A capacitor chinhu chemagetsi chinoshandiswa kuchengetedza simba remagetsi.
Macapacitors anogadzirwa nemahwendefa maviri esimbi akaparadzaniswa neinodzivirira, kazhinji dielectric, uye anogona kuchengeta mutero kwenguva yakati.
Iwo anoshandiswa muakasiyana siyana emagetsi maseketi uye anogona kushandiswa kusefa kana kuchengetedza simba uye anogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira nyore oscillator maseketi.
Muchikamu chino, tichakurukura kuti chii chinonzi capacitor, chii chinoshandiswa, uye kuti chinoshanda sei.
Chii chinonzi capacitor?
A capacitor inhengo yemagetsi inochengeta simba muchimiro chechaji yemagetsi. Iyo ine maviri conductive mahwendefa ari mukati me dielectric material (insulating material). Kana yakabatana kune simba remagetsi, mahwendefa anochajwa uye simba remagetsi rinochengetwa mune dielectric material. Iri simba rakachengetwa rinogona kubva rasunungurwa kana richidikanwa, richibvumira kushandiswa kune chero nhamba yezvikumbiro.
Macapacitor anouya mumhando dzakawanda, saizi uye zvinhu - zvese zvinoenderana nechinangwa chavo. Rudzi rwecapacitor rinonyanya kuzivikanwa rinozivikanwa sefirimu capacitor - iyi inoshandisa zvidimbu zvitete zvepurasitiki kana ceramic sedhirekitisi zvinhu, zvine tambo dzakatetepa dzesimbi dzinozivikanwa se'electrodes' kumativi ese. Aya marudzi ema capacitor anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera uye unogara hunhu.
Macapacitor anoshandiswawo mune mamwe maapplication akadai semotor uye magetsi ekushandisa apo anobatsira kudzora voltage kana kusefa kunze ruzha uye kupindira izvo zvinogona kukonzera kusarongeka kwekuita kana kukuvadza zvikamu pasi pemutsara. Sezvo magetsi anowedzera kuoma, ma capacitors anoita basa rakatonyanya kukosha mukati mezvirongwa izvi; kubatsira kuchengetedza kuyerera kwazvino panguva yekuchinja mashandiro kana kupa buffering kurwisa kamwe kamwe shanduko yemagetsi kubva kune ekunze masosi.
Mhando dze capacitors
Macapacitor anouya mumhando dzakasiyana, saizi uye masitaera. Mamwe ma capacitor anoshandiswa mune yepamusoro-yekupedzisira maodhiyo masisitimu nepo mamwe achishandiswa mumakomputa kana kuchengetedzwa kwemba. Iwo ese anoshanda chinangwa chimwe chete chakakosha; vanochengeta simba remagetsi kana magetsi asunungurwa uye vanodzorera simba iroro kana ikozvino yamira. Mhando dzinosanganisira dzinotevera:
Ceramic Capacitors: Aya anowanzo diki uye anouya akafanotengeswa pamabhodhi edunhu. Ivo vane dielectric yakagadzirwa kubva kuceramic zvinhu uye inowanzo shandiswa kune yakaderera-level magetsi, senge radio frequency interference (RFI) Filters kana kuti bypass circuits.
Electrolytic Capacitors: Aya anowanzo kunzi polarized capacitors nekuti ane negative anode terminal, yakanaka cathode terminal uye electrolyte mhinduro mukati me capacitor body inobvumira yakakura capacitor kugona. Iwo anowanzo kuwanikwa mumagetsi emagetsi, mafirita, maseketi enguva uye mamwe akawanda mapoinzi emagetsi ekutonga.
Tantalum Capacitors: Yakagadzirwa kubva kune tantalum oxide, aya ma capacitor anoshandisa yakasimba state dielectric (panzvimbo pemvura electrolyte). Izvi zvinovapa zvirinani tembiricha kuita kana vachienzaniswa ne electrolytic capacitors, pamwe nekuvandudza kugadzikana nekufamba kwenguva uye zvirinani kuenderana pakati pezvigadzirwa zvebatch.
Firimu/Pepa Capacitor: Rudzi urwu rwakavakwa nesimbi yakashongedzwa firimu kana bepa rinoshanda sechidziviriro pakati pearuminiyamu foil mahwendefa achigadzira yakakwirira pamusoro penzvimbo maelectrode kuitira kuti ikwanise kuchengeta yakawanda yemagetsi kuchaja. Inowanzo shandiswa uko kushivirira kune kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kunodiwa nekuda kwekugona kwavo kushingirira mafungu emhepo anokonzerwa nearcing kana spark overvoltage mamiriro.
