The Ultimate Guide to Ribbon Microphones: All You Need to Know

by Joost Nusselder | Updated on:  May 25, 2022

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Some of you might have heard about ribbon microphones, but those of you who are just starting out might still be wondering, “What is that?”

Ribbon microphones are a type of microphone that use a thin aluminum or steel ribbon instead of a diaphragm to convert sound waves into electrical signals. They are known for their distinctive tone and high SPL capability.

Let’s dive into the history and technology and explore some of the best ribbon microphones of the modern day and how they can fit into your recording setup.

What is a ribbon microphone

What are ribbon microphones?

Ribbon microphones are a type of microphone that uses a thin aluminum or duraluminum nanofilm ribbon placed between two poles of a magnet to produce a voltage through electromagnetic induction. They are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sounds equally from both sides. Ribbon microphones have a low resonant frequency of around 20Hz, compared to the typical resonant frequency of diaphragms in contemporary high quality microphones, which range from 20Hz to 20kHz. Ribbon microphones are delicate and expensive, but modern materials have made certain present day ribbon microphones more durable.

Benefits:
• Lightweight ribbon with little tension
• Low resonant frequency
• Excellent frequency response in the nominal range of human hearing (20Hz-20kHz)
• Bidirectional pick pattern
• Can be configured for cardioid, hypercardioid, and variable pattern
• Can capture high frequency detail
• Voltage output can exceed typical stage dynamic microphones
• Can be used with mixers equipped with phantom power
• Can be built as a kit with basic tools and materials

What is the history of ribbon microphones?

Ribbon microphones have a long and interesting history. They were invented in the early 1920s by Drs Walter H. Schottky and Erwin Gerlach. This type of microphone uses a thin aluminum or duraluminum nanofilm ribbon placed between the poles of a magnet to produce a voltage through electromagnetic induction. Ribbon microphones are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sounds equally from both directions.

In 1932, RCA Photophone Type PB-31s were used in Radio City Music Hall, greatly impacting the audio recording and broadcasting industries. The following year, the 44A was released with tone pattern control to help reduce reverberation. RCA ribbon models were highly valued by audio engineers.

In 1959, the iconic BBC Marconi Type ribbon microphone was produced by the BBC Marconi. The ST&C Coles PGS Pressure Gradient Single was designed for BBC applications and was used for talks and symphony concerts.

In the 1970s, Beyerdynamic introduced the M-160, fitted with a smaller microphone element. This allowed for 15-ribbon microphones to be combined to create a highly directional pickup pattern.

Modern ribbon microphones are now made with improved magnets and efficient transformers, allowing for output levels to exceed those of typical stage dynamic microphones. Ribbon microphones are also relatively inexpensive, with Chinese-made models inspired by the RCA-44 and older Soviet Oktava ribbon microphones available.

In recent years, UK-based Stewart Taverner Company Xaudia has developed the Beeb, modifying vintage Reslo ribbon microphones for better tone and performance, as well as increased output. Microphones employing ribbon elements with strong nanomaterials are also available, offering orders of magnitude improvement in signal purity and output level.

How Do Ribbon Microphones Work?

Ribbon Velocity Microphone

Ribbon velocity microphones are a type of microphone that uses a thin aluminum or duraluminum nanofilm ribbon placed between the poles of a magnet to produce a voltage through electromagnetic induction. They are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sounds equally from both sides. The microphone’s sensitivity and pick-up pattern is bidirectional. A ribbon velocity microphone is viewed as a red dot moving between the poles of a moving coil microphone’s diaphragm, which is attached to a light, movable coil that generates a voltage as it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet.

Ribbon Microphones Bidirectional

Ribbon microphones are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sounds equally from both sides of the microphone. The microphone’s sensitivity and pattern are bidirectional, and when viewed from the side, the microphone looks like a red dot.

Ribbon Microphones Light Metal Ribbon

Ribbon microphones are a type of microphone that uses a thin aluminum or duraluminum nanofilm as an electrically conductive ribbon placed between the poles of a magnet to produce a voltage by electromagnetic induction.

Ribbon Microphones Voltage Proportional Velocity

The diaphragm of a ribbon microphone is attached to a light, movable coil that generates a voltage as it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet. Ribbon microphones are usually made of a light metal ribbon, usually corrugated, suspended between the poles of a magnet. As the ribbon vibrates, a voltage is induced at right angles to the magnetic field direction and picked up by contacts at the ends of the ribbon. Ribbon microphones are also called velocity microphones because the induced voltage is proportional to the velocity of the ribbon in the air.

Ribbon Microphones Voltage Proportional Displacement

Unlike moving coil microphones, the voltage produced by a ribbon microphone is proportional to the velocity of the ribbon in the magnetic field, rather than the displacement of the air. This is an important advantage of the ribbon microphone, as it is much lighter than a diaphragm and has a lower resonant frequency, typically below 20Hz. This is in contrast to the typical resonant frequency of diaphragms in contemporary high quality microphones, which range from 20Hz-20kHz.

