N'chifukwa Chiyani Magitala Abwino Ndi Okwera Kwambiri? Zoona Zapamwamba & Mtengo

Mumadziwa mawu oti "mumapeza zomwe mumalipira"? Ndizowona makamaka zikafika magitala.

Mutha kupeza gitala labwino kwambiri pafupifupi $200, koma ngati mukufuna kupeza chida chenicheni chomwe chizikhala moyo wanu wonse ndikukupangitsani kumva bwino, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito $1000.

Chifukwa chachikulu ndikuti magitala okwera mtengo amapangidwa ndi zida zabwinoko ndipo amakhala ndi luso lomanga bwino. M'nkhaniyi, ndifotokoza chifukwa chake magitala okwera mtengo ali ndi ndalama komanso zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pogula.

Kusiyana Kweniyeni Pakati pa Magitala Otchipa Ndi Okwera mtengo

Zikafika pa magitala, mumapeza zomwe mumalipira. Magitala otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo, monga matabwa a laminated mmalo mwa matabwa olimba. Komano, magitala okwera mtengo amapangidwa ndi zipangizo zapamwamba zomwe sizimangomveka bwino komanso zimakhala zotalika. Mitengo yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magitala okwera mtengo amasankhidwa mosamala komanso okalamba kuti apange phokoso labwino kwambiri.

Kumanga ndi Kukhazikitsa

Magitala okwera mtengo amamangidwa ndi chidwi chambiri komanso chisamaliro. Ntchito yomanga gitala yokwera mtengo imatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo imaphatikizapo masitepe ambiri kuposa kupanga gitala yotsika mtengo. Magitala okwera mtengo amakhazikitsidwanso ndi akatswiri kuti awonetsetse kuti amasewera bwino. Magitala otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri amabwera kuchokera kufakitale ndipo angafunike kusintha kuti azisewera bwino.

Zigawo ndi Zigawo

Magitala okwera mtengo amabwera ndi zigawo zapamwamba komanso zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, magitala amagetsi okwera mtengo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zithunzi zomwe amapangira gitala, pomwe magitala otsika mtengo amatha kukhala ndi zithunzi zamtundu uliwonse. Magitala okwera mtengo amakhalanso ndi zida zabwinoko, monga makina ndi milatho, yomwe idapangidwa kuti ipangitse kuti gitala azisewera komanso mawu ake.

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Magitala okwera mtengo nthawi zambiri amabwera m'malo ogulitsira kapena mitundu yocheperako. Magitalawa amapangidwa mochepa kwambiri ndipo amapangidwa kuti akhale abwino koposa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapangidwe apadera, zida zapamwamba, ndi zida zapadera zomwe sizipezeka pa magitala otsika mtengo.

Ma Brand Odziwika ndi Masters of the Craft

Magitala okwera mtengo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi anthu otchuka komanso akatswiri aluso. Makampaniwa ali ndi zaka zambiri zomanga magitala ndipo ali ndi mbiri yoti azichita. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu yolamulira mbali iliyonse ya njira yopangira gitala, kuyambira posankha nkhuni mpaka kukhazikitsidwa komaliza. Magitala otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi makampani akuluakulu m'mayiko omwe ntchito ndi yotchipa.

Kodi Ndizofunika?

Pamapeto pake, ngati gitala lamtengo wapatali ndilofunika mtengo wake zimadalira munthu. Oyimba ena amakonda kumva komanso kumveka kwa magitala okwera mtengo, pomwe ena amasangalala kwambiri ndi gitala yotsika mtengo. Ngati mukuyang'ana gitala yomwe ingakutumikireni bwino kwa zaka zikubwerazi, ndizoyenera kuyika ndalama mumtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, ngati mutangoyamba kumene kapena mulibe ndalama zambiri, gitala yotsika mtengo ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri. Ingoonetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana ma frets, kusewera, ndikumveka mosamala musanagule.

Pamapeto pake, zonse zimatengera zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zomwe mukuyang'ana pagitala. Kaya mukulota zomangidwa mwamakonda Les Paul kapena nyimbo yabwino yokhala ndi ebony fretboard, pali gitala kunja uko kwa inu pamtengo uliwonse. Chifukwa chake lolani malingaliro anu aziyendayenda ndikupeza gitala lamaloto anu, kaya ndi yotsika mtengo kapena gawo lokwera mtengo.

