Basic Frequency, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "chikhazikitso" kapena "harmonic yoyamba", ndikuyimba chomwe mpando woyamba uli pa okhestra ya symphony.
Ndiwo mafupipafupi otsika kwambiri pamndandanda wamtundu wa harmonic komanso poyambira nyimbo zina zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi nyimbo.
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona kuchuluka kwa mafupipafupi, kufunika kwake mu nyimbo, komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nyimbo zanu.
Tanthauzo la mafupipafupi ofunikira
Ma frequency oyambira, kapena ma harmonic oyamba a mafunde ovuta kwambiri, ndi ma frequency omwe amatulutsa kugwedezeka kotsika kwambiri kwa mawu. Nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "tonal center" ya phokoso chifukwa cholemba chilichonse chamtundu wa harmonic chimachokera ku mawu ake.
Kuchuluka kwa cholembera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu ziwiri—utali wake ndi kulimba kwake. Chingwe chikakhala chotalikirapo komanso chochulukira, ndiye kuti chimakwera kwambiri. Zida zoimbira piyano ndi magitala, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zingwe zomwe zimanjenjemera pozidula, zimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kupanga nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.
Kunena mwaukadaulo, ma frequency amtundu wa sinusoidal amatanthawuza mbali zina za sinusoidal zomwe zili mkati mwa mawonekedwe ophatikizika - ndipo magawo omwewo a sinusoidal ali ndi udindo wonyamula nyimbo zathu ndi ma frequency omwe timazindikiritsa mamvekedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kumvetsetsa momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito kamvekedwe kake kamvekedwe ka mawu mu nyimbo kungatithandize kupanga nyimbo zomveka bwino, zomveka bwino komanso zomveka bwino zomwe zingakhale zomveka bwino pazokonda zathu.
Momwe nyimbo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pafupipafupi
Mafupipafupi ofunikira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti mawu oyambira kapena nyimbo zomveka bwino, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyimbo ndi zotsatira zamitundu yambiri ya nyimbo. Ndilo lingaliro lofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti mukwaniritse zomveka bwino mumtundu uliwonse wa kupanga ndi kuimba zida.
Pankhani ya nyimbo, ma frequency ofunikira ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono kamene kamapangidwa pamene phokoso la phokoso limagwirizana ndi chilengedwe chake. Kuchuluka kwa kamvekedwe kameneka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwake; izi, nazonso, zimadalira kugwedezeka kwa periodicity kapena liwiro la chinthu chomwe chimachipanga - chingwe chachitsulo, zingwe zomveka kapena synthesizer waveform pakati pa zina. Chifukwa chake, timbre ndi zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawu zitha kusinthidwa posintha gawo limodzi - kuchuluka kwawo kofunikira.
M'mawu oimba, chizindikirochi chimakhudza kwambiri momwe timaonera ma toni awiri omwe akusewera nthawi imodzi: kaya akumva kuti akugwirizana (momwe kumenyedwa kosazama kumachitika) kapena kusokonezeka (pamene kumenyedwa koonekera kulipo). Chinthu chinanso chokhudzidwa chikhoza kukhudza momwe timamasulira ma cadence ndi nyimbo: kugwirizanitsa kwina pakati pa mabwalo kungayambitse zotsatira zina malinga ndi zofunikira zawo; monga zigawo zotere zimatha kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange zotsatira zoyembekezeka koma zosangalatsa zomwe zimapanga zida zovuta kwambiri monga nyimbo ndi zomveka bwino.
Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kwambiri pamapangidwe amakono - kuwonjezera kuwongolera pamayendedwe ofunikira kumatithandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ngati kuyika pang'onopang'ono ndi kuyimba komwe kumadalira kuwongolera kolondola kwa nyimbo zomwe zimalumikizidwa pamodzi kukhala mamvekedwe akulu akulu. Pokhala ndi kukhazikika kwa ma tonal pamayendedwe onse am'malo amodzi, timbri zatsopano zosangalatsa zitha kupangidwa ndikusunga mizere yakumbuyo yakumbuyo yomwe ikupitilira kusakanikirana kapena kukonza.
