Microtonality izwi rinowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura mimhanzi inoumbwa uchishandisa nguva diki pane yechinyakare kumadokero semitone.
Iyo inoedza kubva kune yechinyakare mimhanzi chimiro, ichitarisa pane yakasarudzika nguva, nekudaro ichigadzira akasiyana-siyana uye anonzwika subjective soundscapes.
Mimhanzi yeMicrotonal yakaona kuwedzera kukurumbira mumakore gumi apfuura sezvo vanyori vanowedzera kuongorora nzira itsva dzekutaura kuburikidza nemimhanzi yavo.
Inonyanya kuwanikwa mumagetsi uye emagetsi-based genres akadai seEDM, asi inowanawo nzira yepop, jazz uye classical styles pakati pevamwe.
Microtonality inowedzera huwandu hwezviridzwa uye manzwi anoshandiswa mukuumbwa, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira yakasarudzika sonic manzwi anonzwika chete kuburikidza nekushandisa mamicrotones.
Pamusoro pemashandisirwo ayo ekugadzira, mimhanzi yemicrotonal inoshandisawo chinangwa chekuongorora - zvichiita kuti vaimbi vadzidze kana kuongorora masisitimu etuning uye zvikero zvine huroyi hwakakura kupfuura hungawanwa ne'chinyakare' yakaenzana yehunyoro tuning (vachishandisa semitones).
Izvi zvinobvumira kunyatsoongorora kweharmonic frequency hukama pakati pezvinyorwa.
Tsanangudzo yeMicrotonality
Microtonality ishoko rinoshandiswa mudzidziso yemimhanzi kutsanangura mimhanzi ine nguva isingasviki semitone. Ndiwo mazwi anoshandiswa pazvinhanho zvidiki pane hafu yenhanho yemumhanzi wekuMadokero. Microtonality haina kugumira kumimhanzi yekuMadokero uye inogona kuwanikwa mumhanzi wetsika dzakawanda pasirese. Ngationgororei kuti pfungwa iyi inorevei mumhanzi dzidziso uye kuumbwa.
Chii chinonzi microtone?
A microtone chiyero chechiyero chinoshandiswa mumhanzi kutsanangura nzwi kana toni inowira pakati pematoni echinyakare cheWestern 12-tone tuning. Kazhinji inonzi "microtonal," sangano iri rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumimhanzi yekare uye yenyika uye iri kukura mukuzivikanwa pakati pevanyori nevateereri zvakafanana.
Microtones anobatsira pakugadzira asina kujairika maumbirwo uye zvisingatarisirwe harmonic kusiyanisa mukati yakapihwa tonal system. Nepo tuning yechinyakare 12-toni inokamura octave kuita semitones gumi nembiri, microtonality inoshandisa nguva yakatsetseka kupfuura iyo inowanikwa mumimhanzi yekare, senge quartertones, zvikamu zvitatu zvematoni, uye kunyange zvikamu zvidiki zvinozivikanwa se "ultrapolyphonic" nguva. Aya mayunitsi madiki anogona kazhinji kupa ruzha rwakasiyana rwunogona kunetsa kusiyanisa kana rwakateererwa nenzeve yemunhu kana iyo inogona kugadzira misanganiswa yemimhanzi mitsva isina kumbobvira yaongororwa.
Kushandiswa kwemamicrotones kunobvumira vatambi nevateereri kuti vabatane nemimhanzi padanho rekutanga, kazhinji zvichivabvumira kunzwa zvinyoro-nyoro zvavangadai vasina kumbonzwa. Kudyidzana uku kwakakosha pakuongorora hukama hwakaomarara, kugadzira ruzha rwakasiyana zvisingagoneke nezviridzwa zvakajairwa zvakaita sepiyano kana magitare, kana kuwana nyika nyowani dzekusimba uye kutaura kuburikidza nekuteerera.
Ko microtonality yakasiyana sei nemimhanzi yechinyakare?