Chifukwa Chake Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito ndi Zomanga Zimagwira Ntchito Yofunika Pamtengo Wamagitala Abwino

Pankhani yopanga magitala apamwamba, ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe. Njira yopangira gitala ndi yovuta kwambiri, ndipo chida chilichonse chimatenga maola ambiri kuti chipangidwe. Nthawi yochuluka ndi khama zomwe zimapita popanga gitala, mtengo wake udzakhala wapamwamba kwambiri.

Nazi zitsanzo za momwe ndalama zogwirira ntchito zimakhudzira mtengo wa magitala:

• Magitala amagetsi amafunikira ntchito yochulukirapo kuti apange kuposa magitala omvera chifukwa cha zigawo zowonjezeredwa ndi mawaya.
• Magitala opangidwa ku Japan nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa ogwira ntchito ku Japan poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena.
• Magitala opangidwa ndi manja ndi okwera mtengo kuposa magitala opangidwa ndi fakitale chifukwa cha nthawi yowonjezera komanso chidwi chatsatanetsatane chofunikira pakumanga.

Kumanga: Kusankha Zida ndi Kusamalira Tsatanetsatane

Kupanga gitala ndi njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo zigawo zambiri ndi zigawo. Kusankhidwa kwa zipangizo ndi chidwi chatsatanetsatane panthawi yomanga kungakhudze kwambiri ubwino ndi mtengo wa chinthu chomaliza.

Nazi zina zofunika kuziganizira pomanga gitala:

• Khosi ndi ma frets ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kusewerera komanso kuwongolera kwa gitala. Khosi lopangidwa bwino komanso ma frets oyika bwino amatha kupangitsa gitala kukhala losavuta kuyimba komanso kuyimba kosavuta.
• Kulimbana kwa mlatho ndi zingwe kumathandizanso kwambiri pakumveka komanso kusewera kwa gitala. Mlatho womangidwa mwaluso komanso kukanikizana koyenera kwa zingwe kungathandize kwambiri kamvekedwe ka chidacho.
• Kusintha kwachilengedwe mu nkhuni kungayambitse gitala kuti isamveke bwino kapena kusweka pakapita nthawi. Njira yabwino yopangira gitala imaganizira izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba kuti muchepetse ngozizi.
• Kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza pafupipafupi ndi katswiri kungakhudzenso kwambiri kuseweredwa ndi chisangalalo cha gitala. Gitala wabwino amatha kukhala gitala wamkulu ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi chidwi.

Mphamvu Yakutsatsa Pamakampani a Gitala

Pankhani ya magitala, mtunduwo ukhoza kukhudza kwambiri mtengo. Mitundu yokhazikitsidwa ngati Gibson ndi Fender yakhazikitsa muyezo wamagitala apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo osewera ali okonzeka kulipira ndalama zowonjezera kuti atsimikizire chida chachikulu. Mitundu iyi yakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo imakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pamakampani, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magitala awo amabwera ndi mtengo wokwera.

Mphamvu ya Brand pa Zida ndi Zigawo

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa magitala odziwika kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi mtundu wa zida ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Magitala odziwika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito matabwa ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wopangira ndi wokwera. Komabe, sizinthu zokhazokha zomwe zimapangitsa magitala odziwika kukhala okwera mtengo. Kuyika kwa gitala kumatanthauzanso kuti zidutswa zowonjezera zimapezeka mosavuta, ndipo luso lofunika kuti lizipangidwe ndilokwera mofanana.

Mtengo Wopanga Zinthu M'malo Osiyanasiyana

Malo a mafakitale kumene magitala amapangidwira ndizomwe zimapangitsanso mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, magitala opangidwa ku United States kapena Canada nthawi zambiri amabwera ndi mtengo wapamwamba kuposa omwe amapangidwa ku Mexico kapena East Asia. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti magitala opangidwa m’malo amenewa ndi otsika kapena otsika mtengo. Zimangotanthauza kuti mtengo wopanga kumadera aku North America ndi wokwera chifukwa cha zinthu monga mtengo wantchito ndi malamulo.

