Ena a inu mwina mudamvapo za maikolofoni a riboni, koma inu omwe mukuyamba kumene mwina mukudabwa kuti, "Ndi chiyani chimenecho?"
Maikolofoni a riboni ndi mtundu wa maikolofoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito riboni yopyapyala ya aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo m'malo mwa a zakulera kutembenuza mafunde a phokoso kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi. Amadziwika ndi kamvekedwe kawo kosiyana komanso luso lapamwamba la SPL.
Tiyeni tilowe mu mbiri yakale ndi ukadaulo ndikuwona ena mwa maikolofoni abwino kwambiri a riboni amasiku ano ndi momwe angagwirizane ndi zojambulira zanu.
Kodi maikolofoni a riboni ndi chiyani?
Maikolofoni a riboni ndi mtundu wa maikolofoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito riboni yopyapyala ya aluminiyamu kapena duraluminium nanofilm yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa mitengo iwiri ya maginito kuti ipange mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera pamagetsi amagetsi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu iwiri, kutanthauza kuti amanyamula mawu mofanana mbali zonse ziwiri. Maikolofoni a riboni amakhala ndi ma frequency otsika ozungulira pafupifupi 20Hz, poyerekeza ndi ma frequency omveka a ma diaphragms mu maikolofoni apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amayambira 20Hz mpaka 20kHz. Maikolofoni a riboni ndi osavuta komanso okwera mtengo, koma zida zamakono zapangitsa kuti maikolofoni ena amasiku ano azikhala olimba.
ubwino:
• Riboni yopepuka yokhala ndi zovuta pang'ono
• Low resonant pafupipafupi
• Zabwino kwambiri kuyankha pafupipafupi m'makutu mwadzina a anthu (20Hz-20kHz)
• Bidirectional sankhani chitsanzo
• Ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pamtima, hypercardioid, ndi variable pattern
• Mutha kujambula zambiri pafupipafupi
• Kutulutsa kwamagetsi kumatha kupitilira maikolofoni omwe amasinthasintha
• Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zosakaniza zokhala ndi mphamvu ya phantom
• Itha kumangidwa ngati zida ndi zida zoyambira
Kodi mbiri ya maikolofoni ya riboni ndi chiyani?
Maikolofoni a riboni ali ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yosangalatsa. Zidapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi Dr Walter H. Schottky ndi Erwin Gerlach. Maikolofoni yamtunduwu imagwiritsa ntchito riboni yopyapyala ya aluminiyamu kapena duraluminium nanofilm yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa mitengo ya maginito kuti ipange voteji kudzera mu induction ya electromagnetic. Maikolofoni a riboni nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu iwiri, kutanthauza kuti amamva mawu mofanana mbali zonse ziwiri.
Mu 1932, RCA Photophone Type PB-31s idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Radio City Music Hall, zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri mafakitale ojambulira ndi kuwulutsa. Chaka chotsatira, 44A idatulutsidwa ndikuwongolera kamvekedwe ka mawu kuti athandizire kuchepetsa kubwereza. Mitundu ya riboni ya RCA idayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi mainjiniya omvera.
Mu 1959, maikolofoni yodziwika bwino ya BBC Marconi Type riboni idapangidwa ndi BBC Marconi. ST&C Coles PGS Pressure Gradient Single idapangidwira mapulogalamu a BBC ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokambira ndi ma concert a symphony.
M'zaka za m'ma 1970, Beyerdynamic adayambitsa M-160, yokhala ndi kachipangizo kakang'ono ka maikolofoni. Izi zidalola kuti ma maikolofoni a riboni 15 aphatikizidwe kuti apange mawonekedwe olunjika kwambiri.
Maikolofoni amakono a riboni tsopano amapangidwa ndi maginito otsogola komanso zosinthira zogwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti milingo yotulutsa ipitirire ija ya ma maikolofoni omwe amasinthasintha. Maikolofoni a riboni nawonso ndi otsika mtengo, okhala ndi mitundu yopangidwa ku China motsogozedwa ndi ma RCA-44 ndi maikolofoni akale a Soviet Oktava riboni akupezeka.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Stewart Taverner Company Xaudia ya ku UK yapanga Beeb, kusintha maikolofoni a Reslo riboni kuti amveke bwino komanso azigwira bwino ntchito, komanso kutulutsa kowonjezera. Ma maikolofoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito riboni okhala ndi ma nanomatadium amphamvu amapezekanso, opereka madongosolo akusintha kwakukulu pakuyera kwazizindikiro ndi mulingo wotulutsa.