Physics of Sound
Musanafufuze zoyambira za pafupipafupi mu nyimbo, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa fizikiki ya mawu. Phokoso ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yomwe imapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimanjenjemera. Chinachake chikagwedezeka, chimapanga tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timagundana ndi tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya ndikuyenda motsatira mafunde mpaka kukafika kukhutu. Kuyenda kwamtunduwu kumadziwika kuti 'sound wave'. Phokoso loyimitsa ili limanyamula zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga pafupipafupi.
Momwe mafunde amawu amapangidwira
Kuti timve phokoso, chinthu chogwedezeka chiyenera kupanga kugwedezeka mumlengalenga. Izi zimachitika ndi kayendedwe ka mafunde a ma compression ndi ma rarefactions, omwe amayenda kuchokera kugwero kudzera mumlengalenga wozungulira. Kuyenda kwa mafunde kumakhala ndi ma frequency ndi kutalika kwa mafunde. Pamene ikudutsa mumlengalenga imagawanika kukhala ma waveform omwe amapangidwa ndi ma frequency angapo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana wa matalikidwe. Kugwedezeka kumalowa m'makutu mwathu ndikupangitsa ng'oma ya m'makutu kugwedezeka pazifukwa zina, zomwe zimatilola kumasulira ngati phokoso.
Kutsika kwambiri kwa mafunde a phokoso kumadziwika kuti ma frequency ake oyambira, kapena mamvekedwe oyambira. Izi ndizomwe timaziwona ngati "cholemba" cholumikizidwa ndi chida kapena mawu. Chingwe cha chida chikagwedezeka kutalika kwake, ma frequency amodzi okha amapangidwa: kamvekedwe kake kofunikira. Ngati chinthu chigwedezeka motsatira theka la utali wake, mafunde awiri athunthu adzapangidwa ndipo matani awiri adzamveka: imodzi yotalika kuposa kale ("note yake yapakati"), ndi ina yotsika ("mawu ake awiri"). Chodabwitsa ichi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zida zonse zomwe zimatha kupanga ma toni angapo malinga ndi momwe mapangidwe ake amasangalalira panthawi yogwedezeka - monga zingwe kapena zida zamphepo monga chitoliro.
Kuthamanga kofunikira kungathenso kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga mgwirizano - pomwe zolemba zingapo zimaseweredwa nthawi imodzi kuti zimveke zazikulu - komanso nyimbo - pomwe zolemba ziwiri kapena zingapo zimaseweredwa limodzi m'mipata yaying'ono kuposa ma octave - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawu omveka omwe nthawi zambiri amadalira. kusinthidwa uku kwa kamvekedwe koyambirira koyambira kamvekedwe kawo kambiri ndi malingaliro awo. Pomvetsetsa momwe ma freuqency amapangira mafunde amamvekedwe komanso kulumikizana ndi ma frequency ena, oimba atha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozi kuti apange nyimbo zamphamvu zodzaza ndi mawu komanso malingaliro omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi omvera pamlingo wozindikira komanso wocheperako.
Fizikia ya frequency ndi kukwera
Fiziki yamawu imatengera ma frequency ndi mamvekedwe. Mafupipafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi zomwe mafunde amamveketsa phokoso lonse mu sekondi imodzi, pomwe mamvekedwe amamveka ngati mamvekedwe otsika kapena apamwamba. Mfundo ziwirizi ndi zolumikizana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyimbo kumatsimikizira nyimbo za chida chilichonse.
Mafupipafupi ofunikira ndi mafunde amawu opangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu chogwedezeka chomwe chimakhala ndi ma frequency ofanana ndi mafunde ena onse amawu opangidwa ndi chinthucho, chomwe chimatsimikizira nyimbo zake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa chida chilichonse, mayendedwe ake omveka amayambira pafupipafupi ndipo amapitilira mmwamba mpaka ma frequency apamwamba opangidwa ndi ma overtones kapena ma harmonics. Mwachitsanzo, gitala yabwino imakhala ndi ma harmonics angapo omwe ma frequency ake amakhala kuchulukitsa kwa ma frequency ake monga pawiri (wachiwiri harmonic), katatu (wachitatu harmonic) ndi zina zotero mpaka pamapeto pake imafika pa octave imodzi pamwamba pa mawu ake oyambira.