Supercapacitor / Ultracapacitor: Iyo inozivikanwawo se supercap / ultra cap kana electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), rudzi urwu rune hukuru hwakakura hwekuchengetedza (kazhinji hwakakwira kupfuura mamwe marudzi mazhinji) nekutsungirira kwakavandudzwa (kusvika kumazana ezviuru zvematenderera). Yakagadzirirwa iyo maapplication anoda huwandu hukuru hwesimba painodiwa senge backup mamiriro enzvimbo dzedata apo masekonzi anoverengerwa munhu asati agona kushandura pane imwe simba sosi.
Kushandiswa kweCapacitor
Capacitors chinhu chakakosha chemagetsi chinoita basa rakakosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa. Ivo vanowanzoshandiswa kuchengetedza simba remagetsi, kugadzira mafirita uye mumasekete enguva. Iwo anoshandiswawo mumaodhiyo emotokari masisitimu pamwe nemagetsi evatengi. Ngatitarisei mamwe ekushandiswa kwecapacitor mune zvakadzama.
Power supply smoothing
Macapacitor anogona kushandiswa kupa kusefa mumagetsi emagetsi uye kubatsira kugadzira yakatsetseka DC voltage. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa mumaseketi anoshandisa mains magetsi emagetsi, uko kugadzirisa kunoshandura iyo AC kuita pulsed DC. Iyo electrolytic capacitor inowanzobatanidzwa pane inobuda yeinogadzirisa sechinhu chinotsvedza chemagetsi. Iyo capacitor inochaja nekukasira, inobata imwe yekuchajisa kwayo kuitira kuti ibatsire kutsvedza chero pulses kubva kune inogadzirisa uye inopa yakagadzikana voltage yekudyisa zvimwe zvikamu. Iyo yakakwirira iyo capacitance, kana kuchengetedza simba, mune capacitor, iyo yakanyanya kutsvedza mhedzisiro ichave sezvo inogona kutora simba rakawanda isati yada recharging. Muchishandiso ichi, yakakwirira kukosha capacitor inoderedza kushanduka, senge ripples mumazinga evoltage uye voltage spikes zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemutoro, zvichipa kugadzikana kune zvimwe zvinhu mukati medunhu rekushandisa.
Signal processing
Capacitors anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa zviratidzo uye kutaurirana kwemagetsi. Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha mumaseketi mazhinji emagetsi, nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuchengetedza nekusunungura simba.
Mukugadzirisa masaini, ma capacitor anogona kushandiswa pakugona kwavo kuderedza ruzha uye kusefa ma frequency asingadiwe kana masaini. Kudzivirirwa kwemasaini kubva kune ruzha kunonzi kutsetseka kana kudzika-pasi kusefa, uye kunowanzo kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwema capacitor.
Mukukurukurirana kwemagetsi, capacitor inogona kushandiswa kushandura chiratidzo chemagetsi kubva kune imwe fomu kuenda kune imwe pasina kushandura frequency yayo. Maitiro aya anozivikanwa sekubatanidza kana kufambisa kwemagetsi, uye macapacitor anowanzo shandiswa kune ichi chinangwa mumaredhiyo anogashira uye ma transmitters. Pamusoro pezvo, ma capacitors anoita sechikamu chepamusoro-soro mafirita, ayo anobvisa yakaderera-frequency masaini achipfuura akakwira munzira.
Capacitors zvakare anowanzo shandiswa mune anoshanda analog mafirita: ivo vanosarudza iyo frequency mhinduro yesefa nekuisa yayo cutoff frequency. Saka nekudaro, ivo vanoita basa rakakosha mukudzora masaini masaini kana vachigadzira mimhanzi midziyo yakadai seamplifiers kana kusanganisa consoles.
Nguva
Kutora nguva inowanzoshandiswa capacitors. Mumaseketi emazuva ese, resistors anowanzo shandiswa pakuita nguva. Nekudaro, mune yakakwira-voltage kana yakakwirira-frequency mamiriro, capacitors anogona kazhinji kushandiswa panzvimbo. Zvinowanzobatsira kushandisa ma capacitor ekugadzirisa nguva nekuti haaparadze simba nekukurumidza seanopikisa uye anogona kubata yakakwira voltages ine njodzi shoma yekuputsika.
