoelectricity ke tlhahiso ea ultrasound.
Sehloohong sena, ke tla tšohla hore na piezoelectricity ke eng, e sebetsa joang, le tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang tsa ketsahalo ena e makatsang.
Piezoelectricity ke eng?
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase ho arabela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrafine tse shebileng haholo.
Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li kenyelletsa likristale, lirafshoa tse itseng, lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA, le liprotheine. Ha matla a sebelisoa ho thepa ea piezoelectric, e hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase. Tefiso ena e ka sebelisoa ho matlafatsa lisebelisoa kapa ho theha motlakase.
Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa:
• Tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo
• Khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric
• Ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng
• Lijenereithara tsa oache
• Lisebelisoa tsa elektronike
• Microbalances
• Khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic
• Ultrafine e lebisang tlhokomelo likopanong tsa optical
• Lipuzzle bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki
• Lisebelisoa tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki
• Ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase
• Lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa
• Lirumula le lintho tse hotetsang lisakerete.
Nalane ea piezoelectricity ke efe?
Piezoelectricity e ile ea sibolloa ka 1880 ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie. Ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, tse kang likristale, li-ceramics le lintho tse phelang, ho arabela khatellong ea mochine e sebelisoang. Lentsoe "piezoelectricity" le tsoa lentsoeng la segerike 'piezein', le bolelang "hatella" kapa "press" le "elektron" le bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang.
Tsebo e kopaneng ea Curies ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale e hlahisitse ponelopele ea pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ho theosa le mashome a lilemo, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa lioache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrafine tsa likopano tsa mahlo, le mefuta ea motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le phello ea pyroelectric, moo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso.
Nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše e bone tšebeliso ea likristale tsa piezoelectric tse ntlafalitsoeng ke Bell Telephone Laboratories. Sena se ile sa lumella mabotho a lifofane a Allied ho kenya letsoho litlhaselong tse hokahaneng tsa bongata a sebelisa seea-le-moea sa lifofane. Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric United States li bolokile lik'hamphani ho nts'etsopele ea nako ea ntoa tšimong ea lithahasello, ho fumana litokelo tsa molao tse nang le phaello bakeng sa thepa e ncha.
Japane e ile ea bona lits'ebetso tse ncha le kholo ea indasteri ea piezoelectric ea United States 'me ea iketsetsa ea eona kapele. Ba ile ba arolelana tlhahisoleseling kapele mme ba nts'etsapele barium titanate mme hamorao ba etella pele lisebelisoa tsa zirconate titanate tse nang le thepa e ikhethileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng.
Piezoelectricity e tsamaile hole ho tloha ha e sibolloa ka 1880, 'me joale e sebelisoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi. E boetse e sebelisetsoa ho etsa tsoelo-pele lipatlisisong tsa thepa, tse kang ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, e romellang ultrasonic pulse ka thepa ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le ho khaotsa ho fumana liphoso ka hare ho lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea mohaho.
Kamoo Piezoelectricity e Sebetsang Kateng
Karolong ena, ke tla be ke hlahloba hore na piezoelectricity e sebetsa joang. Ke tla be ke shebile ho bokellana ha tefiso ea motlakase linthong tse tiileng, tšebelisano ea mohala oa motlakase, le ts'ebetso e ka khutlisoang e etsang ketsahalo ena. Ke tla boela ke buisane ka nalane ea piezoelectricity le ts'ebeliso ea eona.
Ho bokellana ha Tefiso ea Motlakase ka har'a Solids
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo khatellong ea mochine e sebelisoang, ’me lebitso la eona le tsoa mantsoeng a Segerike “piezein” (ho pepeta kapa tobetsa) le “ēlektron” (amber).
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa boemo ba mochini le motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, moo tlhahiso ea ka hare ea khatello ea mochini e hlahang sebakeng sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e ka lekanngoang e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Ho tloha ka nako eo e 'nile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa le ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea matla a matla a motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse kang microbalances. 'me u khanne li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa ho tsepamisa maikutlo hoa li-optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki, le li-triggers bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase, lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le phello ea pyroelectric, moo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase karabelong ea phetoho ea mocheso. Sena se ile sa ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko ha lia ka tsa phethahala.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie compensator ka Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea mehaho e ka tlaase ea kristale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho be le boprofeta ba pyroelectricity. Ba ile ba khona ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale mme ba bontša phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potasiamo tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bontšitse piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric disk e hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse, 'me phetoho ea sebopeho e feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies.
Ba ile ba khona ho bolela esale pele phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng, 'me phello e fapaneng e ile ea etsoa ka lipalo ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa ho ba teng ha phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki ba bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha electro-elasto- ho senyeha ha mechine ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e hlalositseng litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata tlhahlobo ea piezoelectric ka linako tse ling. Ena e ne e le tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, 'me sonar e ile ea hlahisoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše.
Mohloli o ne o e-na le a transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša boemo bo phahameng maqhubu pulse ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho bala bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar e atlehe, 'me morero o ile oa hlahisa tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric. Ho theosa le lilemo tse mashome, lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa, 'me lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana mahae libakeng tse sa tšoaneng. Li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic li nolofalitse moralo oa libapali 'me li etselitsoe libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase le tse nepahetseng tse neng li le bonolo ho li hlokomela le ho li haha habonolo.
Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya habonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, tse hlahisang tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa.
Tšebelisano ea Motlakase oa Linear
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase ha e le tlas'a khatello ea mochini. Lentsoe lena le nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) le bolelang “ho petetsa kapa ho hatella” le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang “amber”, eo e neng e le mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase.
Piezoelectricity e ile ea sibolloa ka 1880 ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie. E ipapisitse le tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le symmetry ea inversion. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, moo ho hlahisoang ka har'a khatello ea mochini ho tsoa sebakeng sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e leka-lekaneng ha e holofetse ho tloha sebopeho sa eona se tsitsitseng e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se tsejoang e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng 'me e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, joalo ka:
• Tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo
• Khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric
• Ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng
• jenereithara ea oache
• Lisebelisoa tsa elektronike
• Microbalances
• Khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic
• Ultrafine e lebisang tlhokomelo likopanong tsa optical
• E theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo
• Pickups ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki
• Lintho tse susumetsang litoropong tsa sejoale-joale tsa elektroniki
• Ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa
• Lirumula le lintho tse hotetsang lisakerete
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ka phello ea pyroelectric, e leng thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso. Sena se ile sa ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, liteko li ile tsa ipaka li sa fihlele qeto.
Ho shebella kristale ea piezo ho Curie compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. E ne e le mosebetsi oa barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ileng ba hlahloba le ho hlalosa mehaho ea kristale e bontšang piezoelectricity, e qetellang ka ho hatisoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric ka tlhahlobo ea tensor, e lebisang ts'ebelisong e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric.
Sonar e ile ea hlahisoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše, ha Paul Langevin oa Fora le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ne ba etsa mochine o hlahlobang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer. Ka ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang nthong, ba ile ba khona ho bala bohōle ba ntho eo, ba sebelisa piezoelectricity. Katleho ea morero ona e ile ea hlahisa tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ho theosa le lilemo tse mashome, ka thepa e ncha ea piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ntse li hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li fumane matlo libakeng tse ngata, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa libapali le ho etsetsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase le tse nepahetseng haholoanyane, 'me ho bonolo ho li haha le ho li hlokomela.
Nts'etsopele ea li-transducers tsa ultrasonic e lumelletse ho lekanya hamonate le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, e leng se bakileng tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo. Ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa liphuputso United States, Russia le Japane li ile tsa sibolla sehlopha se secha sa thepa ea maiketsetso se bitsoang ferroelectrics, se neng se bontša metsoako ea piezoelectric ka makhetlo a mangata ho feta thepa ea tlhaho. Sena se ile sa lebisa ho lipatlisiso tse matla tsa ho hlahisa barium titanate, 'me hamorao ba etella pele zirconate titanate, lisebelisoa tse nang le thepa e khethehileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng.