Mphamvu zachikhazikitso zimatha kudalira zinthu zambiri monga kukula kwa zingwe, kukangana ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga chida kapena mtundu wa zida zogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikulitse; chifukwa chake pankhani yopanga zida zanyimbo ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala kuti nuance iliyonse ikhale yomveka bwino popanda kugonjetserana kapena kupanga mamvekedwe ambiri.
Kuchuluka Kwambiri Pazida Zoyimba
Kuchuluka kwafupipafupi ndi mfundo yofunika kuimvetsetsa pokambirana zamtundu uliwonse wa chida choimbira. Ndiko kusinthasintha kwa phokoso komwe kumakhalapo pamene cholemba chikuyimbidwa pa chida. Kuthamanga kofunikira kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupenda momwe notyo imayimbidwira, komanso kamvekedwe ndi kamvekedwe ka chida. M’nkhani ino, tikambirana za kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zoimbira.
Momwe mafupipafupi amagwiritsidwira ntchito pozindikira notsi zanyimbo
Mafupipafupi ofunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba kutanthauzira ndikuzindikira zolemba zanyimbo. Ndiwo ma frequency amtundu wanthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo amatengedwa kuti ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapanga mawonekedwe a timbre ("mawonekedwe" kapena mtundu wa mawu). Timbre nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi zida kapena mawu osiyanasiyana, chifukwa aliyense ali ndi mitundu yakeyake yamitundu yomwe imapangitsa kuti adziwike, ngakhale akusewera nyimbo yomweyo.
Chida kapena mawu akamayimba, amanjenjemera pafupipafupi. Mafupipafupi awa akhoza kuyezedwa, ndipo kukwera kwa cholembachi kungathe kudziwika malinga ndi malo ake poyerekezera ndi zolemba zina. Mafupipafupi apansi nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolemba zapansi (zotsika), ndipo maulendo apamwamba nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi zolemba zapamwamba (zokweza).
Kuchuluka kumeneku komwe kumayesedwa potengera zolemba zanyimbo kumadziwika kuti pafupipafupi, komwe kumatha kutchedwanso "pitch-class" kapena "fundamental-tone". Kunena mwachidule, mafupipafupi ofunikira amatithandiza kuzindikira kuti china chake chikuyimba, pomwe timbre imatiuza chida kapena mawu omwe ikuseweredwa.
Popanga nyimbo, ma frequency ofunikira amatithandiza kusiyanitsa zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuyimba manotsi ofanana - monga kudziwa pamene pali viola m'malo mwa violin yomwe imapanga mawu okwera kwambiri. Kuzindikiritsa nyimbozi kumathandiza olemba kupanga mawu apadera komanso kuwongolera nyimbo zawo kwinaku akusakaniza pambuyo popanga. M'machitidwe apompopompo, zida zingafunike zochunira zomwe zimayesa mawonekedwe apadera a chida chilichonse kotero kuti oimba nthawi zonse amamenya bwino zomwe akufuna pakusewera. Pomvetsetsa momwe ma frequency angatithandizire kuti tiziwazindikira bwino popanga nyimbo zapanthawi zonse komanso zapa studio timapeza chidziwitso chambiri chopangira nyimbo zamitundu mitundu kuti omvera athu azisangalala nazo!
Momwe zida zosiyanasiyana zimapangira ma frequency osiyanasiyana
Mafupipafupi ofunikira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za zida zoimbira, chifukwa zimatsimikizira kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kamvekedwe ka nyimbo. Chida chilichonse chimapanga ma frequency ake apadera kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kutalika kwake ndi zinthu zomwe chidapangidwa. Kuti chida chikhale chosavuta, kutalika kwa chida kumayenderana mwachindunji ndi kukula kwa mafunde ake.
