Chida ndi chida chomwe oimba amachigwiritsa ntchito popanga nyimbo. Zitha kukhala zophweka ngati ndodo yamatabwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugunda chinachake kuti apange phokoso, kapena zovuta ngati piyano. Chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyimbo chimatchedwa chida.
Mu nyimbo, chida ndi chida choimbira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawu anyimbo. Zida zoimbira zimatha kuyimba ndi oimba ndipo zida zoimbira zimatha kuyimba ndi oimba kapena magulu anyimbo. Mawu akuti “chipangizo choimbira” angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusiyanitsa chida chenicheni chopangira mawu (monga chitoliro) ndi woyimba yemwe amachiimba (mwachitsanzo, woyimba).
M'nkhaniyi, ndifufuza zomwe zikutanthawuza ndikugawana zitsanzo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida.
Zida zoyimbira
Tanthauzo
Chida choimbira ndi chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyimbo zokoma! Kaya ndi chigoba, chomera, kapena chitoliro cha mafupa, ngati chikhoza kupanga phokoso, ndi chida choimbira.
Ntchito Yoyambira
- Kuti mupange nyimbo ndi chida choimbira, muyenera kulumikizana! Limbani zingwe, ombetsani ng'oma, kapena lizani lipenga - chilichonse chomwe chimafunika kuti mupange nyimbo zabwino.
- Simufunikanso kukhala katswiri wanyimbo kuti mupange nyimbo ndi chida choimbira. Zomwe mukufunikira ndikungopanga pang'ono komanso kufuna kupanga phokoso!
- Zida zoimbira zimabwera m'mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuchokera ku zipolopolo kupita ku ziwalo za zomera, ngati ingakhoze kupanga phokoso, ikhoza kukhala chida choimbira!
- Osadandaula ngati simukudziwa lingaliro lamakono la "kupanga nyimbo" - ingopanga phokoso ndi kusangalala!
Umboni Wofukulidwa M'mabwinja wa Zida Zoimbira
Divje Babe Flute
Kubwerera ku 1995, Ivan Turk anali wofukula wanthawi zonse wa ku Slovenia, yemwe ankaganizira za bizinesi yake, pamene adakumana ndi zojambulajambula zomwe zingasinthe dziko kwamuyaya. Chojambula cha mafupa chimenechi, chomwe tsopano chimadziwika kuti Divje Babe Flute, chinali ndi mabowo anayi omwe akanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poimba manotsi anayi a sikelo ya diatonic. Asayansi akuti chitolirocho chinali pakati pa zaka 43,400 ndi 67,000, ndikuchipanga kukhala chida chakale kwambiri chodziwika bwino komanso chokhacho chogwirizana ndi Neanderthals. Akatswiri ena ofukula zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri a ethnomusicologists, sanakhulupirire.
Mammoth ndi Swan Bone Flutes
Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale a ku Germany sakanathedwa nzeru ndi anzawo aku Slovenia, choncho anapita kukafunafuna zida zawo zakale zoimbira. Ndipo adawapeza! Mammoth bone ndi swan bone zitoliro, kunena ndendende. Zitolirozi zidalembedwa zaka 30,000 mpaka 37,000, ndipo zidavomerezedwa kwambiri ngati zida zakale kwambiri zoimbira.
Mitsinje ya Uri
M’zaka za m’ma 1920, Leonard Woolley ankakumba mozungulira m’manda achifumu mumzinda wa Uri wa ku Sumeri, pamene anapeza chuma cha zida zoimbira. Izi zinaphatikizapo azeze asanu ndi anai (Nyengo za ku Uri), azeze awiri, chitoliro chowirikiza chasiliva, chitoliro ndi zinganga. Panalinso mapaipi asiliva omveka bango, omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi omwe adatsogolera chikwama chamakono cha bagpipe. Zida zonsezi zidapangidwa ndi kaboni pakati pa 2600 ndi 2500 BC, kotero ndizotetezeka kunena kuti zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Sumeria panthawiyo.
Bone Flutes ku China
Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale pamalo a Jiahu m’chigawo chapakati cha Henan ku China anapeza zitoliro zopangidwa ndi mafupa omwe akuti mwina anali a zaka 7,000 mpaka 9,000. Zitolirozi zinali zida zoimbira zakale kwambiri, zotha kuyimba, zanthawi yayitali, zomwe zidapezekapo.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Zida Zoimbira
Kale
- Anthu akale anali aluso kwambiri popanga nyimbo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma rattles, stampers, ndi ng'oma kuti ntchitoyi ithe.