Microtonality inzira yekuimba inobvumira manotsi kuti apatsanurwe kuita zvidimbu zvidiki pane nguva inoshandiswa mumhanzi yechinyakare yekuMadokero, iyo yakavakirwa pahafu nematanho akazara. Inoshandisa nguva dzakatetepa kupfuura idzo dzechinyakare tonality, ichipatsanura octave kuita matani anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kana kupfuura. Panzvimbo pekuvimba nechiyero chikuru uye chidiki chinowanikwa mumimhanzi yechinyakare, mimhanzi yemicrotonal inogadzira zviyero zvayo uchishandisa aya madiki madiki.
Mimhanzi yeMicrotonal inowanzogadzira madissonances asingatarisirwi (misanganiswa yakasiana zvikuru yemapikisi maviri kana anopfuura) anonangidzira ngwariro munzira dzaisazowanikwa nezvikero zvechinyakare. Mukuwirirana kwechinyakare, masumbu ezvinyorwa zvinopfuura mana anowanzo buritsa kusagadzikana nekuda kwekunetsana kwavo uye kusagadzikana. Mukupesana, iwo madissonances akagadzirwa ne microtonal kuwirirana anogona kunzwika kufadza zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemashandisirwo aanoitwa. Musiyano uyu unogona kupa magadzirirwo akajeka, kudzika uye kuomarara kune chidimbu chemimhanzi chinobvumira kutaura kwekugadzira uye kuongorora kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wekurira kwakasiyana.
Mumhanzi wemicrotonal mune zvakare mukana wevamwe vaimbi kuti vaise nhaka yavo yetsika munziyo dzavo nekudhirowa kubva kune dzisiri dzeWestern classical mimhanzi tsika dzakadai seNorth Indian ragas kana zvikero zvemuAfrica uko kunoshandiswa matoni ekota kana kupatsanurwa kwakanyanya. Vaimbi veMicrotonal vakatora zvimwe zvinhu kubva mumafomu aya vachiaita kuti ave emazuva ano nekuasanganisa nezvinhu kubva kuWestern music styles, zvichiunza nguva itsva inonakidza yekuongorora mimhanzi!
Nhoroondo yeMicrotonality
Microtonality ine nhoroondo refu, yakapfuma mumimhanzi inodzokera kumashure ekutanga mimhanzi tsika nemagariro. Vanyori veMicrotonal, vakadai saHarry Partch naAlois Hába, vave vachinyora mimhanzi ye microtonal kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, uye zviridzwa zve microtonal zvave zviripo kwenguva yakareba. Nepo microtonality ichiwanzobatanidzwa nemimhanzi yemazuva ano, ine pesvedzero kubva kutsika nemaitiro pasirese. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora nhoroondo ye microtonality.
Mimhanzi yekare neyekutanga
Microtonality - kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvisingasviki hafu yenhanho - ine nhoroondo yakareba uye yakapfuma. Muimbi wemumhanzi wekare weGreek Pythagoras akawana equation yenguva dzemimhanzi kuenda kunhamba dzenhamba, zvichigadzira nzira yevanyori vemimhanzi vakaita saEratosthenes, Aristoxenus naPtolemy kukudziridza dzidziso dzavo dzekuridza mimhanzi. Kuunzwa kwezviridzwa zveibhodhi muzana ramakore rechi 17 kwakagadzira mikana mitsva yekuongorora kwe microtonal, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuyedza zviyero zvinopfuura izvo zvechinyakare hasha tunings.
Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechi 19, kunzwisisa kwakange kwasvikwa uko kwaisanganisira kunzwisisika kwemicrotonal. Kubudirira kwakadai seratiomorphic circulation muFrance (d'Indy naDebussy) yakaona zvimwe zviedzo mukuumbwa kwemicrotonal uye tuning system. MuRussia Arnold Schönberg akaongorora zvikero zvekota-toni uye nhamba yevanyori veRussia vakaongorora mahara emahara pasi pesimba raAlexander Scriabin. Izvi zvakateverwa kuGermany nemunyori Alois Hába uyo akagadzira sisitimu yake yakavakirwa pakota toni asi achiri kuomerera kutsika dzechinyakare dzehurmonic. Gare gare, Partch akagadzira yake yekungoridza tuning sisitimu iyo ichiri kufarirwa nhasi pakati pevamwe vanofarira (semuenzaniso Richard Coulter).