Mwachitsanzo, chingwe cha pa gitala chikadulidwa, chimagwedezeka pa liwiro linalake (kutengera momwe chidadulidwira mwamphamvu) chomwe chimatanthawuza ma frequency ake - m'magulu omveka a anthu - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka. Mofananamo, belu kapena gong imanjenjemera ikamenyedwa ndikupanga ma frequency enieni okhudzana ndi kulemera kwake kapena kukula kwake.
Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a zida zamtundu wa matabwa zimakhudzanso ma frequency awo ofunikira chifukwa kwenikweni amakhala machubu owulutsidwa ndi mphepo okhala ndi madoko kapena mabowo okonzedwa pamwamba pawo kuti azitha kuwongolera mpweya mkati mwake; izi zimawalola kupanga zolemba zosiyanasiyana mkati mwawo pobweretsa mawu osiyanasiyana kuchokera kugwero limodzi. Nthawi zambiri, zida zing'onozing'ono za bango monga zitoliro ndi ma clarinets zimafuna mpweya wochepa kuti zimveke mwamphamvu pamafuridwe apamwamba kuposa zazikulu monga mabassoon ndi oboes.
Poganizira kutalika kwa choimbira, kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe ena amathandizira kupanga ma frequency omveka m'mawu omveka a anthu, titha kuwona kuti zida zoimbira zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amamveketsa mawu apadera akasinthidwa kukhala nyimbo - zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu nyimbo. chiphunzitso!
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafupipafupi Ofunika Panyimbo
Mafupipafupi ofunikira kapena ma harmonic oyambirira ndi chinthu chofunikira kuganizira ngati woimba. Ndiwotsika kwambiri pamafunde amtundu wanthawi ndi nthawi ndipo imagwira gawo lofunikira momwe timawonera zotsalira za ma harmonic. Monga woimba, kumvetsetsa kuti ma frequency ndi amtundu wanji komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nyimbo ndikofunikira kuti apange mawu omveka komanso ovuta. Tiyeni tifufuze momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito nyimbo zathu pafupipafupi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kuti mupange mgwirizano
Mu nyimbo, zoyambira ndi kuchuluka komwe phokoso limatulutsa kamvekedwe kake kosiyana. Chidziwitso chofunikira ichi chopezeka munyimbo monga kukwera kwa mawu ndi mgwirizano zimathandizira kupanga chizindikiritso cha nyimbo yomwe mumapanga. Mukaphatikiza ma frequency a chida chimodzi ndi ma frequency a chipangizo china, kulumikizana kumapangidwa.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito pafupipafupi kuti mupange mgwirizano, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa lingaliro lomwe lili kumbuyo kwake. Mawu akuti "mafupipafupi ofunikira" amatanthauza kamvekedwe kake ka mawu aliwonse kapena mawu omwe amakhala ngati chipika chomangira. Pomvetsetsa ma frequency amtundu uliwonse, mutha kuzindikira mawonekedwe ake ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho kupanga nyimbo, zoyimba kapena nyimbo zomveka pakati pa zida ziwiri kapena zomveka.
Mwachitsanzo, pophatikiza maphokoso awiri (A ndi B) pomwe A ali pa 220 Hz ndipo B ali pa 440 Hz - ndi ma frequency a 2:1 - mutha kupanga mipata yayikulu pakati pa A ndi B mogwirizana (kupatula zonse ziwiri. zolemba zimatsata ndondomeko yayikulu). Kuonjezerapo ngati chida china (C) chimalowa mu 660 Hz -kukhala ndi nthawi yabwino yachinai kuchokera ku B-pamene amasunga maulendo awo amtundu wa 2: 1; Kugwirizana kokulirapo kukanapangidwa pakati pa zida zitatuzo zikaimbidwa pamodzi nthawi imodzi!
