Capacitor ndi chigawo chamagetsi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga mphamvu zamagetsi.
Ma capacitors amapangidwa ndi mbale ziwiri zachitsulo zolekanitsidwa ndi insulator, nthawi zambiri dielectric, ndipo zimatha kusunga ndalama kwa kanthawi.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwalo osiyanasiyana amagetsi ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa kapena kusunga mphamvu komanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga ma oscillator osavuta.
M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za capacitor, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito.
Kodi capacitor ndi chiyani?
A capacitor ndi gawo lamagetsi lomwe limasunga mphamvu ngati mphamvu yamagetsi. Amakhala ndi mbale ziwiri zopangira zomwe zili mkati mwa dielectric material (zotetezera). Zikalumikizidwa ndi gwero lamagetsi, mbalezo zimakhala ndi charger ndipo mphamvu zamagetsi zimasungidwa muzinthu za dielectric. Mphamvu yosungidwayi imatha kumasulidwa ikafunika, ndikulola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamitundu ina iliyonse.
Ma capacitor amabwera mumitundu yambiri, makulidwe ndi zida - zonse zimatengera cholinga chawo. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa capacitor umadziwika kuti filimu capacitor - izi zimagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zopyapyala za pulasitiki kapena ceramic ngati zida za dielectric, zokhala ndi zitsulo zopyapyala zotchedwa 'electrodes' mbali zonse. Mitundu ya capacitor iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi chifukwa cha mtengo wawo wotsika komanso wokhazikika.
Ma capacitor amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zina monga ma motors ndi magetsi komwe amathandizira kuwongolera ma voliyumu kapena kusefa phokoso ndi zosokoneza zomwe zingayambitse kusagwira bwino ntchito kapena kuwononga zida zam'munsi. Pamene zamagetsi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ma capacitors amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mkati mwa machitidwewa; Kuthandizira kusungitsa kayendedwe kake komwe kakuyenda panthawi yosinthira kapena kupereka chitetezo motsutsana ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwamagetsi kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja.
Mitundu ya capacitors
Ma capacitor amabwera mumitundu ingapo, makulidwe ndi masitayilo. Ma capacitor ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina apamwamba kwambiri pomwe ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakompyuta kapena makina otetezera kunyumba. Onse amagwira ntchito yofanana; amasunga mphamvu zamagetsi pamene mphamvu yamagetsi yatulutsidwa ndi kubwezera mphamvuyo pamene mphamvuyi yaima. Mitundu ili ndi izi:
Ceramic Capacitors: Awa ndi ang'onoang'ono ndipo amabwera atagulitsidwa kale pama board ozungulira. Amakhala ndi dielectric yopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu za ceramic ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi otsika, monga kusokoneza ma radio frequency (RFI) Mafayilo kapena zozungulira zozungulira.
Electrolytic Capacitors: Izi zimatchedwa polarized capacitors chifukwa zimakhala ndi anode terminal yoipa, yabwino ya cathode terminal ndi electrolyte solution mkati mwa thupi la capacitor lomwe limalola mphamvu yaikulu ya capacitor. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumagetsi, zosefera, mabwalo anthawi ndi zina zambiri zamalamulo amagetsi.
Tantalum Capacitors: Opangidwa kuchokera ku tantalum oxide, ma capacitor awa amagwiritsa ntchito dielectric yolimba (m'malo mwa electrolyte yamadzi). Izi zimawapatsa kutentha kwabwinoko poyerekeza ndi ma electrolytic capacitor, komanso kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali komanso kusasinthika bwino pakati pamagulu amagulu.
Filimu/Paper Capacitor: Mtundu uwu umapangidwa ndi filimu yachitsulo kapena pepala lomwe limakhala ngati insulator pakati pa mbale ziwiri za aluminiyamu zojambulazo zomwe zimapanga maelekitirodi apamwamba kwambiri kuti athe kusunga magetsi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kulolerana kwa kusokonezeka kwamagetsi kumafunikira chifukwa chotha kupirira mafunde obwera chifukwa cha ma arcing kapena kuwotcherera.