Mohlala oa bohlokoa oa tšebeliso ea likristale tsa piezoelectric o ile oa hlahisoa ke Bell Telephone Laboratories kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Frederick R. Lack, ea sebetsang lefapheng la boenjiniere ba mehala ea seea-le-moea,
Mokhoa o ka khutlisang
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ea lisebelisoa tsena ho sebelisoa khatello ea mochine. Lentsoe 'piezoelectricity' le tsoa mantsoeng a Segerike 'piezein' a bolelang 'hatella' kapa 'tobetsa' le 'ēlektron' e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e ka lekanngoang e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate. Ha sebopeho se tsitsitseng sa likristale tsena se holofetse, li khutlela boemong ba tsona ba pele, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, ba fetola boemo ba bona ba static, ba hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora, Jacques le Pierre Curie, li ile tsa sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Ho tloha ka nako eo, e 'nile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea matla a matla a motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, microbalances, khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, moo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ho arabela phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, le René Haüy bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea amber. Antoine César Becquerel o behile kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea kelello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase, empa liteko li ile tsa bonahala li sa tsitsa.
Baeti ba eang Musiamong oa Hunterian o Glasgow ba ka bona Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, e leng pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale ho ile ha fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium le potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li ile tsa bonts'a piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Phetoho ena ea sebopeho e ile ea feteletsoa haholo ke Curies ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric. Phello e fapaneng e ile ea hlahisoa ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric li sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, tse kang sonar, e ile ea ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba qapa mochine o hlahlobang likepe tse tsamaeang ka tlas'a metsi. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho bala bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar ena e atlehe. Morero ona o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, 'me ho theosa le lilemo tse mashome lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric
Ke Eng e Bakang Piezoelectricity?
Karolong ena, ke tla hlahloba tšimoloho ea piezoelectricity le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tse bonts'ang ketsahalo ena. Ke tla sheba lentsoe la Segerike 'piezein', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase, le phello ea pyroelectricity. Ke tla boela ke buisane ka litšibollo tsa Pierre le Jacques Curie le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric lekholong la bo20 la lilemo.
Lentsoe la Segerike Piezein
Piezoelectricity ke ho bokellana ha tefiso ea motlakase linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. E bakoa ke karabelo ea lisebelisoa tsena ho sebelisoa khatello ea mochine. Lentsoe piezoelectricity le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike "piezein", le bolelang "ho petetsa kapa ho hatella", le "ēlektron", e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tefiso ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se tsejoang e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng 'me ke tlhahiso ea maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie li ile tsa sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o matla, lijenereithara tsa oache, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joalo ka li-microbalance. , khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng moloko oa matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa bona. khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko ha lia ka tsa phethahala.
Musiamong oa Scotland, baeti ba ka bona piezo crystal Curie compensator, e leng pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale ho ile ha fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz e tsoang letsoai la Rochelle e bonts'a piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Phetoho ena ea sebopeho e feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies.
The Curies e ile ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba phetoho e felletseng ea bofokoli ba electro-elasto-mechanical ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric ka tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Tšebeliso ena e sebetsang ea piezoelectricity e lebisitse ho nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba hlahisa mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, tse bitsoang hydrophone, ho lemoha molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu. Transducer e ile ea lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a thulang ntho e itseng ho bala bohōle ba ntho eo. Tšebeliso ea piezoelectricity ho sonar e bile katleho, 'me morero o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ka lilemo tse mashome.
Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa, 'me lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana matlo libakeng tse ngata, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase, tse nepahetseng haholoanyane tse neng li le theko e tlase ho li boloka le ho ba bonolo. ho aha. Tsoelopele
Mohloli oa Boholo-holo oa Tefiso ea Motlakase
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. E bakoa ke karabelo ea thepa ho sebelisoa khatello ea mochine. Lentsoe 'piezoelectricity' le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike 'piezein', le bolelang 'ho petetsa kapa ho hatella', le lentsoe 'elektron', le bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle se sebelisoa, likristale li fetola tekanyo ea tsona e tsitsitseng ka phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, e hlahisang maqhubu a ultrasound.
Phello ea piezoelectric e ile ea fumanoa ka 1880 ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie. E sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa lioache, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse kang li-microbalance le li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa mantlha oa likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho fehla litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa mechine. khatello ea maikutlo le tefiso ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa bona li ile tsa ipaka li sa fihlele qeto.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo le motlatsi oa Curie Setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea Hunterian e Scotland e bonts'a phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. E ne e le mosebetsi oa barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ileng ba hlahloba le ho hlalosa mehaho ea kristale e bontšang piezoelectricity, e qetellang ka ho hatisoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka ho hlaka li-constants tsa piezoelectric ka tlhahlobo ea tensor, e leng se lumellang hore ho sebelisoe lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric.
Sonar e ile ea ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše ke Paul Langevin oa Fora le basebetsi-'moho le eena, ba ileng ba hlahisa mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang nthong, ba ile ba khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar ena e atlehe. Morero o thehile nts'etsopele e matla le thahasello ho lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ka lilemo tse mashome.
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Ke tšebelisano ea mohala oa motlakase lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Lentsoe "piezoelectricity" le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike "piezein", le bolelang "ho penya kapa ho hatella", le lentsoe la Segerike "ēlektron", le bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tefiso ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e ile ea sibolloa ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie ka 1880. Ke ts'ebetso e tsosolositsoeng, e bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bontšang phello ea piezoelectric li boetse li bontša phello ea piezoelectric e ka morao, e leng moloko o ka hare oa khatello ea mechine e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e ka lekanngoang e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate. Ha mohaho o tsitsitseng o holofetse, o khutlela boemong ba oona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha motlakase o ka ntle o sebelisoa, phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng e hlahisoa, e hlahisang tlhahiso ea maqhubu a ultrasound.
Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisoa hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse kang li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebileng likopano tsa mahlo. Hape ke motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes tsa probe, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki, le li-triggers bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea matla a motlakase ho arabela phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba neng ba behile kamano. pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, liteko li ile tsa ipaka li sa fihlele qeto.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie Compensator Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea bona ea mehaho ea kristale e ka tlaase ho fana ka kutloisiso ea pyroelectricity le ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz li ile tsa fumanoa li bontša piezoelectricity, 'me piezoelectric disk e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa motlakase ha e holofetse. Sena se ile sa feteletsoa haholo ke Curies ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric. Phello e fapaneng e ile ea hlahisoa ke lipalo ke melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Lilemong tse mashome tse ileng tsa latela, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Tsoelo-pele ea sonar e bile katleho, 'me morero o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric. Lilemong tse mashome tse ileng tsa latela, lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa Piezoelectric li fumane matlo libakeng tse ngata, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsetsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase, tse nepahetseng haholoanyane tse neng li le theko e tlase ho li boloka le ho li haha habonolo. Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya ha bonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, e leng se bakileng tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo.
Ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa liphuputso United States, Russia le Japane li ile tsa sibolla sehlopha se secha sa thepa ea maiketsetso e bitsoang ferroelectrics, e neng e bontša lintho tse sa fetoheng tsa piezoelectric.
Lisebelisoa tsa Piezoelectric
Karolong ena, ke tla bua ka lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric, e leng bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho arabela khatello ea kelello e sebelisoang. Ke tla sheba likristale, li-ceramics, lintho tsa tlhaho, lesapo, DNA le liprotheine, le hore na kaofela li arabela joang phello ea piezoelectric.
kristale
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe piezoelectricity le nkiloe mantsoeng a se-Gerike πιέζειν (piezein) le bolelang 'petetsa' kapa 'tobetsa' le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li kenyelletsa likristale, lirafshoa, lintho tsa tlhaho, lesapo, DNA le liprotheine.
Piezoelectricity ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e ka lekanyetsoang e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate, tse ka holofalang ho isa tekanyong ea tsona ea pele kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se kantle. Sena se tsejoa e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng, 'me e sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora, Jacques le Pierre Curie, li ile tsa sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o matla, lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse joalo. joalo ka li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa mahlo. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Li-piezoelectric pickups li boetse li sebelisoa ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger ho meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho fehlang litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, hammoho le litocheng le litocheng tsa lisakerete. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng moloko oa matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa mechine. khatello ea maikutlo le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko tsa ho paka khopolo ena li ne li sa tsitsa.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea mehaho ea kristale e ka tlaase ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity. Ba ile ba khona ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale mme ba bontša phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potasiamo tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bontšitse piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric disk e hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse; phetoho ea sebopeho e feteletsoa haholo ponts'ong ea Curies.