Muzana remakore rechi20 rakaona kukwidziridzwa kukuru mukuumbwa kwemicrotonal mumhando dzakawanda dzinosanganisira classical, jazz, yemazuva ano avant-garde uye minimalism. Terry Riley aive mumwe mutsigiri wepakutanga we minimalism uye La Monte Young akashandisa akawedzera overtones aisanganisira harmonics inoitika pakati pemanotsi kugadzira manzwi aipinza vateereri vasingashandise chimwe chinhu kunze kwe sine wave jenareta uye drones. Zviridzwa zvekutanga senge quartetto d'accord zvakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi nemasevhisi kubva kune vanogadzira zvisiri izvo kana tsika yakagadzirwa nevadzidzi vachiedza chimwe chinhu chitsva. Nguva pfupi yadarika makomputa akabvumira kupinda kwakanyanya kwekuyedza microtonal nemanovel controllers ari kugadzirirwa chinangwa ichi nepo masoftware mapakeji anogonesa vanyori kuti vaongorore zviri nyore mikana isingaperi inowanikwa mukati meiyo microtonality yekuedza mimhanzi kusikwa kwevatambi vekare vangadai vakanzvenga kudzora mawoko nekuda kwenhamba huru. zvinobatanidzwa kana kuti kushaya simba kwomuviri kuchiganhurira izvo vaigona kudzora zvinonzwika panguva ipi neipi panguva.
20th century microtonal music
Munguva yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, vanyori vemazuva ano vakatanga kuyedza misanganiswa yemicrotonal, vachiishandisa kuti vasiyane nemaitiro echinyakare tonal uye kupikisa nzeve dzedu. Kutevera nguva yekutsvagisa mukugadzirisa masisitimu uye kuongorora kota-toni, yechishanu-toni uye mamwe microtonal kuwirirana, pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 tinowana kubuda kwemapiyona mune microtonality akadai saCharles Ives, Charles Seeger naGeorge Crumb.
Charles Seeger aive nyanzvi yemimhanzi yakarwira kusanganiswa kwematoni - hurongwa umo zvese gumi nembiri manotsi akaiswa zvakaenzana uye ane kukosha kwakaenzana mukuumbwa kwemimhanzi uye kuita. Seeger akakurudzirawo kuti nguva dzakaita sechishanu dzinofanira kukamurwa kuita 3rds kana 7th pane kuti isimbiswe zvine huwirirano neoctave kana yakakwana yechina.
Mukupera kwema1950, nyanzvi yemimhanzi yechiFrench Abraham Moles akagadzira yaakadaidza kuti 'ultraphonics' kana 'chromatophony', apo chiyero che24-noti chinokamurwa kuita mapoka maviri ezvinyorwa gumi nembiri mukati meoctave pane imwechete chromatic scale. Izvi zvakabvumira kusawirirana panguva imwe chete senge tritones kana augmented fours iyo inogona kunzwika pamaalbum akaita saPierre Boulez's Third Piano Sonata kana Roger Reynolds' Four Fantasies (1966).
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vanyori vakadai saJulian Anderson vakaongororawo nyika ino yematanho matsva anogoneka nekunyora kwemicrotonal. Mumhanzi wemazuva ano mamicrotones anoshandiswa kugadzira kukakavara uye kusanzwisisana kuburikidza nemadissonance asinganzwisisike asi akanaka anongonzvenga kusanzwa kwedu kwevanhu.
Mienzaniso yeMicrotonal Music
Microtonality imhando yemimhanzi umo nguva dzepakati pakati pemanotsi dzakakamurwa kuita zvidiki zvidiki pane zvechinyakare tuning masisitimu akadai segumi nembiri-toni yakaenzana hukasha. Izvi zvinobvumira zvisingawanzo uye zvinonakidza zvemimhanzi zvinyorwa kugadzirwa. Mienzaniso yemimhanzi yemicrotonal inotambanudzira marudzi akasiyana-siyana, kubva kukirasi kusvika kune yekuedza nekupfuura. Ngationgororei zvishoma zvacho.
Harry Partch
Harry Partch ndomumwe wemapiyona anozivikanwa zvikuru munyika ye microtonal music. Muimbi weAmerica, theorist uye muvaki wezviridzwa Partch akave akatenderwa zvakanyanya pakugadzira nekusimudzira rudzi.