Kodi ma Ribbon Microphone Amagwira Ntchito Motani?
Maikolofoni ya Ribbon Velocity
Ma maikolofoni othamanga a Ribbon ndi mtundu wa maikolofoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito riboni yopyapyala ya aluminiyamu kapena duraluminium nanofilm yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa mitengo ya maginito kuti ipangitse voteji kudzera mu induction ya electromagnetic. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu iwiri, kutanthauza kuti amanyamula mawu mofanana mbali zonse ziwiri. Kukhudzika kwa maikolofoni ndi njira yonyamulira ndi njira ziwiri. Maikolofoni yothamanga ya riboni imawonedwa ngati kadontho kofiyira kamene kamayenda pakati pa mizati ya cholumikizira cholumikizira cha maikolofoni chosuntha, chomwe chimamangiriridwa ku koyilo yopepuka, yosunthika yomwe imatulutsa magetsi pamene imayenda uku ndi uku pakati pa mitengo ya maginito okhazikika.
Maikolofoni a Ribbon Bidirectional
Maikolofoni a riboni nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu iwiri, kutanthauza kuti amanyamula mawu mofanana mbali zonse za maikolofoni. Kukhudzika kwa maikolofoni ndi kachitidwe kake kamakhala ndi mbali ziwiri, ndipo tikayang'ana kumbali, maikolofoni amaoneka ngati kadontho kofiira.
Ma Riboni Ma Microphones Light Metal Riboni
Maikolofoni a riboni ndi mtundu wa maikolofoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu yopyapyala kapena duraluminium nanofilm ngati riboni yoyendetsa magetsi yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa mitengo ya maginito kuti ipange voteji ndi electromagnetic induction.
Ma Riboni Maikolofoni Voltage Proportional Velocity
Chidutswa cha maikolofoni cha riboni chimamangiriridwa ku koyilo yopepuka, yosunthika yomwe imapanga magetsi pamene imayenda uku ndi uku pakati pa mitengo ya maginito okhazikika. Maikolofoni a riboni nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi riboni yachitsulo yopepuka, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yamalata, yoyimitsidwa pakati pa mitengo ya maginito. Riboni ikagwedezeka, mphamvu yamagetsi imakokedwa pa ngodya yolondola kupita kudera la maginito ndipo imatengedwa ndi zolumikizira kumapeto kwa riboni. Maikolofoni a riboni amatchedwanso ma maikolofoni othamanga chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa riboni mumlengalenga.
Ma Riboni Maikolofoni a Voltage Proportional Displacement
Mosiyana ndi ma maikolofoni osuntha a coil, voteji yomwe imapangidwa ndi maikolofoni ya riboni imayenderana ndi liwiro la riboni mu gawo la maginito, osati kusamuka kwa mpweya. Uwu ndi mwayi wofunikira wa maikolofoni ya riboni, chifukwa ndi yopepuka kwambiri kuposa diaphragm ndipo imakhala ndi ma frequency otsika, omwe amakhala pansi pa 20Hz. Izi ndizosiyana ndi mafupipafupi omveka a ma diaphragms mu maikolofoni apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amachokera ku 20Hz-20kHz.
Maikolofoni amakono a riboni ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyimba nyimbo za rock zaphokoso pa siteji. Amayamikiridwanso chifukwa chakutha kujambula zambiri pafupipafupi, kufananiza bwino ndi ma maikolofoni a condenser. Maikolofoni a riboni amadziwikanso ndi mawu awo, omwe amakhala ankhanza komanso osasunthika pamawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri.
kusiyana
Maikolofoni a riboni vs dynamic
Ma riboni ndi ma maikolofoni amphamvu ndi awiri mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya maikolofoni yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani omvera. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya maikolofoni ili ndi zabwino komanso zovuta zake. Nayi kusanthula kwakuya kwa kusiyana pakati pa riboni ndi maikolofoni amphamvu:
• Maikolofoni a riboni amamva bwino kwambiri kuposa ma maikolofoni amphamvu, kutanthauza kuti amatha kunyamula ma nuances osawoneka bwino pamawu.
