Makwaya: Kuwona Kapangidwe, Udindo wa Wotsogolera, ndi Zina!

Kwaya ndi gulu la oimba amene amachita limodzi. Pali mitundu yambiri yamakwaya, kuphatikiza makwaya ampingo, makwaya akusukulu, ndi kwaya zamagulu.

Werengani kuti mudziwe zambiri zakwaya ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito.

Makwaya: Kuyimba Mogwirizana

Kodi Kwaya ndi chiyani?

Kwaya ndi gulu la oimba omwe amasonkhana kuti aziimba nyimbo, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'tchalitchi. Atha kukhala makwaya akuluakulu mpaka makwaya achichepere, ngakhalenso makwaya achichepere.

Zitsanzo za Makwaya

• Makwaya akuluakulu: Awa ndi makwaya omwe amapangidwa ndi akuluakulu omwe amasonkhana kuti aziyimba mu mapemphero a tchalitchi ndi miyambo ina.
• Makwaya a mipingo: Awa ndi makwaya omwe ali okangalika m'mipingo ndipo ali ndi mamembala a mibadwo yonse.
• Makwaya Achinyamata: Awa ndi makwaya opangidwa ndi oimba achichepere omwe amasonkhana kuti aziyimba m’mapemphero a tchalitchi ndi miyambo ina.
• Makwaya achichepere: Awa ndi makwaya omwe amapangidwa ndi oyimba achichepere omwe amasonkhana kuti aziyimba mu mapemphero a tchalitchi ndi miyambo ina.

Collocations ndi Zitsanzo

• Wotsogolera kwaya: Pali wotsogolera kwaya yemwe amatsutsa mochititsa manyazi akuyesera kutsogolera nyimboyi.
• Kodyera kwaya: Kumalekezero a kum’mawa kwa tchalitchi kuli malo ochitira kwaya.
• Gulu la kwaya: Oimba adasonkhana pamodzi m'madyerero a tchalitchi kuti ayimbe ndikuyatsa mawonetsero aluso pa TV.
• Kulowa nawo kwaya: Kulowa nawo kwaya kungakhale njira yabwino yokwaniritsira chikondi chanu choyimba.
• Kwaya yotchulidwa kuti “quire”: Liwu loti “kwaya” limachokera ku liwu lachilatini loti “kwaya” lomwe limachokera ku Chigriki kutanthauza gulu la oimba ndi ovina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito koyayi poyimba ndi kuvina.
• Kukonda kuyimba: Ngati mumakonda kuyimba, kulowa nawo kwaya kungakhale njira yabwino yosonyezera chikondi chanu pakuyimba.
• Kwaya: Gawo la chitoliro chokhala ndi mapaipi oyenera kutsagana ndi kwaya.
• Ovina m’kwaya: Gulu la ovina mwadongosolo.
• Dongosolo la angelo: Angelo azaka zapakati pazaka zapakati adagawa maulamuliro a angelo kukhala magulu asanu ndi anayi.
• Lalikira kwaya: Kulalikira kwaya ndi kunena maganizo awo kapena kugwirizana nawo.

Kodi Kwaya ndi chiyani?

Kwaya ndi gulu la oimba omwe amasonkhana kuti apange nyimbo zabwino. Kaya ndi gulu la akatswiri kapena gulu la anzanu, makwaya ndi njira yabwino yopangira nyimbo limodzi.

Mbiri ya Makwaya

Makwaya akhalapo kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo nyimbo zoimba nyimbo zakale kwambiri zimapezeka ku Girisi wakale. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kwaya zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo, zisudzo, ndipo ngakhale nyimbo za pop.

Mitundu ya Makwaya

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kwaya, iliyonse ili ndi mawu akeake. Nayi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya kwaya:

• Evensong: Kwaya yachikhalidwe yomwe imayimba nyimbo zachipembedzo.
• Quire: Mtundu wa kwaya yomwe imayimba nyimbo za cappella.
• York Minster: Mtundu wa kwaya yomwe imayimba nyimbo zopatulika kuchokera ku Anglican Church.
• Kuonetsa Makwaya: Mtundu wa kwaya yomwe imayimba m’bwalo la zisudzo.