- Sipanapite nthaŵi yaitali pamene analingalira mmene angapangire nyimbo zoimbira ndi zida zoimbira, kuyambira ndi machubu osindikizira aŵiri a makulidwe osiyanasiyana.
- M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anasamukira ku mabango, zitoliro, ndi malipenga, amene analembedwa ntchito yawo osati maonekedwe awo.
- Ng’oma zinali zofunika kwambiri m’zikhalidwe zambiri za mu Afirika, ndipo mafuko ena ankazikhulupirira kuti ndi zopatulika kwambiri moti sultan yekha ndi amene ankaziona.
Nthawi Zamakono
- Akatswiri oimba nyimbo ndi akatswiri oimba ayesa kufufuza nthawi yeniyeni ya zida zoimbira, koma ndi bizinesi yovuta.
- Kuyerekeza ndi kulinganiza zida zoimbira mogwirizana ndi kucholoŵana kwawo ndikosokeretsa, popeza kupita patsogolo kwa zida zoimbira nthaŵi zina kwachepetsa kucholoŵana.
- Kuyitanitsa zida ndi geography nakonso sikodalirika, chifukwa sikungadziwike nthawi ndi momwe zikhalidwe zimagawana chidziwitso.
- Mbiri yamakono ya nyimbo imadalira zinthu zakale, zojambula zaluso, ndi zolemba zolemba kuti zitsimikizire dongosolo la kakulidwe ka zida zoimbira.
Kusankha Zida Zoimbira
Hornbostel-Sachs System
- Dongosolo la Hornbostel-Sachs ndilokhalo lokhalo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikhalidwe chilichonse ndipo limapereka gawo lokhalo lotheka la chida chilichonse.
- Imagawa zida m'magulu anayi akuluakulu:
- Ma Idiophones: Zida zomwe zimapanga phokoso pogwedeza thupi loyambirira la chidacho, monga ma clave, xylophone, guiro, slit drum, mbira, ndi rattle.
- Membranophones: Zida zomwe zimatulutsa phokoso ndi nembanemba yotambasuka, monga ng'oma ndi kazoo.
- Chordophones: Zida zomwe zimatulutsa mawu pogwedeza chingwe chimodzi kapena zingapo, monga zithers, lute, ndi magitala.
- Ma Aerophones: Zida zomwe zimatulutsa phokoso lokhala ndi mpweya wonjenjemera, monga zolira ng'ombe, zikwapu, zitoliro, zojambulira, ndi zida za bango.
Magulu Ena Kachitidwe
- Dongosolo Lachihindu Lakale lotchedwa Natya Shastra adagawa zida m'magulu anayi:
- Zida zomwe phokoso limapangidwa ndi zingwe zonjenjemera.
- Zida zogoba zokhala ndi mitu yapakhungu.
- Zida zomwe phokoso limapangidwa ndi mpweya wogwedezeka.
- Zida zoimbira "zolimba", kapena zosakhala zapakhungu.
- Europe yazaka za zana la 12 ndi Johannes de Muris adagawa zida m'magulu atatu:
- Tensibela (zoimbira za zingwe).
- Inflatibilia (zida zamphepo).
- Percussibilia (zida zonse zoyimba).
- Victor-Charles Mahilon adasintha Natya Shastra ndikuyika zilembo zachi Greek m'magulu anayi:
- Chordophone (zida za zingwe).
- Membranophones (zida zoyimba pamutu).
- Ma aerophones (zida zammphepo).
- Mafoni amtundu (zida zosakhala zapakhungu).
Osewera Zida Zanyimbo
Kodi Instrumentalist ndi chiyani?
Woyimba zida ndi munthu amene amaimba chida choimbira. Izi zitha kukhala woyimba gitala, woyimba piyano, woyimba basi, kapena woyimba ng'oma. Oyimba nyimbo amatha kubwera palimodzi kupanga gulu ndikupanga nyimbo zokoma!
Moyo wa Woyimba Zida
Kukhala woyimba zida sikophweka. Nazi zomwe mungayembekezere:
- Mumawononga nthawi yambiri mukuyeserera. Maola ndi maola ochita!
- Mutha kukhala mukuchita kwa maola angapo patsiku, koma mudzakhala mukuwononga nthawi yambiri kukonzekera zisudzozo.
- Muyenera kukhala woyimba zida zambiri ngati mukufuna kukulitsa.
- Muyenera kukonzekera kuyenda. Mukhala mukupita kumalo osiyanasiyana kukasewera.