• Maikolofoni a Riboni amakhala ndi mawu achilengedwe, pomwe ma maikolofoni amphamvu amakhala ndi mawu achindunji.
• Maikolofoni a riboni ndi osalimba kuposa ma maikolofoni osinthika ndipo amafunikira chisamaliro chochulukirapo akamagwira.
• Maikolofoni a riboni nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa maikolofoni osinthika.
• Maikolofoni a Riboni ali ndi mbali ziwiri, kutanthauza kuti amatha kunyamula phokoso kuchokera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa maikolofoni, pamene ma microphone osinthika amakhala osadziwika.
• Maikolofoni a riboni amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambulira zida, pomwe maikolofoni amphamvu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambulira mawu.
Pomaliza, riboni ndi ma maikolofoni osunthika ali ndi zabwino komanso zovuta zawo. Ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito posankha mtundu wa maikolofoni yoti mugwiritse ntchito.
Maikolofoni ya riboni vs condenser
Maikolofoni a riboni ndi condenser ali ndi kusiyana kosiyana pamapangidwe awo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Pano pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi:
• Maikolofoni a riboni amagwiritsa ntchito riboni yachitsulo yopyapyala yolendewera pakati pa maginito awiri kupanga chizindikiro chamagetsi. Ma maikolofoni a Condenser amagwiritsa ntchito diaphragm yopyapyala yolumikizidwa ndi koyilo yopepuka, yosunthika kuti ipange mphamvu yamagetsi ikamayenda uku ndi uku pakati pa mitengo ya maginito okhazikika.
• Maikolofoni a riboni ali ndi mbali ziwiri, kutanthauza kuti amanyamula mawu mofanana mbali zonse, pamene ma microphone a condenser nthawi zambiri amakhala a unidirectional.
• Maikolofoni a riboni amakhala ndi ma frequency ocheperako kuposa ma condenser maikolofoni, nthawi zambiri mozungulira 20 Hz. Maikolofoni a Condenser nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma frequency a resonant pamakutu a anthu, pakati pa 20 Hz ndi 20 kHz.
• Maikolofoni a riboni amakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako kuposa ma maikolofoni a condenser, koma maikolofoni amakono a riboni apititsa patsogolo maginito ndi ma transfoma aluso omwe amalola kuti milingo yawo yotulutsa ipitirire ija ya maikolofoni anthawi zonse.
• Maikolofoni a riboni ndi osalimba komanso okwera mtengo, pamene ma microphone amakono a condenser ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poimba nyimbo za rock zokweza kwambiri pa siteji.
• Maikolofoni a riboni ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha luso lawo lojambula tsatanetsatane wafupipafupi, pamene ma microphone a condenser amadziwika kuti amamveka mwamakani komanso osasunthika pamawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri.
FAQ za maikolofoni a riboni
Kodi maikolofoni amathyoka mosavuta?
Ma mics a riboni ndi osavuta komanso okwera mtengo, koma mapangidwe amakono ndi zida zawapangitsa kukhala olimba kwambiri. Ngakhale ma mics akale a riboni amatha kuwonongeka mosavuta, maikolofoni amakono amapangidwa kuti akhale olimba kwambiri. Nazi mfundo zofunika kuziganizira zikafika pakukhazikika kwa ma riboni mics:
• Ma mics a riboni ndi osalimba kuposa mitundu ina ya maikolofoni, koma mapangidwe amakono ndi zipangizo zapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba.
• Makanema akale a riboni amatha kuonongeka mosavuta ngati sakugwiridwa bwino, koma ma mic a riboni amakono amapangidwa kuti akhale olimba kwambiri.
• Ma mics a riboni amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'makonzedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zisudzo zamoyo, zojambulira za studio, ndi mapulogalamu owulutsa.
• Ma riboni mics savomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito panyimbo zaphokoso, zamtundu wa rock, chifukwa kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumatha kuwononga chinthu cha riboni.
• Makanema a riboni akuyenera kugwiridwa mosamala, chifukwa ndi osalimba ndipo amatha kuwonongeka mosavuta ngati sakugwiridwa bwino.
• Makanema a maliboni asungidwe pamalo otetezeka, owuma komanso osayatsidwa ndi kutentha kapena chinyezi chambiri.
• Ma riboni amayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti aone ngati akuwonongeka, monga ming'alu ya riboni kapena zolumikizana.