Ba ile ba boela ba khona ho bolela esale pele phello ea piezoelectric 'me ka lipalo ba fumana melao-motheo ea thermodynamic e ka morao ho eona. Gabriel Lippmann o ile a etsa sena ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki ba bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e neng e hlalosa lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata-thata tlhahlobo ea piezoelectric e sebelisang tenboelectric constants.
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ka sonar e ile ea ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba hlahisa mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, tse bitsoang hydrophone, ho bona molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu. Ka ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Tšebeliso ena ea piezoelectricity ho sonar e bile katleho, 'me morero o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric lilemong tse mashome.
letsopa
Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ke lintho tse tiileng tse bokellang tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisoang. Piezoelectricity e nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) e bolelang 'hatella' kapa 'tobetsa' le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, le tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase.
Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li fumanoa ka likristale, lirafshoa, lintho tsa tlhaho, lesapo, DNA le liprotheine. Li-ceramics ke lisebelisoa tse atileng haholo tsa piezoelectric tse sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Li-ceramics li entsoe ka motsoako oa li-oxide tsa tšepe, tse kang lead zirconate titanate (PZT), tse futhumatsang mocheso o phahameng ho etsa se tiileng. Li-ceramics li tšoarella haholo 'me li khona ho mamella mocheso le likhatello tse feteletseng.
Li-ceramics tsa piezoelectric li na le ts'ebeliso e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa:
• Ho hlahisa litlhase tse hotetsang khase bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, joalo ka litoche le litoche tsa lisakerete.
• Ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bongaka.
• Ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng bakeng sa lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.
• Ho hlahisa li-microbalance bakeng sa tšebeliso ea boima bo nepahetseng.
• Ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa ultrafine oa likopano tsa optical.
• Ho theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo.
• Pickups bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Li-ceramics tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa mefuteng e mengata ea lits'ebetso, ho tloha ho lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki ho isa litšoantšong tsa bongaka. Li tšoarella nako e telele 'me li khona ho mamella mocheso le likhatello tse feteletseng, e leng se etsang hore e be tse loketseng ho sebelisoa liindastering tse sa tšoaneng.
Taba ea Likokoana-hloko
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. E nkiloe lentsoeng la Segerike 'piezein', le bolelang 'ho petetsa kapa ho hatella', le 'ēlektron', e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa ho tjhaja motlakase.
Lintho tse phelang tse kang lesapo, DNA, le liprotheine ke tse ling tsa lintho tse bontšang piezoelectricity. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tsena e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate, tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa tsona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle se sebelisoa, likristale li fetola tekanyo ea tsona e tsitsitseng, e hlahisang maqhubu a ultrasound ka phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric.
Ho sibolloa ha piezoelectricity ho entsoe ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie ka 1880. Ho tloha ka nako eo e 'nile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, e kang:
• Tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo
• Khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric
• Ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng
• jenereithara ea oache
• Lisebelisoa tsa elektronike
• Microbalances
• Khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic
• Ultrafine e lebisang tlhokomelo likopanong tsa optical
• E theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes
• Rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo
• Pickups ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki
• Lintho tse susumetsang litoropong tsa sejoale-joale tsa elektroniki
Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa linthong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang ho pheha khase le lisebelisoa tse futhumatsang, litoche, libonela-motsu, le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea matla a motlakase ho arabela phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo. Ho latela tsebo ea René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ile ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochini le tefiso ea motlakase, empa liteko tsa bona li ile tsa bonahala li sa tsitsa.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie Compensator Musiamong oa Hunterian oa Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric. Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea bona ea mehaho ea kristale e ka tlaase ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium le potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li ile tsa bonts'a piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Phello ena e ile ea feteletsoa haholo ke Curies ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric. Phello e fapaneng e ile ea hlahisoa ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka phatlalatso ea 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' ea Woldemar Voigt (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Bone
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Bone ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse joalo tse bontšang ketsahalo ena.
Lesapo ke mofuta oa lintho tse phelang tse entsoeng ka liprotheine le liminerale, ho akarelletsa le collagen, calcium le phosphorus. Ke piezoelectric ho fetisisa ho lisebelisoa tsohle tsa baeloji, 'me e khona ho hlahisa motlakase ha e le tlas'a khatello ea mochine.
Phello ea piezoelectric masapong ke phello ea sebopeho sa eona se ikhethang. E entsoe ka marang-rang a likhoele tsa collagen tse kentsoeng ka har'a matrix a liminerale. Ha lesapo le tlas'a khatello ea mochine, likhoele tsa collagen lia sisinyeha, li etsa hore liminerale li fetohe polarized le ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric masapong e na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang. E sebelisoa litšoantšong tsa bongaka, tse kang ultrasound le X-ray imaging, ho lemoha ho robeha ha masapo le lintho tse ling tse sa tloaelehang. E boetse e sebelisoa ho lithuso tsa ho utloa tsa ho tsamaisa lesapo, tse sebelisang phello ea piezoelectric ho fetola maqhubu a molumo hore e be lipontšo tsa motlakase tse romeloang ka ho toba tsebeng e ka hare.
Phello ea piezoelectric masapong e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-implants tsa masapo, joalo ka manonyeletso a maiketsetso le litho tsa maiketsetso. Li-implants li sebelisa phello ea piezoelectric ho fetolela matla a mochini hore e be matla a motlakase, a sebelisoang ho matlafatsa sesebelisoa.
Ho phaella moo, phello ea piezoelectric masapong e ntse e hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ho nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo ea meriana. Ka mohlala, bafuputsi ba ntse ba etsa lipatlisiso ka tšebeliso ea piezoelectricity ho matlafatsa ho hōla ha masapo le ho lokisa lisele tse senyehileng.
Ka kakaretso, phello ea piezoelectric masapong ke ntho e tsotehang e nang le mekhoa e mengata e sebetsang. E ntse e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa bongaka le tsa theknoloji, 'me e ntse e hlahlojoa hore e sebelisoe ho nts'etsopele ea liphekolo tse ncha.
DNA
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. DNA ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse joalo tse bontšang phello ena. DNA ke molek’hule ea baeloji e fumanoang linthong tsohle tse phelang ’me e entsoe ka metheo e mene ea li-nucleotide: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), le thymine (T).
DNA ke molek'hule e rarahaneng e ka sebelisoang ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase ha e le tlas'a khatello ea mochine. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore limolek'hule tsa DNA li entsoe ka likhoele tse peli tsa nucleotide tse kopantsoeng hammoho ke li-hydrogen bond. Ha litlamo tsena li robehile, tefiso ea motlakase e hlahisoa.
Phello ea piezoelectric ea DNA e sebelisitsoe lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa:
• Ho hlahisa motlakase bakeng sa li-implants tsa bongaka
• Ho lemoha le ho lekanya matla a mochine liseleng
• Ho hlahisa li-sensors tsa nanoscale
• Ho theha li-biosensor bakeng sa tatellano ea DNA
• Ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound bakeng sa litšoantšo
Phello ea piezoelectric ea DNA e ntse e hlahlojoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea eona e ka bang teng ho nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse ncha, tse kang nanowires le nanotubes. Lisebelisoa tsena li ka sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa ho boloka matla le ho utloa.
Phello ea piezoelectric ea DNA e ithutoe haholo 'me e fumanoe e le e hlokolosi haholo khatellong ea mochini. Sena se etsa hore e be sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa bafuputsi le baenjiniere ba batlang ho hlahisa lisebelisoa le mahlale a macha.
Qetellong, DNA ke thepa e bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric, e leng bokhoni ba ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho arabela khatello ea kelello e sebelisoang. Phello ena e sebelisitsoe lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le li-implants tsa bongaka, li-sensor tsa nanoscale, le tatellano ea DNA. E boetse e ntse e hlahlojoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea eona e ka bang teng ho nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse ncha, joalo ka li-nanowires le nanotubes.
Liprotheine
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, tse kang liprotheine, likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA, li bontša phello ena. Liprotheine, haholo-holo, ke lisebelisoa tse ikhethang tsa piezoelectric, kaha li entsoe ka sebopeho se rarahaneng sa li-amino acid tse ka senyehang ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase.