Modern ribbon microphones are much more durable and can handle loud rock music on stage. They are also prized for their ability to capture high frequency detail, comparing favorably to condenser microphones. Ribbon microphones are also known for their sound, which is subjectively aggressive and brittle in the high end frequency spectrum.

Differences

Ribbon microphones vs dynamic

Ribbon and dynamic microphones are two of the most popular types of microphones used in the audio industry. Both types of microphones have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Here is an in-depth analysis of the differences between ribbon and dynamic microphones:

• Ribbon microphones are more sensitive than dynamic microphones, meaning they can pick up more subtle nuances in sound.

• Ribbon microphones have a more natural sound, while dynamic microphones tend to have a more direct sound.

• Ribbon microphones are more fragile than dynamic microphones and require more care when handling.

• Ribbon microphones are typically more expensive than dynamic microphones.

• Ribbon microphones are bidirectional, meaning they can pick up sound from both the front and back of the microphone, while dynamic microphones are typically unidirectional.

• Ribbon microphones are typically used for recording instruments, while dynamic microphones are used for recording vocals.

In conclusion, ribbon and dynamic microphones have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. It is important to consider the specific application when deciding which type of microphone to use.

Ribbon microphones vs condenser

Ribbon and condenser microphones have distinct differences in their design and functionality. Here are some of the key differences between the two:
• Ribbon microphones use a thin metal ribbon suspended between two magnets to create an electrical signal. Condenser microphones use a thin diaphragm attached to a light, movable coil to generate a voltage when it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet.
• Ribbon microphones are bidirectional, meaning they pick up sound equally from both sides, while condenser microphones are typically unidirectional.
• Ribbon microphones have a lower resonant frequency than condenser microphones, typically around 20 Hz. Condenser microphones typically have a resonant frequency in the range of human hearing, between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.
• Ribbon microphones have a lower voltage output than condenser microphones, but modern ribbon microphones have improved magnets and efficient transformers that allow their output levels to exceed those of typical stage dynamic microphones.
• Ribbon microphones are delicate and expensive, while modern condenser microphones are more durable and can be used for louder rock music on stage.
• Ribbon microphones are prized for their ability to capture high frequency detail, while condenser microphones are known for their sound being subjectively aggressive and brittle in the high end frequency spectrum.

FAQ about ribbon microphones

Do ribbon mics break easily?

Ribbon mics are delicate and expensive, but modern designs and materials have made them much more durable. While older ribbon mics can be easily damaged, modern ribbon mics are designed to be more robust. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to the durability of ribbon mics:

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• Ribbon mics are more delicate than other types of mics, but modern designs and materials have made them more durable.
• Older ribbon mics can be easily damaged if not handled properly, but modern ribbon mics are designed to be more robust.
• Ribbon mics are designed to be used in a variety of settings, including live performances, studio recordings, and broadcast applications.
• Ribbon mics are not recommended for use in loud, rock-style music, as the high sound pressure levels can damage the ribbon element.
• Ribbon mics should be handled with care, as they are delicate and can be easily damaged if not handled properly.
• Ribbon mics should be stored in a safe, dry place and should not be exposed to extreme temperatures or humidity.
• Ribbon mics should be regularly inspected for signs of damage, such as cracks in the ribbon element or loose connections.

Overall, ribbon mics are delicate but modern designs and materials have made them much more durable. While older ribbon mics can be easily damaged, modern ribbon mics are designed to be more robust and can withstand a variety of settings. However, it is still important to handle ribbon mics with care and to store them in a safe, dry place.

Are ribbon mics good room mics?

Ribbon mics are a great choice for room mics. They have a unique sound that is often described as warm and smooth. Here are some of the advantages of using ribbon mics for room mics:

• They have a wide frequency response, which makes them ideal for capturing the full range of sound in a room.

• They are very sensitive and can pick up subtle nuances in sound.

• They are less prone to feedback than other types of mics.

• They have a low noise floor, which means they don’t pick up any unwanted background noise.

• They have a natural sound that is often described as “vintage”.

• They are relatively inexpensive compared to other types of mics.

• They are durable and can withstand the rigors of live performance.

Overall, ribbon mics are an excellent choice for room mics. They are versatile and can be used in a variety of applications. They are also relatively inexpensive and can be found in a variety of price ranges. If you’re looking for a great room mic, consider a ribbon mic.

Why do ribbon mics sound dark?

Ribbon mics are known for their dark sound, which is why they are often used for recording instruments like guitar and vocals. There are several reasons why ribbon mics sound dark:

• The ribbon itself is thin and lightweight, so it has a low resonant frequency and a slow transient response. This means that it takes longer for the ribbon to respond to sound, resulting in a darker, more mellow sound.