Ponseponse, ma riboni mics ndi osalimba koma mapangidwe amakono ndi zida zawapangitsa kukhala olimba kwambiri. Ngakhale ma mics akale a riboni amatha kuwonongeka mosavuta, ma mics amakono a riboni amapangidwa kuti akhale olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira makonda osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndikofunikirabe kugwiritsa ntchito maliboni mosamala ndikusunga pamalo otetezeka, owuma.
Kodi mics ya riboni ndi yabwino kuchipinda?
Ma Ribbon mics ndiabwino kusankha maikolofoni amchipinda. Amakhala ndi phokoso lapadera lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchulidwa kuti ndi lofunda komanso losalala. Nawa maubwino ena ogwiritsira ntchito maikolofoni a riboni pama mics apachipinda:
• Amakhala ndi kuyankha kwafupipafupi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino kujambula phokoso lathunthu m'chipinda.
• Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimatha kunyamula ma nuances osawoneka bwino pamawu.
• Sakonda kuyankha kuposa mitundu ina ya maikolofoni.
• Amakhala ndi phokoso lochepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti samamva phokoso losafunika lakumbuyo.
• Ali ndi mawu achilengedwe omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kuti "mphesa".
• Ndiotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya maikolofoni.
• Zimakhala zolimba ndipo zimatha kupirira zovuta za machitidwe amoyo.
Ponseponse, ma riboni mics ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri pamakina apachipinda. Iwo ndi osinthasintha ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo ndipo zimapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo. Ngati mukuyang'ana maikolofoni abwino kwambiri, lingalirani kalankhulidwe ka riboni.
Chifukwa chiyani ma riboni amamveka akuda?
Ma mics a riboni amadziwika ndi mawu awo amdima, ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambulira zida monga gitala ndi mawu. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe ma riboni amamveka akuda:
• Riboni palokha ndi yopyapyala komanso yopepuka, motero imakhala ndi ma frequency otsika komanso kuyankha kwakanthawi kochepa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti riboni imveke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lakuda, lodekha.
• Maliboni a maliboni amakhala a mbali ziwiri, kutanthauza kuti amamva mawu mofanana mbali zonse. Izi zimabweretsa phokoso lachilengedwe, komanso lakuda.
• Ma mics a riboni nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mapangidwe ochepetsetsa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti satenga zambiri zamafupipafupi monga mitundu ina ya maikolofoni. Izi zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lakuda.
• Ma mics okhala ndi riboni amakhala omvera kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya maikolofoni, motero amatengera momwe chipindacho chilili komanso mawonekedwe ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lakuda.
• Ma Ribbon mics amadziwikanso chifukwa cha luso lawo lojambula ma nuances osadziwika bwino m'mawu, omwe angapangitse kuti phokoso likhale lakuda komanso losavuta.
Ponseponse, ma mics a riboni amadziwika ndi mawu awo amdima, ndichifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambulira zida monga gitala ndi mawu. Kuphatikizika kwa ma frequency awo ocheperako, kutengera mawonekedwe amitundu iwiri, kapangidwe kake kocheperako, kukhudzika, komanso kuthekera kojambula zowoneka bwino zonse zimathandizira kumveka kwawo kwakuda.
Kodi mics ya riboni ili phokoso?
Ma Riboni mics sakhala phokoso mwachibadwa, koma akhoza kukhala ngati sakugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Nazi zina mwazinthu zomwe zingapangitse maikolofoni yaphokoso:
• Makapu opangidwa molakwika: Ngati ma preamp omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa chizindikiro kuchokera pa riboni mic sanapangidwe bwino, amatha kuyambitsa phokoso mu siginecha.
• Zingwe zotsika kwambiri: Zingwe zotsika kwambiri zimatha kuyambitsa phokoso mu siginecha, monganso kulumikizidwa kolakwika.
• Zokonda zopindula kwambiri: Ngati phindu liri lokwera kwambiri, likhoza kuchititsa kuti chizindikirocho chisokonezeke komanso phokoso.
• Ma riboni opangidwa molakwika: Ma riboni opangidwa molakwika amatha kuyambitsa phokoso, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsika.
• Matupi a maikolofoni opangidwa molakwika: Matupi a maikolofoni opangidwa molakwika angayambitse phokoso, monganso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsika mtengo.