Liprotheine ke mofuta o mongata haholo oa thepa ea piezoelectric, 'me e fumaneha ka mefuta e fapaneng. Li ka fumanoa ka mokhoa oa li-enzyme, lihomone le li-antibodies, hammoho le ka sebōpeho sa liprotheine tse kang collagen le keratin. Liprotheine li boetse li fumanoa ka mokhoa oa liprotheine tsa mesifa, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho honyetsa mesifa le ho phomola.
Phello ea piezoelectric ea liprotheine e bakoa ke taba ea hore li entsoe ka sebopeho se rarahaneng sa li-amino acid. Ha li-amino acid tsena li holofetse, li hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase. Tefo ena ea motlakase e ka sebelisoa ho matlafatsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, joalo ka li-sensor le li-actuator.
Liprotheine li boetse li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa bongaka. Ka mohlala, li sebelisetsoa ho bona boteng ba liprotheine tse itseng ’meleng, tse ka sebelisoang ho hlahloba mafu. Li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho bona boteng ba libaktheria le likokoana-hloko tse itseng, tse ka sebelisoang ho hlahloba tšoaetso.
Liprotheine li boetse li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa indasteri. Mohlala, li sebelisetsoa ho theha li-sensor le li-activator bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa indasteri. Li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho etsa lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang ha ho etsoa lifofane le likoloi tse ling.
Qetellong, liprotheine ke lisebelisoa tse ikhethang tsa piezoelectric tse ka sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng. Li entsoe ka sebopeho se rarahaneng sa li-amino acid tse ka holofalang ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase, 'me li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa bongaka le tsa indasteri.
Kotulo ea Matla ka Piezoelectricity
Karolong ena, ke tla buisana ka hore na piezoelectricity e ka sebelisoa joang ho kotula matla. Ke tla sheba lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa piezoelectricity, ho tloha khatisong ea inkjet ea piezoelectric ho isa ho lijenereithara tsa oache le li-microbalance. Ke tla boela ke hlahloba nalane ea piezoelectricity, ho tloha ha e sibolloa ke Pierre Curie ho isa tšebelisong ea eona Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše. Qetellong, ke tla bua ka boemo ba hajoale ba indasteri ea piezoelectric le monyetla oa kholo e eketsehileng.
Khatiso ea Piezoelectric Inkjet
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase ho arabela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe "piezoelectricity" le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike 'piezein' (ho penya kapa ho hatella) le 'elektron' (amber), mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa, le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA, li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisoa ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, joalo ka jenereithara ea oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, le li-microbalance. E boetse e sebelisetsoa ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. Khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric ke ts'ebeliso e tsebahalang ea theknoloji ena. Ona ke mofuta oa khatiso o sebelisang likristale tsa piezoelectric ho hlahisa molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu, o sebelisetsoang ho ntša marotholi a enke leqepheng.
Ho sibolloa ha piezoelectricity ho qalile ka 1880, ha litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie li sibolla phello. Ho tloha ka nako eo, phello ea piezoelectric e 'nile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa tse molemo. Piezoelectricity e sebelisoa linthong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa ka khase, litoche, litoche tsa lisakerete, le li-pickup ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa liphuputsong tsa saense. Ke motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes tsa probe, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. E boetse e sebelisoa ho ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, e romellang li-pulses tsa ultrasonic ka har'a thepa le ho lekanya litšoantšo ho bona li-discontinuities le ho fumana liphoso ka hare ho lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe.
Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric e tsamaisitsoe ke tlhoko ea ts'ebetso e ntle le lits'ebetso tse bonolo tsa tlhahiso. United States, nts'etsopele ea likristale tsa quartz bakeng sa tšebeliso ea khoebo e bile sesosa se seholo kholong ea indasteri ea piezoelectric. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bahlahisi ba Majapane ba khonne ho arolelana tlhahisoleseding ka potlako le ho hlahisa likopo tse ncha, tse lebisang khōlong e potlakileng marakeng oa Japane.
Piezoelectricity e fetotse tsela eo re sebelisang matla ka eona, ho tloha ho lintho tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang mabone ho ea ho lipatlisiso tse tsoetseng pele tsa mahlale. Ke theknoloji e feto-fetohang e re thusitseng ho hlahloba le ho hlahisa lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse ncha, 'me e tla tsoela pele ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba rona lilemong tse tlang.
Ho hlahisa Motlakase oa Motlakase o Phahameng
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng tse tiileng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe "piezoelectricity" le tsoa lentsoeng la seGerike 'piezein' le bolelang "hatella" kapa "press" le "ēlektron" le bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tefiso ea motlakase. Piezoelectricity ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion.
Phello ea piezoelectric ke ts'ebetso e khutlisetsang morao; lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity li boetse li bonts'a phello ea piezoelectric e ka morao, tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisitsoeng. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, e leng ntho e tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect, e sebelisoang ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatisong ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, ka lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, ka li-microbalances, ho li-nozzles tsa drive tsa ultrasonic, le likopanong tsa mahlo tsa ultrafine.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, ka litocheng, libonelaneng tsa lisakerete, le lisebelisoa tsa phello ea pyroelectric, tse hlahisang matla a motlakase ho arabela phetohong ea mocheso. Phello ena e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase, le hoja liteko tsa bona li ile tsa ipaka li sa phethahala.
Tsebo e kopaneng ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale e ile ea fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bonts'itse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Sena se ile sa feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric.
Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e neng e hlalosa lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata-thata tlhahlobo ea piezoelectric e sebelisang tenoelectric constants.
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric e qalile ka nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba hlahisa mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho bala bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar e atlehe, 'me morero ona o ile oa hlahisa tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric lilemong tse mashome tse latelang.
Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana mahae ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsetsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase, tse nepahetseng haholoanyane tse neng li le theko e tlase ho li boloka le ho li haha habonolo. Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya habonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, tse hlahisang tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo.
Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ile ea bona lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa lipatlisiso United States, Russia le Japane li sibolla sehlopha se secha sa thepa ea maiketsetso e bitsoang fer.
Jenereithara ea oache
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Ketsahalo ena e sebelisitsoe ho theha lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa le lijenereithara tsa oache. Lijenereithara tsa oache ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisang piezoelectricity ho hlahisa matšoao a motlakase ka nako e nepahetseng.
Lijenereithara tsa oache li sebelisoa mesebetsing e fapaneng, joalo ka likhomphutha, likhokahano tsa mehala le lits'ebetso tsa makoloi. Li boetse li sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, joalo ka li-pacemaker, ho netefatsa nako e nepahetseng ea matšoao a motlakase. Lijenereithara tsa oache li boetse li sebelisoa ho liindasteri le liroboto, moo nako e nepahetseng e leng bohlokoa.
Phello ea piezoelectric e ipapisitse le tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li ka hlahisa khatello ea mochini ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase. Sena se tsejoa e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng 'me e sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Lijenereithara tsa oache li sebelisa phello ena e fapaneng ea piezoelectric ho hlahisa matšoao a motlakase ka nako e nepahetseng. Thepa ea piezoelectric e holofatsoa ke sebaka sa motlakase, se etsang hore e thothomele ka lebelo le itseng. Joale ho thothomela hona ho fetoloa letšoao la motlakase, le sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa letšoao le nepahetseng la nako.
Lijenereithara tsa oache li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha lisebelisoa tsa bongaka ho isa ho li-automation tsa indasteri. Li tšepahala, li nepahetse ebile li bonolo ho li sebelisa, 'me li etsa hore e be khetho e tsebahalang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata. Piezoelectricity ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea theknoloji ea sejoale-joale, 'me lijenereithara tsa oache ke e' ngoe ea lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ketsahalo ena.
Lisebelisoa tsa Elektroniki
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng tse tiileng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. Ketsahalo ena, e tsejoang ka hore ke phello ea piezoelectric, e sebelisoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, ho tloha ho li-pickup ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki ho ea ho li-triggers tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) e bolelang "petetsa" kapa "tobetsa" le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ke likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tse phelang tse kang masapo le liprotheine tsa DNA, tse bontšang phello ea piezoelectric.