• Ribbon mics are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sound equally from both sides. This results in a more natural sound, but also a darker one.

• Ribbon mics are usually made with a low-impedance design, which means they don’t pick up as much high-frequency information as other types of mics. This contributes to the darker sound.

• Ribbon mics are typically more sensitive than other types of mics, so they pick up more of the room’s ambience and reflections, which can make the sound darker.

• Ribbon mics are also known for their ability to capture subtle nuances in sound, which can make the sound darker and more nuanced.

Overall, ribbon mics are known for their dark sound, which is why they are often used for recording instruments like guitar and vocals. The combination of their low resonant frequency, bidirectional pick up pattern, low-impedance design, sensitivity, and ability to capture subtle nuances all contribute to their dark sound.

Are ribbon mics noisy?

Ribbon mics are not inherently noisy, but they can be if not used correctly. Here are some of the factors that can contribute to a noisy ribbon mic:

• Poorly designed preamps: If the preamps used to amplify the signal from the ribbon mic are not designed properly, they can introduce noise into the signal.
• Low-quality cables: Low-quality cables can introduce noise into the signal, as can poor connections.
• High gain settings: If the gain is set too high, it can cause the signal to be distorted and noisy.
• Poorly designed ribbon elements: Poorly designed ribbon elements can cause noise, as can the use of low-quality materials.
• Poorly designed microphone bodies: Poorly designed microphone bodies can cause noise, as can the use of low-quality materials.

To ensure that your ribbon mic is not noisy, make sure that you use good quality preamps, cables, and microphone bodies, and that the gain is set correctly. Additionally, make sure that the ribbon element is designed properly and made from high-quality materials.

Does a ribbon mic need a preamp?

Yes, a ribbon mic needs a preamp. Preamps are necessary to boost the signal from the ribbon mic to a usable level. Ribbon mics are known for their low output levels, so a preamp is essential to get the most out of them. Here are some of the benefits of using a preamp with a ribbon mic:

• Increased signal-to-noise ratio: Preamps can help reduce the amount of noise in a signal, making the sound clearer and more detailed.
• Improved dynamic range: Preamps can help increase the dynamic range of a signal, allowing for more dynamic expression.
• Increased headroom: Preamps can help increase the headroom of a signal, allowing for more headroom and a fuller sound.
• Improved clarity: Preamps can help improve the clarity of a signal, making it sound more natural and less distorted.
• Increased sensitivity: Preamps can help increase the sensitivity of a signal, allowing for more subtle nuances to be heard.

Overall, using a preamp with a ribbon mic can help improve the sound quality and make the most of the mic’s capabilities. Preamps can help increase the signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, headroom, clarity, and sensitivity of a signal, making it sound better and more detailed.

Important relations

Tube Microphones: Tube mics are similar to ribbon mics in that they both use a vacuum tube to amplify the electrical signal. Tube mics are usually more expensive than ribbon mics and have a warmer, more natural sound.

Phantom Power: Phantom power is a type of power supply used to power condenser and ribbon mics. It is usually supplied by the audio interface or mixer and is necessary for the mic to work properly.

Well-known ribbon mic brands

Royer Labs: Royer Labs is a company that specializes in ribbon microphones. Founded in 1998 by David Royer, the company has become a leader in the ribbon microphone market. Royer Labs has developed a number of innovative products, including the R-121, a classic ribbon microphone that has become a staple in the recording industry. Royer Labs has also developed the SF-24, a stereo ribbon microphone, and the SF-12, a dual-ribbon microphone. The company also produces a range of accessories, such as shock mounts and windscreens, to help protect ribbon microphones from damage.

Rode: Rode is an Australian audio equipment manufacturer that produces a range of microphones, including ribbon microphones. Founded in 1967, Rode has become a leader in the microphone market, producing a range of products for both professional and consumer use. Rode’s ribbon microphones include the NT-SF1, a stereo ribbon microphone, and the NT-SF2, a dual-ribbon microphone. Rode also produces a range of accessories, such as shock mounts and windscreens, to help protect ribbon microphones from damage.

Conclusion

Ribbon microphones are a great choice for audio recording and broadcasting, offering a unique sound and high frequency detail. They’re relatively inexpensive and durable, and can be built with basic tools and materials. With the right care and attention, ribbon microphones can be a great addition to any recording setup. So if you’re looking for a unique sound, consider giving ribbon microphones a try!

I'm Joost Nusselder, the founder of Neaera and a content marketer, dad, and love trying out new equipment with guitar at the heart of my passion, and together with my team, I've been creating in-depth blog articles since 2020 to help loyal readers with recording and guitar tips.

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