Mphamvu ya Mitundu Yokhazikitsidwa

Mphamvu zamitundu yokhazikitsidwa mumakampani agitala sizingapitiritsidwe. Mitunduyi ili ndi mbiri yakale yopanga zida zapamwamba, ndipo osewera ali okonzeka kulipira ndalama zowonjezera kuti atsimikizire gitala lalikulu. Kuyika kwa gitala kungathenso kukhudza mtengo wake wogulitsidwa, kupangitsa kukhala ndalama zopindulitsa kwa osewera akuluakulu.

Chifukwa Chake Ubwino Wazinthu Ndiwofunika Kwambiri pamtengo wa Magitala

Ponena za magitala, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zimatha kupanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakumveka komanso mtundu wonse wa chidacho. Magitala apamwamba amapangidwa ndi zida zapamwamba zomwe zimalola kumveka bwino komanso kusewera. Nazi zina mwazifukwa zomwe mtundu wa zida uli wofunikira:

• Mtundu wa nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa thupi, khosi, ndi fretboard zimatha kukhudza kamvekedwe ka gitala ndi kuthandizira. Mwachitsanzo, mahogany amadziwika ndi kamvekedwe kake ka kutentha, kolemera, pamene mapulo amapereka phokoso lowala.
• Kukakamira ndi makulidwe a zingwe zimathanso kukhudza kamvekedwe ka gitala komanso kamvekedwe kake. Zingwe zamtundu wapamwamba zimapangidwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kusagwirizana komanso kamvekedwe ka mawu.
• Ma pickups ndi mawaya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu magitala amagetsi amatha kukhudza mwachindunji kutuluka ndi phokoso la gitala. Magitala apamwamba nthawi zambiri amabwera ali ndi mitundu ina ya ma pickups, monga humbuckers kapena ma coil amodzi, omwe amadziwika ndi phokoso lapamwamba.
• Mlatho, tremolo, ndi mbali zina za gitala zimatha kukhudza kukhazikika kwakusintha komanso kuseweredwa kwathunthu kwa chidacho. Magawo apamwamba kwambiri amapangidwa mosamalitsa ndikupangidwa kuti awonetsetse kuwongolera bwino komanso kusewera.

Ntchito Yamisiri

Kuwonjezera pa ubwino wa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, luso lomwe limapangidwira kupanga gitala lingakhudzenso mtengo wake. Nazi zina zofunika kuziganizira:

• Mlingo wa luso ndi chidziwitso cha wopanga gitala zingakhudze khalidwe lonse la chidacho. Katswiri wa luthier yemwe watha zaka zambiri akukonza luso lawo akhoza kupanga gitala lapamwamba kwambiri kuposa womanga wolowera.
• Mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe a gitala angakhudzenso mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, magitala okhala ndi khosi lokhazikika kapena kapangidwe ka khosi nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa omwe ali ndi bolt pakhosi.
• Chisamaliro chatsatanetsatane pakumanga chingakhudzenso mtengo wa gitala. Magitala apamwamba nthawi zambiri amapangidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo chidutswa chilichonse chimapangidwa mosamala ndikuwunikiridwa bwino.

Zotsatira za Market Forces

Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mtengo wa magitala umakhudzidwanso ndi mphamvu zamsika. Nazi zina zofunika kuziganizira:

• Magitala ndi chinthu chamsika wamsika, kutanthauza kuti palibe mpikisano wambiri ndipo mitengo imatha kukwera.
• Mtengo wa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya gitala ungathenso kukweza mtengo wa magitala.
• Mtengo wopangira ukhoza kukhala wokwera pamagitala omwe amapangidwa kumadera ena adziko lapansi, chifukwa cha zinthu monga ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso malamulo akumaloko.

Tonewoods: Chifukwa Chake Magitala Abwino Ndi Okwera mtengo

Pankhani yomanga gitala, mtundu wa nkhuni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ukhoza kukhudza kwambiri phokoso la chidacho. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani a gitala apamwamba amasankha mosamala mitengo ya tone yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga. Komabe, matabwawa si otsika mtengo, ndipo mtengo wa gitala umasonyeza izi.

• Mitengo yotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri imamveka yopyapyala ndipo imakhala yosazama ngati matabwa olemera komanso okwera mtengo.
• Ubwino wa tonewood umatanthawuza mtundu ndi mtundu wa nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga gitala.
• Amisiri odziwa zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito tonewoods kuti apange mawu osinthasintha, otentha komanso omveka bwino.
• Mtundu wa nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zingakhudze kwambiri phokoso la gitala.
• Mwachitsanzo, rosewood ndi mtengo wodziwika bwino womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magitala omvera chifukwa umatulutsa mawu ofunda, okulirapo.
• Mitengo yamitengo yosowa kwambiri komanso yofunidwa kwambiri, monga rosewood yaku Brazil, imatha kukweza mtengo wa gitala.