Phello ea piezoelectric ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, e leng ntho e tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect, e sebelisoang ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Ho sibolloa ha piezoelectricity ho tlotlisoa ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie, ba bontšitseng phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ka 1880. Tsebo ea bona e kopantsoeng ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea mehaho e ka tlas'a kristale e ile ea fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele phello ea pyroelectric, le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele. boitšoaro ba kristale bo ile ba bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisitsoe lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le lisebelisoa tsa phello ea pyroelectric tse hlahisang matla a motlakase ho arabela phetohong ea mocheso. Sena se ile sa ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko li ile tsa bonahala li sa tsitsa, leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela pono ea kristale ea piezo setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea Curie e Scotland e bonts'a phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna ba Curie.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, ho tloha ho li-pickup ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka mokhoa oa elektroniki ho ea ho li-trigger tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki. E boetse e sebelisoa ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa lioache, li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse lebisang tlhokomelo ea mahlo. Piezoelectricity hape ke motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo.
Likokoana-hloko
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng tse tiileng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. Piezoelectricity e nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein), e bolelang "petetsa" kapa "tobetsa", le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa ho tjhaja motlakase.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. E boetse e sebelisoa ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, le khatisong ea inkjet ea piezoelectric.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho fehla motlakase oa motlakase o phahameng, 'me ke motheo oa lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joalo ka li-microbalance. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical.
Ho sibolloa ha piezoelectricity ho tlotlisoa ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie ka 1880. Barab'abo rōna ba Curie ba ile ba kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea bona ea mehaho ea kristale e ka tlaase ho hlahisa maikutlo a piezoelectricity. Ba ile ba khona ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale mme ba bontša phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle.
Phello ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa hampe bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse molemo, ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo. Nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše e bile katleho e kholo ts'ebelisong ea motlakase oa piezoelectricity. Ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa liphuputso United States, Russia le Japane li ile tsa sibolla sehlopha se secha sa thepa ea maiketsetso se bitsoang ferroelectrics, se neng se bontša metsoako ea piezoelectric e phahame ka makhetlo a leshome ho feta thepa ea tlhaho.
Sena se ile sa lebisa ho lipatlisiso tse matla le nts'etsopele ea barium titanate 'me hamorao ea etella pele lisebelisoa tsa zirconate titanate, tse neng li e-na le thepa e khethehileng bakeng sa likopo tse itseng. Mohlala oa bohlokoa oa tšebeliso ea likristale tsa piezoelectric o ile oa hlahisoa Bell Telephone Laboratories kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.
Frederick R. Lack, ea sebetsang lefapheng la boenjiniere ba mehala ea seea-le-moea, o ile a etsa kristale e sehiloeng e sebetsang holim'a mefuta e mengata ea mocheso. Kristale ea Lack e ne e sa hloke lisebelisoa tse boima tsa likristale tse fetileng, ho nolofatsa tšebeliso ea eona lifofaneng. Khatelo-pele ena e ile ea lumella mabotho a moea a Allied ho kopanela litlhaselong tse hokahaneng tsa batho ba sebelisa seea-le-moea sa lifofane.
Tsoelo-pele ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric United States li ile tsa boloka lik'hamphani tse 'maloa khoebong,' me nts'etsopele ea likristale tsa quartz e ne e sebelisoa hampe ka khoebo. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric esale li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa bongaka, tlhoekiso ea ultrasonic, le tse ling.
Tsamaisa Nozzle ea Ultrasonic
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ho khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng 'me e nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike 'piezein', e bolelang 'hatella' kapa 'tobetsa', le 'elektron', e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le symmetry ea inversion. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala oa sena ke likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate, tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa tsona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha motlakase o ka ntle o sebelisoa, likristale li fetola tekanyo ea tsona e tsitsitseng, e leng se hlahisang phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie ba ile ba sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880 mme esale e sebelisoa molemong oa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling.
Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, le bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo ho fumana tsebo ho tsoa ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel ba behileng kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea kelello le khatello ea kelello. tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko tsa ho paka sena li ne li sa tsitsa.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie Compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le ho utloisisa meaho e ka tlase ea kristale ho ile ha fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity mme ba ba lumella ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium le potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li ile tsa bonts'a piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Sena se ile sa feteletsoa haholo ke Curies ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, e ileng ea nkoa ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e ne e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie mosebetsing oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng matla a piezoelectricity. Sena se ile sa fella ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e hlalositseng lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric ka tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric e qalile ka sonar, e ileng ea hlahisoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, tse bitsoang hydrophone, ho lemoha molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu. Ka ho lekanya nako eo ho e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang nthong, ba ne ba ka khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Tšebeliso ena ea piezoelectricity ho sonar e bile katleho, 'me morero o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ka lilemo tse mashome.
Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa, 'me lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana matlo masimong a kang li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase, tse nepahetseng ho feta ho li boloka le ho li haha ho le bonolo. . Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya habonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, tse hlahisang tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers e romela pulse ea ultrasonic ka thepa ebe e lekanya lipontšo le li-discontinuities ho fumana liphoso ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe.
Likopano tsa Optical tse shebaneng le Ultrafine
Piezoelectricity ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho bokella tefiso ea motlakase ha e le tlas'a khatello ea mochini. Ke tšebelisano ea mohala oa motlakase lipakeng tsa libaka tsa motlakase le tsa mochini tsa lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Piezoelectricity ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisitsoe lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, le ho fehla motlakase o matla haholo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa khatisong ea inkjet, lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa drive tsa ultrasonic, le likopano tsa mahlo tsa ultrafine.
Piezoelectricity e ile ea sibolloa ka 1880 ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie. Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisoa hampe lits'ebetsong tse molemo, tse kang tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, le ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase. Ho boetse ho sebelisoa khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, hammoho le lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa drive tsa ultrasonic, le likopano tsa mahlo tsa ultrafine.
Piezoelectricity e fumane mokhoa oa eona oa ho sebelisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a lisakerete, le lisebelisoa tsa phello ea pyroelectric tse hlahisang matla a motlakase ho arabela phetohong ea mocheso. Phello ena e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ho latela tsebo e tsoang ho René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tjhaja ea motlakase. Liteko ha lia ka tsa phethahala.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie Compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ha ba kopantsoe le tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea bona ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale, ba fane ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle.
Sodium le potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, le quartz le letsoai la Rochelle li bontšitse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse, le hoja phetoho ea sebōpeho e ne e feteletsoe haholo. The Curies e ile ea bolela esale pele ka phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, 'me phello e fapaneng e ile ea nkoa ka lipalo ho tloha ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa boteng ba phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki ba bongata ba phetoho e feletseng ea electro- Elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric li sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tensor bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric.
Nts'etsopele ea sonar e bile morero o atlehileng o thehileng nts'etsopele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric. Lilemo tse mashome hamorao, lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana mahae ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa libapali le ho etsa hore libapali tsa rekoto li theko e tlase, ho be bonolo ho li hlokomela le ho li haha. Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya ha bonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, e leng se bakileng tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo.
Tšimoloho ea tšimo ea lithahasello tsa piezoelectricity e ne e sirelelitsoe ka litokelo tse nang le phaello tsa thepa e ncha e entsoeng ka likristale tsa quartz, tse neng li sebelisoa khoebong e le thepa ea piezoelectric. Bo-rasaense ba ile ba batla lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso, 'me ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ea thepa le ho hōla ha mekhoa ea tlhahiso,' maraka oa United States ha oa ka oa hōla ka potlako. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bahlahisi ba Majapane ba ile ba arolelana tlhahisoleseling kapele mme lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa kholo ea indasteri ea piezoelectric ea United States li ile tsa utloa bohloko ho fapana le bahlahisi ba Majapane.
Piezoelectric Motors
Karolong ena, ke tla bua ka hore na piezoelectricity e sebelisoa joang theknolojing ea sejoale-joale. Ho tloha ho li-microscopes tsa lipatlisiso tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo ho ea ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki, piezoelectricity e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoa ea lisebelisoa tse ngata. Ke tla hlahloba nalane ea piezoelectricity le hore na e sebelisitsoe joang lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng.
E theha Motheo oa ho Skena Meekorosekopo
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ho khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng, 'me lentsoe piezoelectricity le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) le bolelang "petetsa" kapa "tobetsa" le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tjhaji ea motlakase.
Piezoelectric motors ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisang phello ea piezoelectric ho hlahisa motsamao. Phello ena ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical pakeng tsa mechine le motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ke likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate.
Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisoa hampe lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang, joalo ka tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse kang li-microbalance le ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa likopano tsa mahlo tse shebileng haholo. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo.