Supercapacitor / Ultracapacitor: Imadziwikanso kuti supercap / ultra cap kapena electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), mtundu uwu uli ndi mphamvu zosungirako zazikulu kwambiri (zambiri kuposa mitundu ina yambiri) ndi kupirira bwino (mpaka mazana masauzande ozungulira). Zapangidwira mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zochulukirapo ngati zikufunika, monga momwe zilili zosunga zobwezeretsera zamalo opangira ma data pomwe masekondi amawerengera munthu asanayatse magetsi ena pamanja.
Kugwiritsa ntchito capacitor
Ma capacitors ndi gawo lofunikira lamagetsi lomwe limagwira ntchito yofunikira pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mphamvu zamagetsi, kupanga zosefera komanso mabwalo anthawi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamakina omvera agalimoto komanso zamagetsi zamagetsi. Tiyeni tiwone zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito capacitor mwatsatanetsatane.
Kusalaza kwamagetsi
Ma capacitor atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka zosefera mudera lamagetsi ndikuthandizira kupanga magetsi osalala a DC. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'mabwalo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi apa mains, pomwe kukonzanso kumasintha AC kukhala pulsed DC. Chipangizo cha electrolytic capacitor nthawi zambiri chimalumikizidwa kutulutsa kwa chowongolera ngati chinthu chosalala chamagetsi. Capacitor imayitanitsa mwachangu, ikugwira zina mwazowonjezera zake kuti zithandizire kuwongolera mayendedwe aliwonse kuchokera ku rectifier ndikupereka magetsi okhazikika kuti adyetse zinthu zina. Kukwera kwa capacitance, kapena kusungirako, mu capacitor, kumapangitsanso kutsekemera kwambiri komwe kudzakhala komwe kungathe kuyamwa mphamvu zambiri musanayambe kukonzanso. Mukugwiritsa ntchito, ma capacitor apamwamba amachepetsa kusinthasintha, monga ma ripples a voltage ndi ma spikes obwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa katundu, zomwe zimapatsa bata kuzinthu zina mkati mwa dera la pulogalamu.
Kusintha kwa chizindikiro
Ma capacitors amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma sign ndi kulumikizana pamagetsi. Ndizigawo zofunika m'mabwalo ambiri amagetsi, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kusunga ndi kumasula mphamvu.
Pokonza ma siginecha, ma capacitor atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athe kuchepetsa phokoso ndikusefa ma frequency kapena ma siginecha osafunikira. Kutetezedwa kwa ma sigino ku phokoso kumatchedwa kusefa kosalala kapena kutsika pang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor.
Polankhulana pakompyuta, capacitor ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha chizindikiro chamagetsi kuchokera ku mawonekedwe amodzi kupita ku china popanda kusintha maulendo ake. Njirayi imadziwika kuti coupling kapena ma voltage transmitter, ndipo ma capacitor amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazifukwa izi polandila ndi ma transmitters. Kuphatikiza apo, ma capacitor amakhala ngati gawo la zosefera zapamwamba, zomwe zimachotsa ma siginecha otsika podutsa apamwamba panjira.
Ma capacitor amagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri muzosefera za analogi yogwira: amazindikira kuyankha pafupipafupi ya fyuluta pokhazikitsa mafupipafupi ake odulidwa. Mwakutero, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera ma siginecha amawu popanga zida zanyimbo monga ma amplifiers kapena kusakaniza zotonthoza.
Nthawi
Nthawi ndi ntchito yodziwika bwino ya ma capacitor. M'mabwalo atsiku ndi tsiku, resistors nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera nthawi. Komabe, m'malo othamanga kwambiri kapena othamanga kwambiri, ma capacitors amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwake. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopindulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor pakuwerengera nthawi chifukwa samataya mphamvu mwachangu monga zopinga ndipo amatha kuthana ndi ma voltages apamwamba popanda chiopsezo chochepa.