Ubwino Wolowa nawo Kwaya

Kulowa nawo kwaya kungakhale njira yabwino yopezera mabwenzi, kuphunzira nyimbo zatsopano, ndi kufotokoza maganizo anu. Nazi zina mwazabwino zolowa nawo kwaya:

• Limbikitsani luso lanu lamayimbidwe: Kuyimba mukwaya kumatha kukuthandizani kukulitsa luso lanu lamawu ndikusintha luso lanu loyimba.
• Pangani abwenzi atsopano: Makwaya ndi njira yabwino yokumana ndi anthu atsopano ndikupanga mabwenzi.
• Fotokozerani nokha: Kuyimba mukwaya kungakhale njira yabwino yodziwonetsera nokha ndi kufufuza masitayelo osiyanasiyana a nyimbo.

Makwaya: Kuyimba Mogwirizana

Kapangidwe ka Kwaya

Makwaya nthawi zambiri amatsogozedwa ndi wotsogolera kapena woyimba ndipo amakhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimayimba mogwirizana. Pali malire pa kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe angatheke, kutengera ndi oimba angati omwe alipo. Mwachitsanzo, a Thomas Tallis analemba kabuku kakuti 'Spem in Alium' kwa makwaya 40 ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu. Nyimbo ya Krzysztof Penderecki 'Stabat Mater' ili ndi kwaya zofikira mawu 8 komanso magawo 8. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chodziwika bwino cha makwaya oimba.

Potsatira

Makwaya amatha kuyimba ndi zida kapena popanda zida. Kuimba popanda kutsagana naye kumatchedwa 'cappella'. Bungwe la American Choral Directors Association[1] limaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zotsagana ndi nyimbo za cappella. Izi zikutanthawuza kuyimba m'chipinda chopemphereramo chokhala ndi nyimbo zosagwirizana.

Masiku ano, makwaya akudziko kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba ndi zida zoimbira, zimene zimasiyana mokulira. Chida chosankhidwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala piyano kapena chitoliro, koma nthawi zina gulu la oimba limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyeserera kokhala ndi piyano kapena kutsagana ndi chiwalo ndi kosiyana ndi komwe kuli ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakonzedweratu. Makwaya omwe akuyeserera nyimbo zosatsatiridwa nthawi zambiri amaimba m'malo monga tchalitchi, nyumba ya zisudzo, kapena holo yasukulu.

Nthawi zina, makwaya amalowa m'gulu la kwaya kuti achite konsati yapadera kapena kupereka nyimbo zingapo kapena nyimbo zokondwerera kapena kupereka zosangalatsa.

Luso Loyendetsa: Otsogolera Otsogola Kumayimbidwe Angwiro

Udindo wa Kondakitala

Ntchito yayikulu ya kondakitala ndikugwirizanitsa osewera, kukhazikitsa tempo, ndikukonzekera zomveka bwino. Amagwiritsa ntchito manja, manja, nkhope, ndi mutu kuwongolera nyimbo. Otsogolera akhoza kukhala otsogolera nyimbo, otsogolera nyimbo, kapena obwerezabwereza. Otsogolera kwaya ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa ndi kuyezetsa oimba, pamene otsogolera nyimbo ali ndi udindo wosankha nyimbo ndi oimba nyimbo ndi otsagana nawo. Ma Répétiteurs ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wowongolera ndikuyimba chidacho.

Kuchita mu Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Kupanga nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumafuna njira zingapo:

• Nyimbo Zaluso: Otsogolera nthawi zambiri amaima pa nsanja yokwezeka ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndodo. Ndodo imapangitsa wokonda kuwonekera kwambiri.
• Nyimbo za Kwaya: Ochititsa kwaya amakonda kuchititsa ndi manja awo kufotokoza momveka bwino, makamaka pamene akugwira ntchito ndi gulu laling'ono.
• Nyimbo Zachikale: M'mbiri yakale ya nyimbo zachikale, kutsogolera gulu nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuimba chida. Izi zinali zofala mu nyimbo za baroque kuyambira 1600s mpaka 1750s. M'zaka za m'ma 2010, otsogolera amatsogolera gululo popanda kuyimba chida.
• Sewero lanyimbo: Otsogolera mu gulu la oimba m'dzenje amalankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu panthawi ya sewero.
• Jazi ndi Magulu Aakulu: Otsogolera amitundu iyi amatha kupereka malangizo olankhulidwa mwa apo ndi apo poyeserera.