Partch yaizivikanwa nekugadzira kana kukurudzira mhuri yese yezviridzwa zvemicrotonal zvinosanganisira Adapted Violin, yakagadziridzwa viola, Chromelodeon (1973), Harmonic Canon I, Cloud Chamber Bowls, Marimba Eroica, uye Diamond Marimba- pakati pevamwe. Akadaidza mhuri yake yese yezviridzwa 'corporeal' zviridzwa- kureva kuti akazvigadzira aine masikirwo chaiwo kuti abudise ruzha rwaaida kutaura mumhanzi yake.
The repertoire by Partch inosanganisira mashoma seminal mabasa - The Bewitched (1948-9), Oedipus (1954) uye Uye Pazuva rechinomwe Petals Akadonha muPetaluma (1959). Mumabasa aya Partch yakasanganisa ingoni tuning sisitimu iyo yakavakwa naPartech ine percussive kutamba masitayipi uye inonakidza pfungwa senge mazwi anotaurwa. Chimiro chake chakasiyana sezvo chichibatanidza melodic ndima pamwe neavant-garde matekiniki ane mimhanzi yenyika inodarika miganhu yetonal yeWestern Europe.
Mipiro yakakosha yePartch kune microtonality ichiri kuramba ichive nesimba nhasi nekuti akapa vanyori nzira yekuongorora tunings kupfuura ayo anoshandiswa mune akajairwa Western tonalities. Akagadzira chimwe chinhu chechokwadi nekubatanidza tambo dzakasiyana kubva kune dzimwe tsika dzemimhanzi pasi rose - kunyanya nziyo dzechiJapan neChirungu - kuburikidza nemaitiro ake emakambani ayo anosanganisira kuridza ngoma pambiya dzesimbi kana matanda uye kuimba mumabhodhoro kana mavhasi. Harry Partch anomira pachena semuenzaniso unoshamisa wemunyori akaedza nzira dzinonakidza dzekugadzira microtonal mimhanzi!
Lou Harrison
Lou Harrison aive muimbi wekuAmerica akanyora zvakanyanya mumhanzi wemicrotonal, anowanzo kunzi "American master of microtones". Akaongorora akawanda tuning masisitimu, kusanganisira yake yake yekungotaura system.
Chidimbu chake "La Koro Sutro" muenzaniso wakanaka wemimhanzi ye microtonal, uchishandisa chiyero chisingaenzaniswi chinogadzirwa ne 11 manotsi pa octave. Mamiriro echimedu ichi akavakirwa pachiChinese opera uye anosanganisira kushandiswa kwemanzwi asiri echinyakare akadai sendiro dzekuimba uye zviridzwa zvetambo zveAsia.
Zvimwe zvidimbu naHarrison zvinoratidza basa rake rakakura mu microtonality zvinosanganisira "Misa yeRunyararo," "The Grand Duo," uye "Nziyo Ina Dzakasimba Kutamba." Akatopinda mujazi remahara, senge chidimbu chake cha1968 "Mumhanzi Wemangwana kubva kuMaine." Sezvimwe zvemamwe emabasa ake ekutanga, chidimbu ichi chinotsamira pane chete tuning tuning masisitimu emapikisi ayo. Muchiitiko ichi, nguva yepitch yakavakirwa pane inozivikanwa seHarmonic nhevedzano system - yakajairwa yekungotaura nzira yekugadzira kuwirirana.
Harrison's microtonal mabasa anoratidza kunaka kuomarara uye anoshanda semabhenji kune avo vanotsvaga nzira dzinonakidza dzekuwedzera tsika dzechinyakare muzvinyorwa zvavo.
Ben Johnston
Muimbi weAmerica Ben Johnston anoonekwa semumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira munyika yemimhanzi yemicrotonal. Mabasa ake anosanganisira Variations for orchestra, String Quartets 3-5, his magnum opus Sonata for Microtonal Piano uye akati wandei mamwe mabasa anozivikanwa. Muzvimedu izvi, anowanzo shandisa mamwe matuning masisitimu kana mamicrotones, izvo zvinomutendera kuti aongorore zvimwe zvingangogoneka zvisingagoneke netsika gumi nembiri toni yakaenzana.