Kuphatikiza pakupereka njira yotetezeka komanso yabwino yowongolera ma voltage ndi apano mudera, ma capacitor amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupereka mphamvu pazigawo zina za data pazinthu monga ma LED kapena ma transistors omwe angafunike ma pulses apano akayatsidwa. Izi zingathandize kulimbikitsa chizindikiro chotumizidwa ndi chigawocho kuti chiziyenda mopitirira popanda kutaya mphamvu kapena kukhulupirika.
Ma capacitor amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pazida zomvera kuti azisefa ma siginecha ndikuchepetsa kupotoza kwinaku akuloleza chidziwitso chothandiza ngakhale ndikusokoneza pang'ono. Monga tanena kale, nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pa ma speaker terminals kuti athandizire kuchepetsa mabwalo afupiafupi mwangozi ndikusunganso kugawa katundu pamagawo otulutsa amplifier.
Akagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso komanso kumvetsetsa magetsi, ma capacitor ali ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yosinthira kuchuluka kwa ndalama - kulola mainjiniya kupanga makina omvera ovuta kwambiri pamtengo wotsika.
Ntchito Zodziwika
Ma capacitor ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Kukhoza kwawo kusunga mphamvu kumawapangitsa kukhala zigawo zofunika kwambiri za machitidwe omwe amafunikira mphamvu zokhazikika pakapita nthawi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri kuphatikiza magetsi, ma mota, makina omvera, makina a HVAC ndi zina zambiri. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona zina mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi capacitor.
Motors
Ma motors amagwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor kuwongolera liwiro la mota kapena kukonza torque yoyambira. Izi zimachitika popereka kapena kuchotsa a gawo ku ma windings amagetsi amagetsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayendedwe osinthika pafupipafupi, magetsi ndi ntchito zina, ma capacitor amatha kusintha ma voliyumu kapena apano mumayendedwe othamanga ndikuletsa mphamvu kuti isawonongeke potaya mphamvu zosafunikira kuchokera kumagetsi. M'mafunde apakati pa ma frequency apakati, ma capacitor akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto onse agalimoto poyendetsa mabanki amalipiro a gawo kuti achepetse mphamvu ya mafunde apano omwe amachititsidwa ndi chosinthira chopanda mzere.
Kuunikira
Ma capacitor atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mphamvu ndikuwongolera njira zowunikira zamitundu yonse. Mu ballasts amagetsi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuthamanga kwapano ndikufulumizitsa njira yoyambira magetsi a fulorosenti ndi kuyatsa kwamphamvu kwambiri. Zimathandizanso kuchepetsa kuthwanima kwa magetsi. Mu ma transistorized circuit systems, ma capacitor amakhala ndi magetsi osatha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magetsi azikhala oyaka. Kuphatikiza apo, amapereka chitetezo pakakwera ma voltages pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa magetsi pazowunikira m'nyumba ndi kunja.
magalimoto
Ma capacitor oyendetsa galimoto ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa ali ndi udindo wothandizira magetsi a galimoto kuti achepetse ndi kubwezera kusagwirizana kwa magetsi, omwe amapezeka m'magalimoto ambiri. Ma capacitor amagalimoto amasunga mphamvu kuti apereke mphamvu ku alternator yagalimoto kapena mota yoyambira ikafunika. Mphamvuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa ma spikes amagetsi omwe amapangidwa pamene kufunikira kwapano kukuposa mphamvu ya batri kapena alternator. Ma capacitor amagalimoto amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina omvera, kuwongolera mafunde mkati mwa amplifiers ndi okamba. Powongolera kusinthasintha kwamagetsi, ma capacitor amagalimoto amathandizira kutalikitsa moyo wa batri ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika pazinthu zina zamagetsi.