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency ofunikira limodzi ndi nyimbo kumatithandiza kupanga nyimbo zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimasunga mawonekedwe ake enieni. Imatithandizanso kuti tifufuze mawonekedwe atsopano / mamvekedwe amawu mosiyana ndi zomwe tidamvapo kale! Ingokumbukirani kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito njirayi popanga nyimbo; nthawi zonse yambani ndikuzolowera mawu aliwonse a Fundamental Frequency (FF), chifukwa itha kukhala ngati mapu anu popanga zolumikizana!
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency oyambira kupanga rhythm
Ma frequency oyambira, kapena ma frequency oyambira a phokoso, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyimbo kupanga kayimbidwe. Mafunde omwe akuyenda pang'onopang'ono amakhala ndi mafunde aatali komanso otsika, pomwe mafunde othamanga kwambiri amatulutsa ma frequency apamwamba. Mwa kusintha kachulukidwe ka mafunde a mawu ophatikizika, oimba amatha kuwongolera bwino kayendedwe ka nyimbo zawo.
M'mitundu yambiri ya nyimbo, kusinthasintha kosiyanasiyana kumayenderana ndi nyimbo zinazake. Nyimbo zovina pakompyuta nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kudzera m'mawu osinthasintha ndi ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nyimbo za hip-hop ndi R&B nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu otsika okhala ndi mafunde aatali omwe amayenda momasuka - izi zimagwirizana ndi kumveka kwa ng'oma kosasunthika komwe kumapereka maziko olimba a mawu.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe ka mawu opangidwa, akatswiri anyimbo amatha kupanga masinthidwe apadera omwe amatanthauzira zomwe amalemba. Kupyolera mukugwiritsa ntchito dala ma frequency ofunikira zida za akatswiri ojambula zidapanga njira zapamwamba zotsatirira zomwe zimasemphana ndi miyambo yachikale pakupanga nyimbo. Nyimbo zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi ndi njira yokopa yofotokozera malingaliro kapena nkhani zapadera.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga nyimbo. Popanda kubwerezabwereza, kungakhale kovuta kuzindikira nyimbo ndi kupanga nyimbo zomwe zimakondweretsa anthu. Pomvetsetsa malingaliro okhudzana ndi izo ndi njira yopezera izo, mukhoza kupanga nyimbo zokhudzidwa kwambiri kwa omvera anu.
Chidule cha kuchuluka kwafupipafupi komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mu nyimbo
Mafupipafupi ofunikira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti "mawu" a phokoso, ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuzindikira nyimbo. Kuchuluka kumeneku ndiko kamvekedwe kotsika kwambiri kachipangizo. Itha kumveka komanso kumva, ndipo ikaphatikizidwa ndi ma toni ena imapanga ma overtones kapena "harmonics". Ma frequency owonjezerawa amakulitsa zomwe timamva m'mawu ofunikira ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa kwambiri ikazindikirika ndi khutu la munthu.
Mu nyimbo, mafupipafupi ofunikira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mawu oyambira ndi omaliza mwa kusintha kwa mawu ogwirizana kapena kuwayika pamawu amphamvu kuposa zolemba zina. Ikhozanso kusintha masikelo omwe alipo kuti atsindike nthawi zina bwino kuposa ena. Mwa kuwongolera bwino, oimba amatha kukulitsa malingaliro ena kapena kudzutsa mlengalenga mu nyimbo. Zofunikira ndizofunikira kwambiri pazida zambiri zoimbira; zida zoimbira zingwe zimafunika kulira kwapadera kuti zisamamveke bwino pamene zida zoimbira mphepo zimazigwiritsira ntchito polemba manotsi.
Pomaliza, ma frequency ndi gawo lapangodya la nyimbo ndi machitidwe omwe akhalapo kuyambira nthawi zakale. Kutha kuwongolera kumalola oimba kukhotetsa nyimbo molingana ndi chifuniro chawo ndikuwongolera mwamalingaliro komanso mwachisangalalo. Kumvetsetsa kachulukidwe kofunikira kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zimakhalira zovuta komanso zokhudzidwa kwambiri pamalingaliro ndi nyimbo.
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.