Pamusoro pekupa nzira yakachengeteka uye inoshanda yekudzora voltage uye ikozvino mudunhu, macapacitor anoshandiswawo kupa simba kune mamwe madhata mapoinzi ezvikamu zvakaita semaLED kana ma transistors angangoda mapulses emazuva ano kana aitwa. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kusimbisa chiratidzo chinotumirwa nechikamu kuitira kuti chifambe mberi pasina kurasikirwa nesimba kana kuvimbika.
Macapacitor anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumidziyo yekuteerera kusefa masaini uye kuderedza kukanganisa uchiri kubvumira ruzivo runobatsira kunyangwe paine kushomeka kwekukanganisa. Sezvambotaurwa, iwo anowanzo kuiswa pamativi ezvitauriri kuti abatsire kudzikisira netsaona mapfupi maseketi uku achichengetedza kunyange kugovera kwemutoro pamatanho ekubuda kweamplifier.
Kana yakashandiswa kugadzira uye nekunzwisisa kwemagetsi, ma capacitor ane inoshamisa kugona kugadzira kuyerera kwechaji - ichibvumira mainjiniya kugadzira zvinoshamisa zvakaomarara maodhiyo masisitimu nemutengo wakaderera.
Zvinowanzoitwa Zvikumbiro
Capacitors zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinowanzoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa. Kugona kwavo kuchengetedza simba kunovaita zvikamu zvakakosha zvemasisitimu zvinoda kugadzikwa kwesimba kwekufamba kwenguva. Iwo anoshandiswa mune akawanda maapplication anosanganisira magetsi emagetsi, mota, maodhiyo masisitimu, HVAC masisitimu nezvimwe. Muchikamu chino, isu tichaongorora mamwe anowanzo shandiswa capacitor application.
Motors
Motors dzinoshandisa capacitor kudzora kumhanya kwemota kana kuvandudza yekutanga kumusoro torque. Izvi zvinoitwa nekupa kana kubvisa a Phase kune electric motor windings. Inoshandiswa mukusiyana-siyana madhiraivha, magetsi uye mamwe maapplication, ma capacitor anogona kugadzirisa voltage kana ikozvino mu pulsed mitoro uye kudzivirira simba kubva pakuparara nekubvisa simba risingadiwe kubva kumagetsi masisitimu. Mumagetsi ari pasi pepakati frequency motors, hombe capacitor values dzinowanzo shandiswa kumativi ese emota yekumhanyisa chikamu chekubhadhara capacitor mabhangi kudzikamisa harmonic mhedzisiro yemafungu emazuva ano anokonzerwa neinoshandura isina-mutsara mutoro.
Lighting
Macapacitor anogona kushandiswa kusimba uye kutonga masisitimu ekuvhenekesa eese saizi. Mune mabhora emagetsi, anoshandiswa kudzora kuyerera kwezvino uye nekumhanyisa nzira yekutanga-yemwenje yefluorescent uye yakakwira intensity discharge mwenje. Vanobatsirawo kuderedza kupenya kwemwenje. Mune transistorized circuit systems, capacitors anochengetedza magetsi anoenderera mberi, achibatsira kuve nechokwadi chokuti mwenje unoramba wakavhenekera. Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vanopa dziviriro panguva yekukwira kwevoltage nekudzikisa mutoro wemagetsi pane zvigadziriso zvemwenje mune zvese zvemukati nekunze zvigadziriso.
Automotive
Automotive capacitors inonyanya kukosha nokuti vane basa rekubatsira hurongwa hwemagetsi emotokari kuderedza uye kubhadhara kusawirirana kwekufamba kwemagetsi, izvo zvinowanzoitika mumotokari dzakawanda. Macapacitor emota anochengeta simba kuti ape simba kune alternator yemota kana mota yekutangisa painodiwa. Iri simba rinoshandiswa kudzikamisa voltage spikes akagadzirwa kana ikozvino kudiwa kwakapfuura huwandu hwebhatiri kana alternator. Mota capacitors inogona zvakare kushandiswa mumaodhiyo masisitimu, inodzora mafungu mukati meamplifiers uye vatauri. Nekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemagetsi, mota capacitor inobatsira kurebesa hupenyu hwebhatiri uye kuderedza kunetsa pane zvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi.