Masomphenya Aluso a Conductor

Wotsogolera amatsogolera oimba, ndipo amasankha ntchito zoti zichitike. Amaphunzira zambiri ndikupanga kusintha kwina, monga tempo ndi kubwereza kwa zigawo, ndipo amagawira solos. Ntchito ya kondakitala ndi kumasulira nyimbo ndi kupereka masomphenya awo kwa oimba. Otsogolera kwaya amakhalanso ndi zida zoimbira ndi zida zoimbira pomwe kwaya ikuimba ndi gulu la okhestra. Amayang’aniranso nkhani za gulu, monga kukonzekera zoyeserera ndi kukonzekera nyengo ya konsati, ndipo angamvetsere ma audition ndi kulimbikitsa msonkhanowo m’zoulutsira nkhani.

Nyimbo Zopatulika: Mbiri Yakale

Nyimbo Yoyimba Repertoire

Kuyambira m’nyimbo zakale mpaka m’nyimbo za masiku ano, nyimbo zopatulika zakhala mbali ya mapemphero kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Koma kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nyimbo zachipembedzo ndi zachipembedzo? Nanga zonsezi zinayamba bwanji? Tiyeni tiwone!

• Nyimbo zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa ndi cholinga china chachipembedzo, pomwe nyimbo zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri zimayimbidwa m'makonsati.
• Chiyambi cha nyimbo zachipembedzo chili mu ntchito yake mkati mwa mwambo wachipembedzo.
• Nyimbo zopatulika zakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zikadali mbali yaikulu ya mapemphero lerolino.

Mphamvu ya Nyimbo

Nyimbo zili ndi mphamvu yotisonkhezera m’njira zimene mawu okha sangathe. Ikhoza kudzutsa malingaliro, kutibweretsa pamodzi, ndi kutithandiza kugwirizana ndi chinthu chachikulu kuposa ife eni. Ndicho chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kuti nyimbo zachipembedzo zakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali.

• Nyimbo zili ndi kuthekera kwapadera kobweretsa anthu pamodzi ndikuwathandiza kulumikizana ndi china chake chachikulu.
• Nyimbo zachipembedzo zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo zikadali gawo lofunika kwambiri la mapemphero lero.
• Nyimbo zingadzutse malingaliro amphamvu ndi kutithandiza kusonyeza chikhulupiriro chathu mwatanthauzo.

Chisangalalo cha Nyimbo Zachipembezo

Kutsogolera Mpingo

Pa misonkhano ya mpingo, ndi ntchito yathu kutsogolera kuimba ndi kuchititsa mpingo kutengapo mbali. Tili ndi nyimbo, nyimbo zautumiki, ndi kwaya zampingo zomwe zimayimba mapemphero, kuphatikiza katundu, ma introit, pang'onopang'ono, ma antifoni a mgonero, ndi zina zambiri. Tili ndi chinachake pa nyengo iliyonse ya chaka chachipembedzo.

Mkulu wa Mipingo

Mipingo ya Anglican ndi Roma Katolika ndi malo odziwika kwambiri omwe mungapeze machitidwe amtunduwu. Tili ndi nyimbo zoimbidwa pa nthawi yoikika ya utumiki.

Chimwemwe cha Nyimbo

Sitingakane, kuyimba mu mpingo ndi chisangalalo! Nazi zomwe mungayembekezere:

• Kukhala m'gulu la oimba
• Kumva mphamvu ya nyimbo
• Kulumikizana ndi Mulungu
• Kuona kukongola kwa liturgy
• Kukondwerera chaka cha mapemphero
• Kusangalala ndi nyimbo ndi motets.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Makwaya

Zigawo Zazikulu

Makwaya amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo mtundu wa nyimbo zomwe amaimba umakhudza kwambiri kamvekedwe kawo. Nawu mndandanda wamitundu yodziwika bwino yamakwaya, pafupifupi kutsika kwa kufalikira:

• Katswiri: Makwayawa amapangidwa ndi oimba ophunzitsidwa bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m’mizinda ikuluikulu.
• Advanced Amateur: Makwaya awa amapangidwa ndi oimba odziwa zambiri omwe amakonda luso lawo.
• Semi-Professional: Makwayawa amapangidwa ndi oyimba omwe amalipidwa chifukwa cha kuimba kwawo, koma osati ngati makwaya akatswiri.
• Kwaya Yophatikiza Akuluakulu: Uwu ndiye mtundu wakwaya womwe umakonda kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawu a soprano, alto, tenor, ndi bass (chidule cha SATB).
• Kwaya Yaamuna: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi abambo omwe amayimba m'munsi mwa mawu a SATB.
• Kwaya Yachikazi: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi amayi omwe amayimba m'mawu apamwamba a SATB.
• Mixed Choir: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi abambo ndi amai omwe amayimba momveka bwino pa SATB.
• Kwaya Ya Anyamata: Kwaya ya mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi anyamata omwe amaimba nyimbo zapamwamba za SATB, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti trebles.
• Single Male Choir: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi abambo omwe amayimba momveka bwino pa SATB.
• Kuyimba kwa SATB: Kwaya yamtunduwu imagawidwa m'makwaya omwe sali odziyimira pawokha, ndipo nthawi zina amawonjezera mawu a baritone (monga SATBAR).
• Sung Higher: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi mabasi omwe amaimba mokweza, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'makwaya ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi amuna ochepa.
• SAB: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi mawu a soprano, alto, ndi baritone, ndipo nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'makonzedwe omwe amalola amuna kugawana nawo gawo la tenor ndi bass.
• ATBB: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi mawu apamwamba oimba mu falsetto alto range, ndipo nthawi zambiri imawonedwa mu barbershop quartets.
• Music for Boys Choir: Kwaya yamtundu uwu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi anyamata omwe amaimba mu SSA kapena SSAA, kuphatikiza anyamata ndi anyamata omwe mawu awo akusintha.
• Baritone Boys: Kwaya yamtundu umenewu imapangidwa ndi anyamata amene mawu awo asintha, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m’makwaya aakazi.
• Kwaya Ya Azimayi: Kwaya ya mtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi amayi akuluakulu omwe amayimba m'magulu apamwamba a mawu a SSAA, ndi zigawo zofupikitsidwa monga SSA kapena SSA.
• Kwaya Yosakanikirana ya Ana: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi mawu aamuna ndi aakazi, nthawi zambiri mu SA kapena SSA mawu.
• Kwaya ya Atsikana: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi atsikana omwe amaimba m'mawu apamwamba a SSA kapena SSAA.
• Kwaya Yosakanikirana Ya Amayi: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi amayi ndi ana omwe amayimba mu mawu a SSAA.
• Makwaya a Atsikana: Makwayawa amakonda kukhala odziwika mwaukadaulo kuposa kwaya za anyamata okweza mawu kapena zoyimba zachimuna.
• Makwaya a SATB: Makwaya awa amagawidwa motengera mtundu wa mabungwe omwe amawayendetsa, monga kwaya yapasukulu (monga kwaya ya Lambrook School kuyambira m'ma 1960).
• Makwaya a Tchalitchi: Makwaya awa, kuphatikiza makwaya a ma cathedral ndi kwaya kapena kantoreis, amadzipereka kuti aziimba nyimbo zopatulika zachikhristu.
• Kwaya ya Collegiate/University: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi ophunzira aku yunivesite kapena koleji.
• Community Choir: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi ana ndi akulu.
• Professional Choir: Kwaya yamtunduwu imakhala yodziyimira payokha (monga Anúna) kapena yothandizidwa ndi boma (monga BBC Singers), ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi oyimba ophunzitsidwa bwino.
• National Chamber Choir: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi oimba ochokera kudziko linalake, monga Canadian Chamber Choir kapena Swedish Radio Choir.
• Nederlands Kamerkoor: Kwaya yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi oimba ochokera ku Netherlands.
• Latvian Radio Choir: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi oimba ochokera ku Latvia.
• Makwaya a Sukulu: Makwayawa amapangidwa ndi ana asukulu inayake.
• Kwaya Yosaina: Kwaya yamtundu uwu imapangidwa ndi mawu osayina ndi oimba, ndipo imatsogozedwa ndi woyimba (wotsogolera nyimbo).
• Makwaya a Cambiata: Kwaya yamtundu umenewu imapangidwa ndi anyamata amene mawu awo akusintha.

Makwaya amathanso kugawidwa m'magulu anyimbo zomwe amaimba, monga kwaya za Bach, magulu anyimbo ometa tsitsi, makwaya a gospel, ndi kwaya zomwe zimayimba. Makwaya a Symphonic ndi nyimbo za jazi amatchukanso.

Kulimbikitsa Oyimba Aamuna M’sukulu

Makwaya a British Cathedral

Ana omwe amalembetsa kusukulu nthawi zambiri amakhala m'gulu la kwaya yatchalitchi. Gawoli ndilothandiza kwambiri kuwonjezera oyimba achimuna kukwaya. Mu April ku United States, masukulu apakati ndi a kusekondale kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka makalasi a kwaya monga ntchito ya ophunzira. Makwaya amachita nawo mipikisano yamitundumitundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kwaya ikhale yotchuka m'masukulu apamwamba.

