PA systems are used in all sorts of venues, from small clubs to large stadiums. But what is it exactly?
A PA system, or public address system, is a collection of devices used to amplify sound, usually for music. It consists of microphones, amplifiers, and speakers, and is often used in concerts, conferences, and other events.
So, let’s look at everything you need to know about it.
What Is a PA System and Why Should I Care?
What Is a PA System?
A PA system (best portable ones here) is like a magical megaphone that amplifies sound so it can be heard by more people. It’s like a loudspeaker on steroids! It’s used in places like churches, schools, gyms and bars to make sure everyone hears what’s going on.
Why Should I Care?
If you’re a musician, sound engineer, or just someone who likes to be heard, then a PA system is a must-have. It’ll make sure your voice is heard loud and clear, no matter how many people are in the room. Plus, it’s great for making sure everyone hears the important announcements, like when the bar is closing or when the church service is over.
How Do I Choose the Right PA System?
Choosing the right PA system can be tricky, but here are a few tips to help you out:
- Consider the size of the room and the number of people you’ll be speaking to.
- Think about the type of sound you want to project.
- Look for a system with adjustable volume and tone controls.
- Make sure the system is easy to use and set up.
- Ask around for recommendations from other musicians or sound engineers.
The Different Types of Speakers in a PA System
Main Speakers
Main speakers are the life of the party, the stars of the show, the ones who make the crowd go wild. They come in all shapes and sizes, from 10″ to 15″ and even smaller tweeters. They create the bulk of the sound and can be placed on speaker stands or mounted on top of subwoofers.
Subwoofers
Subwoofers are the bass-heavy sidekicks of the main speakers. They’re usually 15″ to 20″ and produce lower frequencies than the mains. This helps to fill out the sound and make it more complete. To separate the sound of the subwoofers and mains, a crossover unit is often used. This is usually rack-mounted and separates the signal going through it by frequency.
Stage Monitors
Stage monitors are the unsung heroes of the PA system. They’re usually positioned near the performer or speaker to help them hear themselves. They’re on a separate mix than the mains and subs, also known as the front-of-house speakers. Stage monitors are usually on the ground, tilted at an angle towards the performer.
The Benefits of PA Systems
PA systems have a lot of benefits, from making your music sound great to helping you hear yourself on stage. Here are some of the advantages of having a PA system:
- A great sound for your audience
- A better mix of sound for the performer
- More control over the sound
- The ability to customize the sound to the room
- The ability to add more speakers if needed
Whether you’re a musician, a DJ, or just someone who loves to listen to music, having a PA system can make all the difference. With the right setup, you can create a sound that will make your audience go wild.
Passive vs. Active PA Speakers
What’s the Difference?
If you’re looking to get your music out to the masses, you’ll have to decide between passive and active PA speakers. Passive speakers don’t have any internal amplifiers, so they need an external amp to boost the sound. Active speakers, on the other hand, have their own built-in amplifier, so you don’t need to worry about hooking up an extra amp.
The Pros and Cons
Passive speakers are great if you’re looking to save a few bucks, but you’ll need to invest in an amp if you want to get the most out of them. Active speakers are a bit pricier, but you won’t have to worry about hooking up an extra amp.
Pros of Passive Speakers:
- Cheaper
- No need to buy an extra amp
Cons of Passive Speakers:
- Need an external amp to get the most out of them
Pros of Active Speakers:
- No need to buy an extra amp
- Easier to set up
Cons of Active Speakers:
- More expensive
The Bottom Line
It’s up to you to decide which type of PA speaker is right for you. If you’re looking to save a few bucks, passive speakers are the way to go. But if you want to get the most out of your speakers, active speakers are the way to go. So, grab your wallet and get ready to rock!
What is a Mixing Console?
The Basics
Mixing consoles are like the brains of a PA system. They come in all shapes and sizes, so you can find one that fits your needs. Basically, a mixing board takes a bunch of different audio signals and combines them, adjusts the volume, changes the tone, and more. Most mixers have inputs like XLR and TRS (¼”) and can provide power to microphones. They also have main outputs and auxiliary sends for monitors and effects.