Chifukwa Chake Tonewoods Ndi Yofunika

Mtundu wa nkhuni zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu gitala si nkhani yongokonda chabe; imathanso kukhudza kamvekedwe ka chidacho komanso kasewedwe kake. Nazi zina mwazifukwa zomwe tonewood ndizofunikira:

• Mtundu wa nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhudza kumveka kwa gitala, kukhazikika, ndi kamvekedwe kake.
• Kuchuluka kwa nkhuni kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa gitala komanso kupitilira.
• Ubwino wa nkhuni umakhudza kulimba kwa gitala ndi moyo wautali.
• Momwe matabwa amadulidwa ndikusamalidwa amatha kusokoneza kulira kwa gitala ndi kusewera kwake.
• Kusunga matabwa olimba komanso owuma ndikofunikira kuti gitala likhale lolimba komanso kuti lisawonongeke.

Momwe Tonewoods Zimakhudzira Mtengo wa Magitala

Ubwino wa tonewood womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gitala ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimatsimikizira mtengo wake. Nazi zifukwa zina zomwe tonewood imakhudzira mtengo wa magitala:

• Mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya tonewood ndi yokwera mtengo kupanga komanso yovuta kupeza, kutanthauza kuti imawononga ndalama zambiri.
• Mitengo yofunidwa kwambiri ya tonewood, monga rosewood ya ku Brazil, ndi yosowa komanso yovuta kuipeza, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri.
• Mitundu yapamwamba ndi makampani ali ndi mbiri yosamalira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito tonewoods zapamwamba ndi njira imodzi yochitira izi.
• Njira yopangira gitala yokhala ndi tonewoods yapamwamba imatenga nthawi yambiri, mphamvu, ndi luso, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wa mankhwalawo udzawonjezeka.
• Tonewood yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gitala ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kumveka kwa chidacho, ndipo oimba gitala omwe akufuna phokoso labwino kwambiri adzakhala okonzeka kulipira zambiri.

Chifukwa Chiyani Kumanga Gitala Wabwino Si Ntchito Yophweka

Kupanga gitala si njira yosavuta. Zimaphatikizapo kulimbikira kwambiri, luso, ndi chidwi chatsatanetsatane. Chidutswa chilichonse cha gitala chiyenera kupangidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira. Thupi, khosi, mlatho, ndi zithunzi zonse ziyenera kumangidwa molingana ndi zofunikira zina kuti zitsimikizire kuti gitala likumveka bwino komanso limasewera bwino.

Kusoŵa kwa Zitsanzo Zina

Mitundu ina ya gitala ndi yosowa, ndipo kusoweka kumeneku kumatha kukulitsa mtengo wawo. Mwachitsanzo, magitala akale amafunidwa kwambiri ndi oimba ndi otolera. Magitalawa nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ukhoza kuwonjezeka pakapita nthawi.

Nthawi ndi Mphamvu Zomwe Zinagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pomanga Gitala

Kupanga gitala yabwino kumatenga nthawi yambiri komanso mphamvu. Chilichonse chiyenera kuganiziridwa bwino ndikuchitidwa. Mmisiriyo amafunika kuthera nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu pa gitala lililonse kuti atsimikizire kuti likukwaniritsa zofunikira.

Kuvuta Kumanga Magitala Amagetsi

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Kupanga magitala amagetsi ndikovuta kwambiri kuposa kupanga magitala omvera. Magitala amagetsi ali ndi magawo ambiri, kuphatikiza ma pickups, makina a tremolo, ndi zidutswa zamitengo. Zigawozi ziyenera kuikidwa mosamala ndi mawaya kuti zitsimikizire kuti gitala likumveka bwino.

Ubwino wa Gitala Wabwino

Gitala wabwino ndi wokwera mtengo. Ndizopangidwa ndi kafukufuku wofunikira, mmisiri, komanso chidwi chatsatanetsatane. Gitala wabwino amatha kukhalapo kwa mibadwomibadwo ndipo ndi chida chofunikira kwa woyimba aliyense. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mtengo wa gitala sumangokhudza zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso nthawi ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.