Capacitor Kuchengetedza
Kuchengeteka kunofanirwa kugara kuchinyanya kukosha kana uchishanda ne capacitor. Macapacitor anochengeta simba uye anoda kubatwa nekungwarira paunenge uchichajwa kana kuburitswa. Muchikamu chino, tichaenda pamusoro pemazano ekuchengetedza ekushandisa paunenge uchishanda ne capacitor uye kukurukura njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzine chekuita nayo.
Kunzvenga zvikabudura
Paunenge uchishandisa capacitors, zvakakosha kuti urambe uchifunga nezvezvinogona zveshorts nekuda kwekuti izvo zvikamu zvemagetsi. Shorts inoitika kana capacitor ipfupi-inotenderera pachayo. Kunyange zvazvo shorts inogona kukonzerwa nekugadzira kukanganisa kana zvimwe zvinhu zvekunze, mapfupi akawanda anokonzerwa nekushandiswa kusina kunaka kwe capacitors.
Kuti udzivise shorts, iwe unofanirwa kugara uchitora matanho ne capacitors. Nzira dzinotevera dzichakubatsira kuchengetedza capacitor kuchengeteka:
1) Usambofa wakaisa ma capacitors kune yakawandisa kushushikana kana kuomerwa nekuwedzeredza iwo;
2) Usasiye capacitors munzvimbo yakawandisa kwenguva yakareba;
3) Nguva dzose shandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzekuisa uye / kana nzira dzinovimbisa kuvhunduka kuparadzaniswa;
4) Usabatanidza polarities mbiri dzakasiyana pamwe chete sezvo izvi zvinogona kukonzera arcing uye zvinogona kukuvadza capacitor;
5) Ongorora zvinhu zvinokwanisa kana zvinhu (zvakadai semidziyo yekudzivirira) kuona kuti hapana chakakanganisika usati waiswa;
6) Nyatsoteerera kurodha zvinodiwa -kusimbisa kuderedzwa kurodha kana zvichibvira uye kumanikidza akakwana ekukwira maitiro ezvikamu zvese; uye
7) Ziva kuti mastandby voltages anokonzeresa kuyerera kwazvino mudunhu rese, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa capacitor standard ratings kana ikasiiwa isina kuvharwa.
Nekutora idzi chenjedzo, vashandisi vanogona kubatsira kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwakachengeteka uye kudzivirira mamiriro ane njodzi kubva pakuitika nekuda kwemaseketi mapfupi kana zvimwe nyaya nema capacitor avo. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuchengetedza nguva dzose kunonyanya kukosha pese paunenge uchishanda nemagetsi uye kunyanya chero chinhu chinosanganisira magetsi!
Kubvisa capacitors
Izvo zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti ma capacitor anoburitswa zvakanaka kana achibata kana kuatsiva. Kuti uite kubuda kwakachengeteka, batanidza resistor ye1k ohm kusvika 10k ohm pakati pega yega terminal ye capacitor uye pasi. Iyo voltage pamhiri pe capacitor inokurumidza kuparara pasina arcing kana kugadzira spark, zvichibvumira kutsiva kwakachengeteka kana kubata.
Iwe unofanirwawo kuyeuka kuburitsa yakakwira-voltage capacitor zvakanaka usati waraswa. Kana ukasaburitsa zvinhu izvi zvakachengeteka, zvinogona kuunza njodzi yemagetsi uye kutotanga moto! Kuburitsa zvinhu izvi kunosanganisira kukochekera waya yakavharirwa pakati pematerminals maviri pachikamu uye woiburitsa kwemaminetsi akati wandei. Iva nechokwadi chekupfeka magirazi ekuchengetedza paunenge uchiita maitiro aya kuitira kuti udzivirire maziso ako kubva kune sparks dzinogadzirwa panguva yekubuda.
Kurasa capacitors
Paunenge uchirasa ma capacitor, zvakakosha kutora matanho akakodzera ekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuti macapacitor anogona kunge aine chepfu, senge lead, barium uye dzimwe simbi, iwe unofanirwa kudzivirira kurasa zvinhu izvi mumabhini emarara enguva dzose kana marara. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinofanirwa kuraswa nenzira ine hushamwari nekutsvaga nzvimbo yakafanira yekuunganidzazve kana mutengesi anonyanya hunyanzvi hwekurasa zvinhu zvine njodzi.