Johnston akagadzira inodaidzwa kunzi mataurirwo ezwi rakatambanudzwa, umo nhanho imwe neimwe inoumbwa kubva kune akati wandei eruzha mukati memutsara wemaoctaves maviri. Akanyora zvidimbu mumhando dzese dzemimhanzi - kubva kuopera kusvika mumhanzi wekamuri uye nemabasa anogadzirwa nekombuta. Mabasa ake ekupayona akagadzirisa chiitiko chezera idzva maererano nemimhanzi ye microtonal. Akawana kuzivikanwa kwakakosha pakati pevaimbi nevadzidzi vezvidzidzo, akazviwanira mibairo yakawanda muhupenyu hwake hwese hwakabudirira.
Maitiro ekushandisa Microtonality muMumhanzi
Kushandisa microtonality mumhanzi kunogona kuvhura seti nyowani yemikana yekugadzira yakasarudzika, inonakidza mimhanzi. Microtonality inobvumira kushandiswa kwenguva uye chords izvo zvisingawanikwe mumhanzi wekare wekuMadokero, zvichibvumira kuongororwa kwemimhanzi uye kuedza. Ichi chinyorwa chichaenda pamusoro pechii chinonzi microtonality, mashandisirwo ainoitwa mumhanzi, uye kuti ungaisanganisira sei muzvinyorwa zvako.
Sarudza tuning system
Usati washandisa microtonality mumimhanzi, unofanirwa kusarudza tuning system. Kune akawanda tuning masisitimu kunze uko uye imwe neimwe inokodzera mhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi. Yakajairika tuning masisitimu anosanganisira:
-Just Intonation: Kungoita manzwi inzira yekugadzirisa manotsi kune dzakachena nguva dzinonzwika kunakidza uye zvakasikwa. Iyo yakavakirwa pachiyero chesvomhu dzakakwana uye inoshandisa chete nguva dzakachena (senge toni dzese, zvishanu, nezvimwe). Inowanzoshandiswa mumimhanzi yekare uye ethnomusicology.
-Equal Temperament: Kuenzana kwehunhu kunokamura octave kuita gumi nembiri dzakaenzana kupindirana kuitira kugadzira ruzha rwakafanana pamakiyi ese. Iyi ndiyo yakajairika sisitimu inoshandiswa nhasi nevaimbi vekuMadokero sezvo ichizvikweretesa zvakanaka kumimhanzi inoteedzera kazhinji kana kufamba pakati pematoni akasiyana.
-Meantone Temperament: Meanttone temperament inokamura octave kuita zvikamu zvishanu zvisina kuenzana kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekutaura kwechinguvana-kuita mamwe manotsi kana zvikero zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe-uye zvinogona kunyanya kubatsira kune vaimbi vanonyanya mimhanzi yeRenaissance, mimhanzi yeBaroque, kana zvimwe. mafomu emimhanzi yevanhu.
-Harmonic Temperament: Iyi sisitimu inosiyana kubva kune yakaenzana hunhu nekuunza misiyano midiki kuitira kuti ibudise inodziya, yakajairika ruzha isinganetese vateereri kwenguva yakareba. Inowanzo shandiswa kusimudzira jazz uye mhando dzemimhanzi yepasi rose pamwe neyechinyakare organ nziyo dzakanyorwa panguva yebaroque.
Kunzwisisa kuti ndeipi sisitimu inonyatso kuenderana nezvido zvako kuchakubatsira iwe kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo paunenge uchigadzira zvidimbu zvako zvemicrotonal uye zvakare ichavhenekera dzimwe sarudzo dzekunyora dzauinadzo paunenge uchinyora zvidimbu zvako.
Sarudza chiridzwa che microtonal
Kushandisa microtonality mumhanzi kunotanga nesarudzo yechiridzwa. Zviridzwa zvakawanda, zvakaita sepiyano nemagitare, zvakagadzirirwa tuning yakaenzana - sisitimu inoronga mapindiro uchishandisa kiyi ye octave ye2:1. Mune iyi tuning system, zvinyorwa zvese zvakakamurwa kuita gumi nembiri dzakaenzana, dzinonzi semitones.