In Layman’s Terms
Think of a mixing console as the conductor of an orchestra. It takes all the different instruments and brings them together to make beautiful music. It can make the drums louder or the guitar softer, and it can even make the singer sound like an angel. It’s like a remote control for your sound system, giving you the power to make your music sound the way you want it to.
The Fun Part
Mixing consoles are like a playground for sound engineers. They can make the music sound like it’s coming from outer space or make it sound like it’s being played in a stadium. They can make the bass sound like it’s coming from a subwoofer or make the drums sound like they’re being played in a cathedral. The possibilities are endless! So if you’re looking to get creative with your sound, a mixing console is the way to go.
Understanding the Different Types of Cables for PA Systems
What Cables are Used for PA Systems?
If you’re looking to set up a PA system, you’ll need to know about the different types of cables that are available. Here’s a quick rundown of the most common types of cables used for PA systems:
- XLR: This type of cable is great for connecting mixers and amplifiers together. It’s also the most popular type of cable for connecting PA speakers.
- TRS: This type of cable is often used for connecting mixers and amplifiers together.
- Speakon: This type of cable is used to connect PA speakers to amplifiers.
- Banana Cabling: This type of cable is used to connect amplifiers to other audio devices. It’s usually found in the form of RCA outputs.
Why is it Important to Use the Right Cables?
Using the wrong cables or connectors when setting up a PA system can be a real bummer. If you don’t use the right cables, your equipment might not work correctly, or worse, it could be dangerous. So, if you want your PA system to sound great and be safe, make sure you use the right cables!
What Makes a PA System Tick?
The Sound Sources
PA systems are like the Swiss Army Knife of sound. They can do it all! From amplifying your voice to making your music sound like it’s coming from a stadium, PA systems are the ultimate tool for getting your sound out there. But what makes them tick? Let’s take a look at the sound sources.
- Microphones: Whether you’re singing, playing an instrument, or just trying to capture the ambience of a room, mics are the way to go. From vocal mics to instrument mics to room mics, you’ll find one that fits your needs.
- Recorded Music: If you’re looking to get your tunes out there, PA systems are the way to go. Just plug in your device and let the mixer do the rest.
- Other Sources: Don’t forget about other sound sources like computers, phones, and even turntables! PA systems can make any sound source sound great.
So there you have it! PA systems are the perfect tool for getting your sound out there. Now get out there and make some noise!
Running a PA System: It’s Not as Easy as it Looks!
What is a PA System?
You’ve probably heard of a PA system before, but do you really know what it is? A PA system is a sound system that amplifies sound, allowing it to be heard by a larger audience. It’s made up of a mixer, speakers, and microphones, and it’s used for everything from small speeches to large concerts.
What Does it Take to Operate a PA System?
Operating a PA system can be a daunting task, but it’s also incredibly rewarding. For small events like speeches and conferences, you don’t need to do much tweaking of the settings on the mixer. But for larger events like concerts, you’ll need an engineer to mix the sound throughout the event. That’s because music is complicated and requires constant adjustments to the PA system.
Tips for Renting a PA System
If you’re renting a PA system, here are some tips to keep in mind:
- Don’t skimp on hiring an engineer. You’ll regret it if you don’t pay attention to the details.
- Check out our free ebook, “How Does a PA System Work?” for more info.
- If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to reach out to us. We’re always happy to help!
The History of Early Sound Systems
Ancient Greek Era
Before the invention of electric loudspeakers and amplifiers, people had to get creative when it came to making their voices heard. Ancient Greeks used megaphone cones to project their voices to large audiences, and these devices were also used in the 19th century.
The 19th Century
The 19th century saw the invention of the speaking trumpet, a hand-held cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds and direct it towards a given direction. It was held up to the face and spoken into, and the sound would project out the wide end of the cone. It was also known as a “bullhorn” or “loud hailer”.