- Muyenera kukhala okonzeka kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso kukhala olunjika. Si zonse zosangalatsa ndi masewera!
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zoimbira
Ntchito Zakale
- Zida zoimbira zakhalapo kuyambira kalekale, ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kusangalatsa anthu omvera, kuvina, miyambo, ntchito, ngakhalenso mankhwala.
- Mu Chipangano Chakale, pali maumboni ambiri okhudza zida zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito polambira Chiyuda, mpaka zidachotsedwa pazifukwa za chiphunzitso.
- Akristu oyambirira a kum’maŵa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ankagwiritsanso ntchito zida zoimbira pautumiki wawo, koma atsogoleri achipembedzo sankadana nawo.
- Zida zikadali zoletsedwa m'malo ena, monga mizikiti yachisilamu, matchalitchi a Eastern Orthodox, ndi zina zotero.
- Komabe, m’malo ena, zida zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa miyambo, monga m’zikhalidwe za Chibuda, kumene mabelu ndi ng’oma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo.
Zamatsenga Katundu
- Zikhalidwe zambiri zimakhulupirira zamatsenga za zida.
- Mwachitsanzo, shofar Yachiyuda (nyanga ya nkhosa) ikuwombedwabe pa Rosh Hashana ndi Yom Kippur, ndipo akuti pamene Yoswa analiza lipenga kasanu ndi kawiri pa kuzingidwa kwa Yeriko, makoma a mzindawo anagwa.
- Ku India, amati pamene Krishna ankaimba chitoliro, mitsinje inasiya kuyenda ndipo mbalame zinkatsika kuti zimvetsere.
- M'zaka za m'ma 14 Italy, akuti zomwezo zinachitika pamene Francesco Landini ankaimba organetto yake.
- Ku China, zida zinkagwirizanitsidwa ndi mfundo za kampasi, nyengo, ndi zochitika zachilengedwe.
- Chitoliro cha nsungwi cha ku Melanesia ankakhulupirira kuti chinali ndi mphamvu zoukitsa anthu.
Medieval Europe
- Zida zambiri zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages ku Ulaya zinachokera kumadzulo kwa Asia, ndipo zinali zidakali ndi zizindikiro zawo zoyambirira.
- Mwachitsanzo, malipenga ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zankhondo, ndipo ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokhazikitsa mafumu ndi akuluakulu, ndipo ankawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha anthu olemekezeka.
- Ng’oma (zomwe poyamba zinkatchedwa nakers) zinkaseweredwa pa akavalo, ndipo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito m’magulu ena okwera.
- Kuimba kwa malipenga, komwe kumamvekabe pamwambo, ndi zotsalira za machitidwe akale.
Mitundu ya Zida Zoimbira
Zida Zamphepo
Makanda amenewa amapanga nyimbo pouzira mpweya. Ganizirani malipenga, clarinets, bagpipes ndi zitoliro. Nayi kugawanika kwake:
- Mkuwa: Malipenga, trombones, tubas, etc.
- Woodwind: Clarinets, oboes, saxophones, etc.
Lamellaphones
Zida zimenezi zimapanga nyimbo podula ma lamellas opangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Ganizani Mbira.
Zida Zoimbira
Anyamata oipawa amapanga nyimbo pomenyedwa. Ganizirani ng'oma, mabelu ndi zinganga.
Zida Zingwe
Zida zimenezi zimapanga nyimbo pozulidwa, kumenyedwa, kumenyedwa, etc. Ganizirani magitala, violin ndi sitars.
Voice
Uyu ndi wopanda nzeru - liwu la munthu! Oimba amapanga nyimbo ndi mpweya wochokera m'mapapo ndikuyika zingwe za mawu kukhala oscillation.
Zida Zamagetsi
Zida zimenezi zimapanga nyimbo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi. Ganizirani ma synthesizer ndi theremins.
Zida Zamakono
Zida zimenezi zimaimbidwa ndi nyimbo kiyibodi. Ganizirani za piyano, ziwalo, ma harpsichords ndi ma synthesizer. Ngakhale zida zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi kiyibodi, monga Glockenspiel, zitha kukhala zida za kiyibodi.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, zida zoimbira ndi njira yabwino yopangira nyimbo ndikudziwonetsera nokha. Kuchokera ku zida zakale zopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopezeka mpaka zida zamakono zopangidwa kuchokera ku zida zapamwamba, pali china chake kwa aliyense. Kaya ndinu woyamba kapena katswiri, musaope kufufuza dziko la nyimbo ndikupeza chida chomwe chili choyenera inu!
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.