Chitetezo cha Capacitor
Chitetezo chiyenera kukhala chofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse mukamagwira ntchito ndi capacitor. Ma capacitors amasunga mphamvu ndipo amafunika kusamalidwa mosamala pamene akulipiritsa kapena kutulutsidwa. M'chigawo chino, tidzakambirana za chitetezo chomwe tingagwiritse ntchito pogwira ntchito ndi capacitor ndikukambirana zoopsa zomwe zingagwirizane nazo.
Kupewa zazifupi
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma capacitors, ndikofunika kukumbukira zomwe zingakhale zazifupi chifukwa chakuti ndizo zigawo zamagetsi. Shorts zimachitika pamene capacitor adzifupikitsa okha. Ngakhale zazifupi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zolakwika zopanga kapena zinthu zina zakunja, zazifupi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika ma capacitor.
Kuti mupewe zazifupi, muyenera kusamala nthawi zonse ndi ma capacitors. Njira zotsatirazi zidzakuthandizani kusunga chitetezo cha capacitor:
1) Osayika ma capacitor kupsinjika kwambiri kapena kupsinjika powachulutsa;
2) Osasiya ma capacitor pamalo odzaza kwa nthawi yayitali;
3) Nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito njira zoyenera zoyikira ndi / kapena njira zomwe zimatsimikizira kudzipatula;
4) Osagwirizanitsa ma polarities awiri osiyana chifukwa izi zingayambitse arcing ndikuwononga capacitor;
5) Yang'anani zigawo zoyenerera kapena zipangizo (monga zipangizo zotetezera) kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe zolakwika musanayambe kukhazikitsa;
6) Samalani kwambiri pazofunikira zotsitsa - yesetsani kuchepetsa kutsitsa ngati kuli kotheka ndikukakamiza njira zokwezera zokwanira pazigawo zonse; ndi
7) Dziwani kuti ma voliyumu oyimilira amayambitsa kuyenda kwapano mudera lonselo, zomwe zitha kuwononga ma capacitor muyezo ngati zisiyidwa.
Potengera izi, ogwiritsa ntchito atha kuthandizira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito moyenera ndikupewa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha mabwalo amfupi kapena zovuta zina ndi ma capacitor awo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti chitetezo chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri nthawi zonse mukamagwira ntchito ndi zamagetsi makamaka ndi chilichonse chokhudza magetsi!
Kutulutsa ma capacitors
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti ma capacitor amatulutsidwa bwino powagwira kapena kuwasintha. Kuti muthe kutulutsa bwino, lumikizani chopinga cha 1k ohm mpaka 10k ohm pakati pa terminal iliyonse ya capacitor ndi nthaka. Mpweya wodutsa pa capacitor umatha msanga popanda kuthamangitsa kapena kutulutsa zonyezimira, kulola kuti m'malo mwake mulowemo kapena kugwiridwa.
Muyeneranso kukumbukira kutulutsa ma capacitor apamwamba kwambiri musanayambe kutaya. Ngati simutulutsa zinthuzi mosamala, zitha kuwononga magetsi komanso kuyatsa moto! Kutulutsa zigawozi kumaphatikizapo kulumikiza waya wotsekeredwa pakati pa ma terminals awiri pachigawocho ndikuchitsitsa kwa mphindi zingapo. Onetsetsani kuti mwavala magalasi otetezera pamene mukuchita njirayi kuti muteteze maso anu ku zonyezimira zomwe zimatuluka panthawi yotulutsa.
Kuchotsa ma capacitors
Potaya ma capacitor, ndikofunikira kusamala bwino chitetezo ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa ma capacitor amatha kukhala ndi poizoni zotheka, monga lead, barium ndi zitsulo zina, muyenera kupewa kutaya zinthu izi m'mabini a zinyalala nthawi zonse kapena zotayiramo. M'malo mwake zikuyenera kutayidwa m'njira yosunga zachilengedwe popeza malo oyenera obwezeretsanso zinthu zomwe zimayenera kubwezeretsedwanso kapena othandizira omwe amagwira ntchito yotaya zida zowopsa.
Ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti ma capacitor onse adakali ndi ndalama asanatayidwe - ngakhale atalembedwa kuti "akufa" capacitors. Ma capacitors amatha kusunga ndalama zotsalira ndipo amatha kutulutsa akagwiritsidwa ntchito; chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala powagwira mpaka mutawatulutsa. Kuti mutulutse capacitor mosamala, mufunika screwdriver yokhala ndi insulated kutalika kokwanira kuti dzanja lanu libwerere ku ma terminals kuti voteji isadumphire. Ma capacitor ochajiwa akatulutsidwa, chotsani zotchingira zilizonse zotayirira ndi pulasitala kapena zodulira mawaya ndikukulunga mozungulira zotetezera musanazitaya moyenera.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, ma capacitors ndi zigawo zofunika pamagetsi aliwonse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira mphamvu, kusefa phokoso komanso kupereka magwero apano a mabwalo a AC. Ma capacitor amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala ndi ntchito zambiri. Kumvetsetsa zofunikira za ma capacitor kudzakuthandizani kuzindikira zigawo zoyenera za polojekiti yanu.
Chidule cha zoyambira za capacitor
Kuti tifotokoze mwachidule zofunikira za capacitor, capacitor ndi gawo lamagetsi lomwe limapangidwa ndi mbale ziwiri zoyendetsa zolekanitsidwa ndi zida zotetezera zomwe zimatchedwa dielectric. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mphamvu ngati gawo lamagetsi. Ma capacitor nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabwalo apakompyuta, nthawi zambiri molumikizana ndi ma resistors ndi mabwalo ophatikizika ngati ma microprocessors, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwamagetsi ndi magetsi. Atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kusefa ma siginecha ndikupereka mphamvu zambiri zosinthira mabwalo ena. Posankha capacitor pa ntchito yanu yeniyeni, ndikofunikira kuganizira mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito, kutentha kwa ntchito, kukula kwa phukusi, ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo wamtundu wa capacitor womwe mwasankha.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ma capacitors
Ma capacitors angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zosungira mphamvu ndikuzimasula pakafunika. Amathanso kugwira ntchito zambiri zamakono, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosefera ndi mabuleki ozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma capacitor amathandizira kuchepetsa phokoso lamagetsi komanso kulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri monga makompyuta, mafoni am'manja, ndi ma TV.
Ma capacitors ali ndi maubwino angapo pankhani yamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, amathandizira kuti mulingo wamagetsi ukhale wokhazikika popereka zosungirako kwakanthawi kwamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri kapena kuphulika kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kungawononge zida zamagetsi pakapita nthawi. Mapangidwe awo amathandizanso kusefa ma electromagnetic interference (EMI) pamakina onse kapena mkati mwa dera lililonse. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mupewe zizindikiro zosafunikira kuti zilowe m'dongosolo kapena kusokoneza zizindikiro kale mkati mwake.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma capacitor amapereka pompopompo pakafunika atha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri munjira iliyonse yoyendetsedwa ndi AC popangitsa kuwongolera kwa capacitor ndi ma synchronous motor operation - yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti igwire ntchito kwanthawi yayitali pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chilengedwe monga makina owunikira mumsewu ndi ma motors a HVAC. Pomaliza, kukhazikitsa mafunde a sine opangidwa ndi ma AC ndi imodzi mwantchito zawo zazikulu - amakoka mphamvu pamayendedwe ena pomwe amakulitsa mphamvu pama frequency ena - kuchepetsa kupotoza kwamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magetsi akuyendetsedwa bwino pamakanema onse.
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Neaera komanso wotsatsa malonda, abambo, ndipo ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano ndi gitala pamtima pa zomwe ndimakonda, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa, ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2020. kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maupangiri ojambulira ndi gitala.