The 20th Century
In 1910, the Automatic Electric Company of Chicago, Illinois, announced they had developed a loudspeaker they called the Automatic Enunciator. It was used in multiple places, including hotels, baseball stadiums, and even in an experimental service called the Musolaphone, which transmitted news and entertainment programming to home and business subscribers in south-side Chicago.
Then in 1911, Peter Jensen and Edwin Pridham of Magnavox filed the first patent for a moving coil loudspeaker. This was used in early PA systems, and is still used in most systems today.
Cheerleading in the 2020s
In the 2020s, cheerleading is one of the few fields where the 19th century-style cone is still used to project the voice. So if you ever find yourself at a cheerleading event, you’ll know why they’re using a megaphone!
Understanding Acoustic Feedback
What is Acoustic Feedback?
Acoustic feedback is that loud, high-pitched squeal or screech you hear when the volume of a PA system is turned up too high. It happens when a microphone picks up sound from the speakers and amplifies it, creating a loop that results in the feedback. To prevent it, the loop gain must be kept below one.
How to Avoid Acoustic Feedback
To avoid feedback, sound engineers take the following steps:
- Keep microphones away from speakers
- Make sure directional microphones are not pointed towards speakers
- Keep onstage volume levels low
- Lower gain levels at frequencies where feedback is occurring, using a graphic equalizer, a parametric equalizer, or a notch filter
- Use automated feedback prevention devices
Using Automated Feedback Prevention Devices
Automated feedback prevention devices are a great way to avoid feedback. They detect the start of unwanted feedback and use a precise notch filter to lower the gain of the frequencies that are feeding back.
To use these devices, you’ll need to do a “ring out” or “EQ” of the room/venue. This involves purposely increasing gain until some feedback starts to occur, and then the device will remember those frequencies and be ready to cut them if they start to feedback again. Some automated feedback prevention devices can even detect and reduce new frequencies other than those found in the sound check.
Setting Up a PA System: A Step-by-Step Guide
Presenter
Setting up a PA system for a presenter is the simplest job. All you need is a powered speaker and a microphone. You can even find portable PA systems that come with EQ and wireless connectivity options. If you want to play music from a smartphone, computer, or disk player, you can connect them to the PA system using a wired or wireless connection. Here’s what you need:
- Mixer: Built-in to speaker/system or not required.
- Loudspeakers: At least one, often capable of linking a second speaker.
- Microphones: One or two standard dynamic microphones for voices. Some systems have built-in wireless features for connecting specific microphones.
- Other: Both active loudspeakers and all-in-one systems might have EQ and level control.
Once you have all the necessary equipment, here are a few tips to get the best sound:
- Perform a quick sound check to set the microphone level.
- Speak or sing within 1 – 2” of the microphone.
- For small spaces, rely on the acoustic sound and mix the speakers in.
Singer-Songwriter
If you’re a singer-songwriter, you’ll need a mixer and a few speakers. Most mixers have the same features and controls, but they vary in the number of channels for connecting microphones and instruments. That means if you need more mics, you’ll need more channels. Here’s what you need:
- Mixer: Mixer is separate from speakers and varies in the number of inputs and outputs.
- Loudspeakers: One or two connected to the mixer’s main mix. You could also connect one or two for the mains, and (if your mixer has an aux send) another as an optional stage monitor.
- Microphones: One or two standard dynamic microphones for voice and acoustic instruments.
- Other: If you don’t have a ¼” guitar input (aka Instrument or Hi-Z) a DI box will be necessary to connect electric keyboards or guitars to a microphone input.
To get the best sound, here are a few tips:
- Perform a quick sound check to set the microphone and speaker levels.
- Place mics 1-2” away for voices and 4 – 5” away from acoustic instruments.
- Rely on the acoustic sound of the performer and reinforce their sound with the PA system.
Full Band
If you’re playing in a full band, you’ll need a bigger mixer with more channels and a few more speakers. You’ll need mics for drums (kick, snare), bass guitar (mic or line input), electric guitar (amplifier mic), keys (stereo line inputs), and a few vocalist microphones. Here’s what you need:
- Mixer: Larger mixer with additional channels for mics, aux sends for stage monitors, and a stage snake to make setup easier.