Piezoelectricity e ile ea sibolloa ka 1880 ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie. Pono ea kristale ea piezo le compensator ea Curie e ka bonoa Musiamong oa Hunterian oa Scotland, e leng pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie.
Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea bona ea meaho ea kristale e ka tlaase ho ile ha fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity, e leng se ileng sa ba lumella ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium le potasiamo tartrate tetrahydrate, le quartz le letsoai la Rochelle li bontšitse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa motlakase ha e holofetse, le hoja sena se ne se feteletsoa haholo ke Curies.
Ba ile ba boela ba bolela esale pele ka phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, 'me sena se ile sa nkoa ka lipalo ho tloha melaong ea motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng,' me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha electro-elasto- ho senyeha ha mechine ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e neng e hlalosa lihlopha tsa kristale tsa tlhaho tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka ho hlaka lintlha le tlhahlobo ea tenzoelectric.
Sena se ile sa etsa hore ho sebelisoe lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, tse kang sonar, tse ileng tsa ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer. Ka ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo ha a otla ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar ena e atlehe, 'me morero o ile oa theha tsoelo-pele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric ka lilemo tse mashome.
Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa, 'me lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana matlo libakeng tse ngata, joalo ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic, tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsa libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase le tse nepahetseng tse neng li le theko e tlase ho li boloka le ho ba bonolo. ho aha. Nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic li lumelletse ho lekanya habonolo ha viscosity le elasticity ea maro le lintho tse tiileng, tse hlahisang tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo.
Nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa lipatlisiso United States
Rarolla Litšoantšo ka Sekala sa Athomo
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ho kgatello ya motjhini e sebediswang mme e fumanwa lentsweng la seGerike 'piezein', le bolelang ho petetsa kapa ho hatella. Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa boemo ba mochini le motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion.
Piezoelectricity ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisoang morao, 'me lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng moloko o ka hare oa khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mehlala ea sena e kenyelletsa likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate, tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa tsona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se tsejoang e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng 'me e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie li ile tsa sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Phello ea piezoelectric e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o matla, lijenereithara tsa oache, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joalo ka. microbalances le ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, e leng thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ho arabela phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo. Ho latela tsebo ea René Haüy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ile ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochini le tefiso ea motlakase, empa liteko tsa bona li ile tsa bonahala li sa tsitsa.
Baeti ba Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Hunterian e Glasgow ba ka bona piezo crystal Curie compensator, e leng pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ha ba kopantsoe le tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale, ba fane ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium le potasiamo tartrate tetrahydrate, le quartz le letsoai la Rochelle li bontšitse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e hlahisa motlakase ha e holofetse, le hoja phetoho ea sebopeho e feteletsoa haholo. The Curies e khonne ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, 'me phello e fapaneng e ile ea nkoa ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Li-Pickups Li-Guitars tse Matlafalitsoeng ka Elektronike
Li-motors tsa piezoelectric ke li-motors tsa motlakase tse sebelisang phello ea piezoelectric ho fetolela matla a motlakase hore e be matla a mochini. Phello ea piezoelectric ke bokhoni ba lisebelisoa tse itseng ho hlahisa tefiso ea motlakase ha e le tlas'a khatello ea mochine. Li-motor tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha ho matla a lisebelisoa tse nyane joalo ka lioache le lioache ho isa ho matla mechini e meholoanyane joalo ka liroboto le lisebelisoa tsa bongaka.
Li-motors tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa ho li-pickups ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki. Li-pickup tsena li sebelisa phello ea piezoelectric ho fetolela ho thothomela ha likhoele tsa katara hore e be lets'oao la motlakase. Joale letšoao lena lea holisoa le ho romeloa ho amplifier, e hlahisang molumo oa katara. Li-piezoelectric pickups li boetse li sebelisoa meqomong ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki, moo li sebelisetsoang ho bona ho thothomela ha lihlooho tsa meropa le ho li fetola lets'oao la motlakase.
Li-motor tsa piezoelectric li boetse li sebelisoa ho hlahloba li-microscopes tsa probe, tse sebelisang phello ea piezoelectric ho tsamaisa probe e nyane holim'a metsi. Sena se lumella microscope ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Li-motor tsa piezoelectric li boetse li sebelisoa ho liprinta tsa inkjet, moo li sebelisetsoang ho tsamaisa hlooho ea khatiso ho ea pele le morao ho pholletsa le leqephe.
Li-motors tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ling tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, likarolo tsa koloi le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki. Li boetse li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri, joalo ka tlhahiso ea likarolo tse nepahetseng le ho bokelleng likarolo tse rarahaneng. Phello ea piezoelectric e boetse e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound, a sebelisoang litšoantšong tsa bongaka le ho lemoha mefokolo ea thepa.
Ka kakaretso, li-motor tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa mefuteng e mengata ea lits'ebetso, ho tloha ho matlafatsa lisebelisoa tse nyane ho isa mecheng e meholoanyane. Li sebelisoa ka har'a li-pickup li-guitars tse hōlisitsoeng ka mokhoa oa elektroniki, meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki, li-microscopes tsa tlhahlobo, liprinta tsa inkjet, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, likarolo tsa koloi le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa bareki. Phello ea piezoelectric e boetse e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound le ho lemoha mefokolo ea thepa.
E Tlisa Meropa ea Kajeno ea Elektronike
Piezoelectricity ke tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ea lisebelisoa tsena ho sebelisoa khatello ea mochine. Lentsoe piezoelectricity le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike "piezein", le bolelang "ho penya kapa ho hatella", le lentsoe "elektron", le bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tefiso ea motlakase.
Piezoelectric motors ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisang phello ea piezoelectric ho hlahisa motsamao. Phello ena e bakoa ke ho sebelisana ha motlakase pakeng tsa mechine le motlakase oa lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e ka khutlisetsoang morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala oa sena ke likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate, tse hlahisang piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa tsona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha motlakase o ka ntle o sebelisoa, likristale li fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng, ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Li-motors tsa piezoelectric li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka:
• Ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa
• Lirumula, lintho tse hotetsang lisakerete, le lisebelisoa tsa pyroelectric effect
• Ho hlahisa matla a motlakase ho arabela phetohong ea mocheso
• Tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo
• Khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric
• Ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng
• jenereithara ea oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki
• Microbalances
• Khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical
• E theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes
• Rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo
• Li-pickups li-guitars tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki
• E hlahisa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Mohlala oa Electromechanical oa Piezoelectric Transducers
Karolong ena, ke tla be ke hlahloba mohlala oa electromechanical oa li-transducer tsa piezoelectric. Ke tla sheba nalane ea ho sibolloa ha piezoelectricity, liteko tse bonts'itseng boteng ba eona, le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric. Ke tla boela ke buisane ka menehelo ea litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy le Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, le Woldemar Voigt.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical moo tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Tefiso ena e hlahisoa ka lebaka la khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe "piezoelectricity" le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike 'piezein', le bolelang 'ho petetsa kapa ho hatella', le 'elektron', e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa boemo ba mochini le motlakase ka thepa e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, moo tlhahiso ea ka hare ea khatello ea mochini e hlahisoang ka lebaka la sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha motlakase o ka ntle o sebelisoa, likristale li fetola tekanyo ea tsona e tsitsitseng, e hlahisang maqhubu a ultrasound ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect.
Ka 1880, litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba sibolla phello ea piezoelectric mme esale e sebelisoa molemong oa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o matla, lijenereithara tsa oache le elektroniki. lisebelisoa tse kang li-microbalance le ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, moo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Hauy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa bona. khatello ea kelello le tefiso ea motlakase, le hoja liteko tsa bona li ile tsa ipaka li sa fane ka bopaki.
Ka ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale, Curies e ile ea khona ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba likristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potasiamo tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bontšitse piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric disk e hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse, leha sena se feteletsoa haholo ponts'ong ea Curies. Ba boetse ba khona ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric mme ba e fumana ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ea Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Lilemong tse mashome tse ileng tsa latela, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka phatlalatso ea 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' ea Woldemar Voigt (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Liteko li Pakile li sa Fetola
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical eo ho eona tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke karabelo ho khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng, 'me lentsoe 'piezoelectricity' le nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike 'piezein', e bolelang 'ho petetsa kapa ho hatella', le 'ēlektron', e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Ke ts'ebetso e khutlisetsoang morao; lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso e ka hare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect, e sebelisoang ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Ho tloha ka nako eo e 'nile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa le ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea matla a matla a motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse kang microbalances. , khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki, le li-triggers bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho fehla litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, libonese tsa lisakerete le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, eo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Hauy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano. pakeng tsa khatello ea mechine le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko ha lia ka tsa phethahala.