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti maikolofoni yanu isakhale yaphokoso, onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito ma preamp, zingwe, ndi ma maikofoni abwino, komanso kuti phindu lakhazikitsidwa molondola. Kuphatikiza apo, onetsetsani kuti riboniyo idapangidwa bwino komanso yopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Kodi maikolofoni amafunikira preamp?
Inde, maikolofoni amafunikira preamp. Ma preamp ndi ofunikira kuti mukweze chizindikiro kuchokera pa riboni mic kupita pamlingo wogwiritsiridwa ntchito. Ma Ribbon mics amadziwika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo, kotero preamp ndiyofunikira kuti mupindule kwambiri. Nawa maubwino ena ogwiritsira ntchito preamp yokhala ndi riboni mic:
• Kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha ma signal-to-noise: Preamp ingathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa phokoso mu chizindikiro, kupangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lomveka bwino komanso lomveka bwino.
• Kuwongolera kosinthika: Ma preamp atha kuthandiza kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa siginecha, kulola kuwonetsa kwamphamvu.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa mutu: Ma preamp angathandize kuonjezera mutu wa chizindikiro, kulola kuti pakhale mutu wambiri komanso phokoso lokwanira.
• Kumveketsa bwino: Ma preamp amathandizira kumveketsa bwino kwa chizindikiro, kupangitsa kuti izimveke bwino komanso zosapotoka.
• Kuchulukirachulukira: Ma preamp angathandize kukulitsa chidwi cha chizindikiro, kulola kuti ma nuances osawoneka bwino amveke.
Ponseponse, kugwiritsa ntchito preamp yokhala ndi riboni mic kungathandize kukweza kamvekedwe ka mawu ndikugwiritsa ntchito luso la mic. Ma preamp atha kuthandizira kukulitsa chiŵerengero cha ma sign-to-noise, kusintha kwamphamvu, mutu wamutu, kumveka bwino, komanso kumva kwa siginecha, kupangitsa kuti izimveke bwino komanso zatsatanetsatane.
Ubale wofunikira
Maikolofoni a Tube: Ma mics a chubu ndi ofanana ndi ma riboni mics chifukwa onse amagwiritsa ntchito vacuum chubu kukulitsa chizindikiro chamagetsi. Makanema a chubu nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa ma riboni ndipo amakhala ndi mawu otentha komanso achilengedwe.
Phantom Power: Mphamvu ya Phantom ndi mtundu wamagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu ma condenser ndi ma riboni. Nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa ndi mawonekedwe omvera kapena chosakanizira ndipo ndikofunikira kuti mic igwire bwino ntchito.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya riboni yama mic
Royer Labs: Royer Labs ndi kampani yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maikolofoni ya riboni. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1998 ndi David Royer, kampaniyo yakhala mtsogoleri pamsika wa maikolofoni ya riboni. Royer Labs apanga zinthu zingapo zatsopano, kuphatikiza R-121, maikolofoni yapamwamba ya riboni yomwe yakhala yofunika kwambiri pantchito yojambulira. Royer Labs apanganso SF-24, maikolofoni ya riboni ya stereo, ndi SF-12, maikolofoni yamitundu iwiri. Kampaniyo imapanganso zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ma shock mounts ndi windscreens, kuti ateteze ma microphone a riboni kuti asawonongeke.
Rode: Rode ndi wopanga zida zomvera zaku Australia zomwe zimapanga maikolofoni osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza maikolofoni ya riboni. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1967, Rode wakhala mtsogoleri mumsika wa maikolofoni, kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri komanso ogula. Maikolofoni a Rode akuphatikizapo NT-SF1, maikolofoni ya riboni ya stereo, ndi NT-SF2, maikolofoni yamitundu iwiri. Rode imapanganso zinthu zingapo, monga ma shock mounts ndi ma windscreens, kuti ateteze maikolofoni a riboni kuti asawonongeke.
Kutsiliza
Maikolofoni a riboni ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri chojambulira mawu ndi kuwulutsa, kupereka mawu apadera komanso tsatanetsatane wambiri. Ndizotsika mtengo komanso zolimba, ndipo zimatha kumangidwa ndi zida zoyambira ndi zida. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi chisamaliro, maikolofoni a riboni akhoza kukhala chowonjezera pa khwekhwe lililonse lojambulira. Chifukwa chake ngati mukuyang'ana mawu apadera, lingalirani kuyesa maikolofoni a riboni!
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.