- Loudspeakers: Two main speakers provide wider coverage for larger spaces or audiences.
- Microphones: One or two standard dynamic microphones for voice and acoustic instruments.
- Other: An external mixer (soundboard) allows for more mics, instruments, and speakers. If you don’t have an instrument input, use a DI box to connect an acoustic guitar or keyboard to an XLR microphone input. Boom mic stands (short/tall) for better positioning microphones. Some mixers can connect an additional stage monitor via an aux output.
To get the best sound, here are a few tips:
- Perform a quick sound check to set the microphone and speaker levels.
- Place mics 1-2” away for voices and 4 – 5” away from acoustic instruments.
- Rely on the acoustic sound of the performer and reinforce their sound with the PA system.
- Use a DI box to connect an acoustic guitar or keyboard to an XLR microphone input.
- Boom mic stands (short/tall) for better positioning microphones.
- Some mixers can connect an additional stage monitor via an aux output.
Large Venue
If you’re playing in a large venue, you’ll need a bigger mixer with more channels and a few more speakers. You’ll need mics for drums (kick, snare), bass guitar (mic or line input), electric guitar (amplifier mic), keys (stereo line inputs), and a few vocalist microphones. Here’s what you need:
- Mixer: Larger mixer with additional channels for mics, aux sends for stage monitors, and a stage snake to make setup easier.
- Loudspeakers: Two main speakers provide wider coverage for larger spaces or audiences.
- Microphones: One or two standard dynamic microphones for voice and acoustic instruments.
- Other: An external mixer (soundboard) allows for more mics, instruments, and speakers. If you don’t have an instrument input, use a DI box to connect an acoustic guitar or keyboard to an XLR microphone input. Boom mic stands (short/tall) for better positioning microphones. Some mixers can connect an additional stage monitor via an aux output.
To get the best sound, here are a few tips:
- Perform a quick sound check to set the microphone and speaker levels.
- Place mics 1-2” away for voices and 4 – 5” away from acoustic instruments.
- Rely on the acoustic sound of the performer and reinforce their sound with the PA system.
- Use a DI box to connect an acoustic guitar or keyboard to an XLR microphone input.
- Boom mic stands (short/tall) for better positioning microphones.
- Some mixers can connect an additional stage monitor via an aux output.
- Make sure to position the speakers for optimum coverage and avoid feedback loops.
Differences
Pa System Vs Intercom
Overhead paging systems are great for broadcasting a message to a large group of people, like in a retail store or office. It’s a one-way communication system, so the message recipient can quickly get the memo and react accordingly. On the other hand, intercom systems are two-way communication systems. People can respond to the message by picking up a connected telephone line or using a built-in microphone. This way, both parties can quickly communicate without having to be near a phone extension. Plus, intercom systems are great for security purposes, as they make it easy to monitor and control access to certain areas.
Pa System Vs Mixer
A PA system is designed to project sound to a large group of people, while a mixer is used to adjust the sound. A PA system typically consists of front of house (FOH) speakers and monitors that are directed towards the audience and performers respectively. The mixer is used to adjust the EQ and effects of the sound, either on stage or controlled by an audio engineer at a mixing desk. PA systems are used in a variety of places, from clubs and leisure centres to arenas and airports, while mixers are used to create the perfect sound for any event. So if you’re looking to make your voice heard, a PA system is the way to go. But if you want to fine-tune the sound, a mixer is the tool for the job.
Conclusion
Now that you know what a PA system is, it’s time to get one for your next gig. Make sure to get the right speakers, a crossover, and a mixer.
So don’t be shy, get your PA on and ROCK THE HOUSE!
I'm Joost Nusselder, the founder of Neaera and a content marketer, dad, and love trying out new equipment with guitar at the heart of my passion, and together with my team, I've been creating in-depth blog articles since 2020 to help loyal readers with recording and guitar tips.