Tsebo e kopaneng ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale e ile ea fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba likristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bonts'itse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Sena se ile sa feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric.
Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric, 'me phello e fapaneng e ile ea nkoa ka lipalo ho tloha ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng,' me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki ba palo e feletseng. ho fetoha ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, empa e bile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric li sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tensor. Ena e ne e le ts'ebeliso ea pele e sebetsang ea li-piezoelectric transducers, 'me sonar e ile ea ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba etsa mochine oa ultrasonic submarine detector.
Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical eo ho eona tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Tefiso ena e hlahisoa ka lebaka la khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe piezoelectricity le tsoa mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) le bolelang "ho petetsa kapa ho hatella" le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, e leng tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se tsejoang e le phello ea piezoelectric e fapaneng 'me e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Ka 1880, litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Jacques le Pierre Curie ba ile ba sibolla phello ea piezoelectric mme esale e sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, li-microbalance. , khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse sebelisetsoang ho rarolla litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumanoa ts'ebelisong ea letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka ho hlahisa litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litoche, mabone a sakerete, le phello ea pyroelectric, e leng ha thepa e hlahisa matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso. Phello ena e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho René Hauy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mechine le tefiso ea motlakase, le hoja liteko tsa bona li sa ka tsa phethahala.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale ho ile ha fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz e tsoang letsoai la Rochelle e bonts'itse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e hlahisa motlakase ha e holofetse, leha sena se feteletsoa haholo pontshong ea Curies.
Ho boleloa esale pele ka phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric le phokotso ea eona ea lipalo ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic e entsoe ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa boteng ba phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki ba bongata ba phetoho e feletseng ea electro-elasto- ho senyeha ha mechine ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie, ba e sebelisitseng ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'ang matla a piezoelectricity. Sena se ile sa fella ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e hlalositseng lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata-thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric li sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Tšebeliso ena e sebetsang ea li-transducers tsa piezoelectric e ile ea lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba hlahisa mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi. Sesebelisoa se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer. Ka ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar e atlehe, mme projeke e thehile nts'etsopele e matla le thahasello ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric.
Rene Hauy le Antoine Cesar Becquerel
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical e etsahalang ha lisebelisoa tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa, le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA, li bokella tefiso ea motlakase ho latela khatello ea maikutlo e sebelisitsoeng. Piezoelectricity e nkiloe lentsoeng la Segerike 'piezein', le bolelang 'ho petetsa kapa ho hatella', le 'elektron', e bolelang 'amber', mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa boemo ba mochini le motlakase ka thepa ea kristale e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ea piezoelectric le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, kapa tlhahiso ea kahare ea khatello ea mochini e bakoang ke sebaka sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, se hlahisang phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric le tlhahiso ea maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba sibolla phello ea piezoelectric ka 1880. Phello ena e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa, ho kenyelletsa le ho hlahisa le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea matla a matla a motlakase, lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike. joalo ka li-microbalances, li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic, le li-ultrafine tse shebaneng le likopano tsa mahlo. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Piezoelectricity e boetse e sebelisoa ho li-pickup bakeng sa likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki, le li-triggers bakeng sa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki.
Phello ea piezoelectric e qalile ho ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ho latela tsebo e tsoang ho Rene Hauy le Antoine Cesar Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tjhaja ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, liteko li ile tsa ipaka li sa fihlele qeto. Ha e kopantsoe le tsebo ea pyroelectricity, le kutloisiso ea meaho e ka tlase ea kristale, sena se ile sa fana ka tlhahiso ea ho bolela esale pele ka pyroelectricity, le bokhoni ba ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li bonts'itse piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Phello ena e ile ea feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies Musiamong oa Scotland, e bonts'ang phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric.
Barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi ona o ile oa hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity, e fihlileng ka phatlalatso ea Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa boteng ba phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana lipalo-palo melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ea phello e fapaneng. Sena se entsoe ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881. Piezoelectricity e ile ea sebelisoa ka nako eo ho hlahisa sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Fora, Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba etsa mochine oa ultrasonic submarine detector. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang nthong, ba ne ba ka khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo.
Tšebeliso ea likristale tsa piezoelectric e ile ea ntlafatsoa hape ke Bell Telephone Laboratories kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Frederick R. Lack, ea sebetsang lefapheng la boenjiniere ba lithelefono tsa seea-le-moea, o ile a hlahisa kristale e sehiloeng e ka sebetsang holim'a mefuta e mengata ea mocheso. Kristale ea Lack e ne e sa hloke lisebelisoa tse boima tsa likristale tse fetileng, ho nolofatsa tšebeliso ea eona lifofaneng. Khatelo-pele ena e ile ea lumella mabotho a moea a Allied ho kopanela litlhaselong tse hokahaneng tsa batho ba bangata, a sebelisa seea-le-moea sa lifofane. Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric United States li bolokile lik'hamphani ho nts'etsopele ea qaleho ea nako ea ntoa tšimong, le lithahasello tsa ho fumana litokelo tsa molao tse nang le phaello bakeng sa thepa e ncha e ntlafalitsoeng. Likristale tsa quartz li ile tsa sebelisoa hampe khoebong e le thepa ea piezoelectric, 'me bo-rasaense ba ile ba batla lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso. Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ea thepa le kholo ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso, United States
Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical eo ho eona tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Ke phello ea tšebelisano pakeng tsa boemo ba mechine le motlakase ka thepa e nang le symmetry ea inversion. Piezoelectricity e ile ea fumanoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ka 1880.
Piezoelectricity e sebelisitsoe hampe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, le ho hlahisa motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase. Piezoelectricity e nkiloe mantsoeng a Segerike πιέζειν (piezein) e bolelang "ho petetsa kapa ho hatella" le ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa tjhaja ea motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, eo ho eona moloko o ka hare oa khatello ea mochini o hlahisoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lebala la motlakase. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, e leng mokhoa o tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect. Mokhoa ona o ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Phello ea piezoelectric e 'nile ea ithutoa ho tloha bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ha Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus, ba sebelisa tsebo ea René Hauy le Antoine César Becquerel, ba behile kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea mochine le tjhaja ea motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, liteko li ile tsa ipaka li sa fihlele qeto. E ne e se ho fihlela tsebo e kopantsoeng ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho ea kristale e ka tlas'a lefatše e hlahisitse boprofeta ba pyroelectricity eo bafuputsi ba ileng ba khona ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale. Sena se ile sa bontšoa ke phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle.
Gabriel Lippmann, ka 1881, ka lipalo o ile a fumana melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ea phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric. The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric.
Ka lilemo tse mashome, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre le Marie Curie. Mosebetsi oa bona oa ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng piezoelectricity e fihlile sehlohlolong ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Sena se hlalositse litlelase tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity mme li hlalositse ka thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric ka tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric e qalile ka nts'etsopele ea sonar nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Paul Langevin le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba theha mochine o sebetsang ka tlas'a metsi oa ultrasonic. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang. Ka ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer le ho lekanya nako eo e e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ile ba khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Tšebeliso ena ea piezoelectricity bakeng sa sonar e bile katleho, 'me morero o ile oa hlahisa thahasello e kholo ea nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric. Ho theosa le lilemo tse mashome, lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa piezoelectric le lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric li ile tsa fumana matlo libakeng tse fapa-fapaneng, ho tloha ka li-cartridges tsa keramafono tsa ceramic tse nolofalitseng moralo oa sebapali le ho etsa hore libapali tsa rekoto tse theko e tlaase, tse nepahetseng li theko e tlaase ho li boloka le ho li haha ho le bonolo, ho nts'etsopele ea li-transducer tsa ultrasonic tse lumellang hore ho be bonolo ho lekanya viscosity le elasticity ea metsi. le lintho tse tiileng, tse hlahisang tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa thepa. Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers romela ultrasonic pulse ka thepa le ho lekanya ho bonahatsa le discontinuities ho fumana mefokolo ka har'a lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le majoe, ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea moralo.
Ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa liphuputso United States, Russia le Japane li ile tsa sibolla sehlopha se secha sa thepa ea maiketsetso se bitsoang ferroelectrics se bontšang metsoako ea piezoelectric e phahame ka makhetlo a leshome ho feta thepa ea tlhaho. Sena se ile sa lebisa ho lipatlisiso tse matla tsa ho hlahisa barium titanate, 'me hamorao ba etella pele zirconate titanate, lisebelisoa tse nang le thepa e khethehileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng. Mohlala oa bohlokoa oa tšebeliso ea likristale tsa piezoelectric o ile oa hlahisoa
Wolfemar Voigt
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo ea electromechanical eo ho eona tefiso ea motlakase e bokellang linthong tse itseng tse tiileng, joalo ka likristale, lirafshoa le lintho tsa tlhaho tse kang lesapo le DNA. Tefiso ena e hlahisoa ka lebaka la khatello ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng. Lentsoe piezoelectricity le tsoa lentsoeng la Segerike "piezein", le bolelang "ho petetsa kapa ho hatella", le "elektron", e bolelang "amber", mohloli oa khale oa ho tjhaja motlakase.
Phello ea piezoelectric e bakoa ke tšebelisano e tšoanang ea electromechanical lipakeng tsa maemo a mochini le a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsa kristale tse nang le inversion symmetry. Phello ena e ka khutlisetsoa morao, ho bolelang hore lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang piezoelectricity le tsona li bonts'a phello ea reverse piezoelectric, moo tlhahiso ea ka hare ea khatello ea mochini e hlahang sebakeng sa motlakase se sebelisoang. Mohlala, likristale tsa lead zirconate titanate li hlahisa piezoelectricity e lekantsoeng ha sebopeho sa bona se sa fetoheng se holofetse ho tloha boemong ba sona ba pele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likristale li ka fetola boemo ba tsona bo tsitsitseng ha ho sebelisoa sebaka sa motlakase se ka ntle, e leng ntho e tsejoang e le inverse piezoelectric effect, e sebelisoang ho hlahisa maqhubu a ultrasound.
Litsebi tsa fisiks tsa Mafora Pierre le Jacques Curie ba ile ba sibolla piezoelectricity ka 1880. Phello ea piezoelectric esale e sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahiso le ho lemoha molumo, khatiso ea inkjet ea piezoelectric, tlhahiso ea motlakase o matla, lijenereithara tsa oache le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. joalo ka li-microbalance le ho khanna li-nozzles tsa ultrasonic bakeng sa ho tsepamisa maikutlo hoa likopano tsa optical. E boetse e theha motheo oa ho hlahloba li-microscopes, tse ka rarollang litšoantšo ka tekanyo ea liathomo. Ntle le moo, li-pickup ka likatara tse matlafalitsoeng ka elektroniki le li-trigger tsa meropa ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki li sebelisa phello ea piezoelectric.
Piezoelectricity e boetse e fumana ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho fehlang litlhase ho hotetsa khase ho lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, litocheng, ho hotetsa lisakerete, le tse ling. Phello ea pyroelectric, moo thepa e hlahisang matla a motlakase ka lebaka la phetoho ea mocheso, e ile ea ithutoa ke Carl Linnaeus le Franz Aepinus bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ba sebelisa tsebo e tsoang ho Rene Hauy le Antoine Cesar Becquerel, ba ileng ba beha kamano pakeng tsa mechine. khatello ea maikutlo le tefiso ea motlakase. Liteko tsa ho paka kamano ena ha lia ka tsa phethahala.
Pono ea kristale ea piezo ho Curie compensator ho Hunterian Museum e Scotland ke pontšo ea phello e tobileng ea piezoelectric ke barab'abo rōna Pierre le Jacques Curie. Ho kopanya tsebo ea bona ea pyroelectricity le kutloisiso ea meaho ea kristale e ka tlas'a lefatše ho ile ha hlahisa polelo ea pyroelectricity, e ileng ea ba lumella ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba kristale boo ba bo bontšitseng ka phello ea likristale tse kang tourmaline, quartz, topaze, tsoekere ea 'moba le letsoai la Rochelle. . Sodium le potassium tartrate tetrahydrate le quartz le tsona li ile tsa bonts'a piezoelectricity, 'me disk ea piezoelectric e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa voltage ha e holofetse. Phetoho ena ea sebōpeho e ile ea feteletsoa haholo pontšong ea Curies, 'me ba tsoela pele ho bolela esale pele phello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric. Phello e fapaneng e ile ea hlahisoa ka lipalo ho tsoa ho melao-motheo ea thermodynamic ke Gabriel Lippmann ka 1881.
The Curies hang-hang e ile ea tiisa hore ho na le phello e fapaneng, 'me ea tsoela pele ho fumana bopaki bo bongata ba ho fetoha ka ho feletseng ha li-electro-elasto-mechanical deformations ka likristale tsa piezoelectric. Lilemong tse mashome tse ileng tsa latela, piezoelectricity e ile ea lula e le tabatabelo ea laboratori, ho fihlela e fetoha sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa ho sibolloeng ha polonium le radium ke Pierre Marie Curie, ea e sebelisitseng ho hlahloba le ho hlalosa meaho ea kristale e bonts'itseng matla a piezoelectricity. Sena se ile sa fella ka ho phatlalatsoa ha Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), e hlalositseng lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa kristale tse khonang ho etsa piezoelectricity le ho hlalosa ka thata-thata li-constants tsa piezoelectric li sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tensor.
Sena se ile sa etsa hore ho sebelisoe lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, tse kang sonar, tse ileng tsa ntlafatsoa nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le transducer e entsoeng ka likristale tse tšesaane tsa quartz tse khomaretsoeng ka hloko lipoleiting tsa tšepe, le hydrophone ho bona molumo o khutlang ka mor'a ho ntša molumo o phahameng oa maqhubu ho tloha ho transducer. Ka ho lekanya nako eo ho e nkang ho utloa molumo oa maqhubu a molumo a otlang ntho e itseng, ba ne ba ka khona ho lekanya bohōle ba ntho eo. Ba sebelisitse piezoelectricity ho etsa hore sonar ena e atlehe, mme projeke e thehile ntšetso-pele e matla le thahasello ho.
Likamano tsa bohlokoa
- Li-Piezoelectric Actuators: Li-actuator tsa piezoelectric ke lisebelisoa tse fetolang matla a motlakase hore e be motsamao oa mochini. Li sebelisoa hangata ho liroboto, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, le lits'ebetsong tse ling moo ho hlokahalang taolo e nepahetseng ea motsamao.
- Li-Sensors tsa Piezoelectric: Li-sensor tsa Piezoelectric li sebelisetsoa ho lekanya likarolo tsa 'mele tse kang khatello, ho potlakisa le ho sisinyeha. Hangata li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri le tsa bongaka, hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki.
- Piezoelectricity in Natural: Piezoelectricity ke ntho e etsahalang ka tlhaho linthong tse itseng, 'me e fumaneha linthong tse ngata tse phelang. E sebelisoa ke lintho tse ling ho lemoha tikoloho ea tsona le ho buisana le lintho tse ling.
fihlela qeto e
Piezoelectricity ke ketsahalo e makatsang e sebelisitsoeng lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha ho sonar ho ea ho li-cartridge tsa keramafono. E 'nile ea ithutoa ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1800,' me e 'nile ea sebelisoa ka katleho ho nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea morao-rao. Poso ena ea blog e hlahlobile nalane le ts'ebeliso ea piezoelectricity, mme e totobalitse bohlokoa ba ketsahalo ena nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea sejoale-joale. Bakeng sa ba nang le thahasello ea ho ithuta haholoanyane ka piezoelectricity, poso ena ke qalo e ntle haholo.
Ke Joost Nusselder, mothehi oa Neaera le morekisi oa litaba, ntate, 'me ke rata ho leka lisebelisoa tse ncha ka katara pelong ea takatso ea ka,' me 'moho le sehlopha sa ka, esale ke theha lingoliloeng tse tebileng tsa blog ho tloha 2020. ho thusa babali ba tšepahalang ka malebela a ho rekota le ka katara.