Makwaya aku Middle and High School

Ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira, pamene mawu awo akusintha. Atsikana amamva kusintha kwa mawu, koma kwa anyamata ndizovuta kwambiri. Pali mabuku ambiri ndi maphunziro a nyimbo omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kusintha kwa mawu aamuna ndi momwe angagwirire nawo ntchito kuthandiza oimba achimuna achinyamata.

M'dziko lonselo, Ophunzira Aamuna Amalembetsa Makwaya Ochepa

M’dziko lonseli, pali ophunzira achimuna ochepa amene amalembetsa m’makwaya kusiyana ndi ophunzira achikazi. Gawo la maphunziro a nyimbo lakhala likufuna kwanthawi yayitali kuti amuna azisowa pamapulogalamu anyimbo. Pali malingaliro akuti makwaya a anyamata ndi njira yotheka, koma malingaliro amasiyana kwambiri. Ofufuza apeza kuti anyamata amasangalala ndi kuimba kwaya kusukulu yapakati ndi kusekondale, koma sizikugwirizana ndi ndandanda yawo.

Kulimbikitsa Oyimba Amuna

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chifukwa chomwe anyamata satenga nawo gawo mukwaya ndichifukwa samalimbikitsidwa kutero. Sukulu zokhala ndi makwaya aakazi zimathandizira kuti makwaya asakanizike, koma kutenga oyimba achikazi owonjezera pa amuna pakwaya kumangowonjezera vutoli. Kupatsa anyamata mwayi woyimba ndi atsikana ndiye chinsinsi. Ofufuza awona kuti kukhala ndi msonkhano wamagulu operekedwa kwa oimba achimuna kumathandiza kuti azidalira komanso luso lawo loimba.

Makonzedwe a Gawo: Ndi Chiyani Chimagwira Ntchito Bwino Kwambiri?

Makwaya ndi Oimba

Pankhani yokonza kwaya ndi oimba pa siteji, pali masukulu angapo amalingaliro. Zili kwa kondakitala kuti asankhe, koma pali malamulo angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

• Kwa ma symphonic kwaya, mawu apamwamba kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri nthawi zambiri amayikidwa kumanzere ndi kumanja, motsatana, ndi mitundu yofananira ya mawu pakati.
• Pakupanga zingwe, mabasi nthawi zambiri amayikidwa kumanzere ndi sopranos kumanja.
• Muzochitika zotsatizana ndi cappella kapena piyano, si zachilendo kuona otsogolera amuna ndi akazi amakonda kuyika mawu osakanikirana, oimba ali awiriawiri kapena atatu.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa

Ochirikiza njira imeneyi amanena kuti imapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa woimba aliyense kuti amve ndi kuyimba mbali zake, chifukwa zimafuna kudziimira pawokha kwa woimbayo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti njirayi imataya kulekanitsa kwa malo a mizere ya mawu, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa omvera, chifukwa imachotsa kumveka kwa zigawo ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya nyimbo.

Makwaya Angapo

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Pankhani ya nyimbo zomwe zimayitanira makwaya awiri kapena angapo, nthawi zambiri okhala ndi mamembala opitilira 50, ndikofunikira kusiya makwaya makamaka akamayimba. Izi zinali choncho makamaka m’zaka za m’ma 16, pamene nyimbo zoimba nyimbo za ku Venetian polychoral zinapangidwa, ndipo olembawo ankanena kuti makwayawo alekanitsidwe. Benjamin Britten's War Requiem ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha woimba yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito makwaya opatukana kuti apange ma antiphonal, kwaya imodzi ikuyankha inayo muzokambirana zanyimbo.

Mipata Yankhani

Pokonza kwaya ndi magulu oimba papulatifomu, oimba ayenera kuganizira mosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti mapangidwe enieni ndi malo a oimba, onse mozungulira komanso mozungulira, zimakhudza kamvedwe ka mawu ndi oimba ndi owerengera.

Kutsiliza

Pomaliza, kwaya ndi njira yabwino yosangalalira ndi nyimbo komanso kupanga mabwenzi. Kaya mulowa nawo kwaya ya tchalitchi, kwaya yakusukulu, kapena kwaya yapagulu, mudzakhala ndi nthawi yabwino. Mukalowa m'kwaya, kumbukirani kubweretsa nyimbo zanu, yesani nyimbo zanu, ndi kusangalala. Ndi malingaliro abwino, mudzatha kupanga nyimbo zabwino ndi mamembala anzanu akwaya ndikukumbukira zinthu zabwino kwambiri.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.

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