Chiridzwa chakagadzirirwa tuning yakaenzana chinogumira pakutamba mutonal system ine gumi nembiri chete mapiche akasarudzika paoctave. Kuti ugadzire mamwe mavara etoni pakati peaya gumi nemaviri, unofanirwa kushandisa chiridzwa chakagadzirirwa microtonality. Zviridzwa izvi zvinokwanisa kuburitsa toni dzinopfuura gumi nembiri dzakasiyana paoctave imwe neimwe vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana - zvimwe zvinojairika zvidiki zvinosanganisira zviridzwa zvine tambo zvisina ruzha senge. gitare yemagetsi, tambo dzakakotamiswa senge violin uye viola, mhepo dzemapuranga nemamwe makibhodhi (akadai seflexatones).
Sarudzo yakanaka yechiridzwa inotsamira pamaitiro ako neruzha zvaunofarira - vamwe vaimbi vanofarira kushanda nezviridzwa zvechinyakare kana zvechinyakare vamwe vachiyedza nekubatana kwemagetsi kana kuwana zvinhu zvakaita sepombi dzakadzokororwa kana mabhodhoro. Kana uchinge wasarudza chiridzwa chako inguva yekuongorora nyika ye microtonality!
Dzidzira microtonal improvisation
Paunotanga kushanda nemamicrotones, kurongeka kudzidzira microtonal improvisation inogona kuve yakanaka yekutanga nzvimbo. Sezvinoita chero maitiro ekuvandudza, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvauri kutamba uye kuongorora mafambiro ako.
Munguva yekudzidzira kwe microtonal improvisation, edza kujairana nehunyanzvi hwezviridzwa zvako uye gadzira nzira yekuridza inoratidza yako mimhanzi uye yekunyora zvinangwa. Iwe unofanirwawo kucherechedza chero mapatani kana motifs anobuda paunenge uchivandudza. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti utarise pane zvaiita sezviri kushanda zvakanaka panguva yendima yakavandudzwa, sezvo aya marudzi ehunhu kana manhamba achigona kuiswa muzvinyorwa zvako gare gare.
Kuvandudza kunonyanya kubatsira pakuvandudza mashandisiro e microtones sezvo chero nyaya dzehunyanzvi dzaunosangana nadzo mukuvandudza maitiro dzinogona kugadziriswa gare gare panguva yezvikamu zvekuumba. Kuronga kumberi maererano nehunyanzvi uye zvibodzwa zvekugadzira zvinokupa iwe rusununguko rwekugadzira rwekuti kana chimwe chinhu chikasashanda sezvakarongwa! Kuvandudzwa kweMicrotonal kunogonawo kuva nenheyo dzakasimba mutsika dzemimhanzi - funga kuongorora masisitimu emimhanzi asiri ekumadokero akadzika midzi mumhando dzakasiyana dze microtonal dzakadai dzinowanikwa pakati pemadzinza eBedouin kubva kuNorth Africa, pakati pevamwe vazhinji!
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, microtonality inzira nyowani asi yakakosha yekuumbwa kwemimhanzi uye kuita. Iyi fomu yekunyora inosanganisira kushandura nhamba yematoni anowanikwa mukati meoctave kuitira kugadzira akasiyana pamwe chete nemanzwi matsva nemamoods. Kunyangwe microtonality yave iripo kwemazana emakore yave kuwedzera mukurumbira mumakumi emakore apfuura. Haina kungobvumira bedzi kusikwa kukuru kwenziyo asiwo yakabvumira vamwe vaimbi kutaura mifungo ingadai isingabviri kare. Sezvakaita chero mhando yemimhanzi, hunyanzvi uye ruzivo kubva kune muimbi zvichave zvakakosha mukuona kuti mimhanzi yemicrotonal inosvika pakugona kwayo kuzere.
Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weNeaera uye mushambadzi wemukati, baba, uye ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva ine gitare pamoyo pechido changu, uye pamwe nechikwata changu, ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama zvinyorwa zveblog kubva 2020. kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nekurekodha nemagitare.