Chifukwa Chake Magitala Apamwamba Sali Ochokera Kunja

Mbiri ya mtundu wa gitala ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chake magitala apamwamba samatulutsidwa kunja. Magitala abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi akhala zaka zambiri akupanga mbiri yawo, ndipo apanga otsatira okhulupirika a oimba omwe amakhulupirira zogulitsa zawo. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mbiri yopanga magitala omwe amamveka komanso kumva bwino kuposa magitala ena pamsika. Amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba, monga matabwa olimba ndi zingwe zapamwamba, pomanga magitala awo.

Kusiyana kwa Ntchito Yomanga

Kupanga magitala apamwamba ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi kupanga magitala otsika mtengo omwe amagulitsidwa kwa oyamba kumene. Mulingo watsatanetsatane komanso kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi khama zomwe zimayikidwa popanga gitala lapamwamba kwambiri sizingatheke ndi magitala otsika mtengo. Thupi, ma frets, inlay, ndi mbali za gitala lapamwamba zonse zimakonzedwa mosamala kuti apange mankhwala omwe sali okongola komanso omveka bwino. Kachitidwe ndi kusewera kwa gitala wapamwamba kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwinoko kuposa gitala yotsika mtengo.

Kumveka ndi Kumveka

Phokoso ndi kumverera kwa gitala lapamwamba kwambiri ndizinthu zofunikira chifukwa chake sali kunja. Phokoso la gitala lapamwamba kwambiri ndilabwino kuposa la gitala lotsika mtengo. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito, luso, ndi zomangamanga zonse zimaphatikizana kupanga gitala lomveka bwino. Kumverera kwa gitala wapamwamba kumakhalanso kwabwino kuposa gitala yotsika mtengo. Zochita, ma frets, ndi zina za gitala lapamwamba zonse zidapangidwa kuti zipangitse kusewera gitala kukhala kosavuta komanso kosangalatsa.

Chifukwa Chake Magitala Apamwamba Ndi Ofunika Kulipira

Pankhani ya magitala apamwamba, mwambi wakale wakuti “umapeza zomwe umalipira” umakhala woona. Zida zimenezi zimamangidwa kuti zikhale zokhalitsa, zokhala ndi zipangizo zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zaluso zaluso. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi chidwi ndi tsatanetsatane, ndipo amisiri amatenga nthawi yofunikira kuti apange chinthu chabwino kwambiri.

• Magitala apamwamba amapangidwa ndi matabwa olimba, omwe ndi okwera mtengo koma amamveka bwino.
• M'mbali, fretboard, ndi inlay zonse zimapangidwa ndiukadaulo wapamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa chida chapadera komanso chamtengo wapatali.
• Thupi la gitala limapangidwa mosamala kuti lipange phokoso labwino kwambiri, ndi chidwi choperekedwa kuzinthu zonse.
• Zingwe ndi zochita zimakhazikitsidwa pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusewera paukadaulo.

Ubwino Wogulitsa Gitala Wapamwamba

Ngakhale zili zoona kuti magitala apamwamba amatha kuwononga madola masauzande ambiri, ndalamazo ndizofunika kwambiri kwa oimba magitala akuluakulu.

• Gitala yapamwamba idzakhalapo kwa mibadwomibadwo, ndikupangitsa kukhala cholowa chenicheni cha banja.
• Kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kokulirapo kuposa chida chotsika mtengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosangalatsa kusewera.
• Magitala apamwamba amafunidwa kwambiri ndipo amatha kugulitsidwanso kuti apeze phindu lalikulu.
• Magitala apamwamba kwambiri ndi osowa kwambiri ndipo amatha kukhala madola masauzande ambiri.

Kutsiliza

Ndiye muli nazo- chifukwa chiyani magitala abwino ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri? Ndi chifukwa cha zipangizo, zomangamanga, ndi ntchito yopangidwa popanga gitala, kuphatikizapo dzina lachidziwitso ndi mbiri yake. Si gitala chabe, ndi ndalama, ndi amene mungasangalale kwa zaka zikubwerazi. Chifukwa chake musaope kuwononga ndalama zambiri kuti mugule gitala lomwe mumakonda.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.

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