Izvo zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi kuti ese ma capacitor achiri kubata chaji isati yaraswa - kunyangwe iwo akanyorwa se "akafa" capacitor. Macapacitor anogona kuchengetedza zvakasara machaji uye anogona kuburitsa kana abatwa; naizvozvo unofanira kungwarira pakubata kusvikira waabudisa. Kuti uburitse capacitor zvakachengeteka, iwe unozoda insulated screwdriver yakareba zvakakwana kuti uchengetedze ruoko rwako kubva kumaterminals kuitira kuti voltage irege kusvetuka kubata kwako. Kana ma capacitor anochajiwa aburitswa, bvisa chero insulation yepiresi kana waya yekugera wobva waputira ma insulators usati wairasa zvakanaka.
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, capacitors zvinhu zvakakosha mune chero dunhu remagetsi. Iwo anoshandiswa kuchengetedza simba, kusefa kunze ruzha uye kupa kwazvino sosi yemaseketi eAC. Macapacitor anouya mumhando dzakasiyana siyana uye ane huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa. Kunzwisisa izvo zvekutanga zve capacitors zvinokubatsira kuona izvo zvakanaka zvikamu zvepurojekiti yako.
Pfupiso ye capacitor basics
Kupfupisa capacitor basics, capacitor inhengo yemagetsi inoumbwa nemahwendefa maviri ekuitisa akapatsanurwa nechinhu chinodzivirira chinonzi dielectric. Inoshandiswa kuchengetedza simba nenzira yemunda wemagetsi. Macapacitor anowanzo shandiswa mumaseketi emagetsi, kazhinji akabatana nevanopikisa uye maseketi akasanganiswa senge microprocessors, kudzora mazinga azvino uye voltage. Iwo anogona zvakare kushandiswa kusefa masaini uye kupa yakanyanya simba kufambisa mune mamwe maseketi. Paunenge uchisarudza capacitor kune yako chaiyo application, zvakakosha kuti utarise iyo inoshanda voltage, tembiricha yekushandisa, saizi yepasuru, uye capacitance kukosha kwemhando yemhando ye capacitor yaunosarudza.
Zvakanakira kushandisa capacitors
Macapacitors anogona kushandiswa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuchengetedza simba nekurisunungura kana zvichidikanwa. Ivo zvakare vanokwanisa kubata huwandu hukuru hwemazuva ano, saka ivo vanowanzoshandiswa sesefa uye mabhureki edunhu. Uyezve, ma capacitor anogona kubatsira kuderedza ruzha rwemagetsi uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka mumaseketi emagetsi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi emagetsi emagetsi akadai semakomputa, nharembozha, uye terevhizheni.
Capacitors vane zvikomborero zvakawanda kana zvasvika kune zvemagetsi. Semuyenzaniso, ivo vanobatsira kuchengetedza giredhi yevoltage yakagadzikana nekupa chengetedzo yenguva pfupi yemapurusi ane simba guru kana mapfupi kuputika kweazvino izvo zvinogona kukuvadza zvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi nekufamba kwenguva. Dhizaini yavo inobatsirawo kusefa electromagnetic interference (EMI) mukati mehurongwa kana mukati medunhu rega. Izvi zvakakosha pakudzivirira zviratidzo zvisingadiwi kupinda muhurongwa kana kukanganisa zviratidzo zvatova mukati mayo.
Pamusoro pezvo, ma capacitor anopa ipapo ipapo pazvinenge zvichidikanwa anogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba zvakanyanya mune chero AC powered system nekugonesa kutanga capacitor control uye synchronous mota oparesheni - iyo yakakosha pakushanda kwenguva refu mukunyanyisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvikumbiro senge masisitimu ekuvhenekesa mumigwagwa uye HVAC mota. Chekupedzisira, kudzikamisa sine mafungu akagadzirwa nemaseketi eAC nderimwe remabasa avo ekutanga - anodhonza simba kunze pane mamwe mafrequency uku achikudza simba pane mamwe ma frequency - kuderedza kukanganiswa kwemagetsi uye kuve nechokwadi chekutonga kwemagetsi kwakachena pamatanho ese.
Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weNeaera uye mushambadzi wemukati, baba, uye ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva ine gitare pamoyo pechido changu, uye pamwe nechikwata changu, ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama zvinyorwa zveblog kubva 2020. kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nekurekodha nemagitare.
