Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik mgbe enwere nrụgide n'ibu na nke ọzọ. Okwu a sitere na Grik piezo nke pụtara nrụgide, na ọkụ eletrik. Achọpụtara ya na mbụ na 1880, mana echiche a ka amatala ogologo oge.
Ihe atụ kacha mara amara nke piezoelectricity bụ quartz, mana ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosipụtakwa ihe a. Ihe kachasị eji piezoelectricity eme ihe bụ mmepụta nke ultrasound.
N'isiokwu a, m ga-atụle ihe piezoelectricity bụ, otú o si arụ ọrụ, na ụfọdụ n'ime ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru nke ihe a dị ịtụnanya.
Kedu ihe bụ piezoelectricity?
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe iji mepụta ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Ọ bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti steeti igwe na eletriki n'ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Enwere ike iji ihe piezoelectric mee ka ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, microbalances, draịva ultrasonic nozzles na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya.
Ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric gụnyere kristal, ụfọdụ ceramik, ihe ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA, na protein. Mgbe a na-etinye ike na ihe piezoelectric, ọ na-emepụta ụgwọ eletrik. Enwere ike iji ụgwọ a mee ka ngwaọrụ rụọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mepụta voltaji.
A na-eji ihe Piezoelectric eme ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere:
• Mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda
• Piezoelectric inkjet obibi
• Ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu
• Ndị na-emepụta elekere
• Ngwa eletrọnịkị
• Microbalances
• Na-anya ultrasonic nozzles
• Mgbakọ anya na-elekwasị anya na Ultrafine
• Eku maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị
• Ihe na-akpali maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ
• Mmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-amụnye gas
• Ngwa nri na kpo oku
• Ọkụ na ọkụ sịga.
Gịnị bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke piezoelectricity?
Achọpụtara Piezoelectricity na 1880 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France Jacques na Pierre Curie. Ọ bụ ụgwọ eletrik na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik na ihe ndị dị ndụ, na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ. Okwu 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke putara 'squeeze' ma obu 'pịa', na 'elektron', nke putara 'amber', ebe ochie na-esi enweta oku eletrik.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime, nke bụ n'ime ime ahụ nke eriri igwe na-esite na mpaghara eletrik etinyere.
Ihe omuma nke Curies nwere banyere pyroelectricity na nghota nke ihe owuwu kristal n'okpuru mere ka amuma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ibu amụma omume kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane na nnu Rochelle.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie.
A na-erigbu Piezoelectricity maka ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na ịchọpụta ụda, mbipụta piezoelectric inkjet, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, microbalances, mbanye ultrasonic nozzles, ultrafine ilekwasị anya nke mgbakọ anya, na ụdị ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha iji dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm.
Piezoelectricity na-achọtakwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ iji mee ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na mmetụta pyroelectric, ebe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ.
Mmepe nke sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ iji kristal piezoelectric nke Bell Telephone Laboratories mepụtara. Nke a nyere ndị agha ikuku niile aka itinye aka na mwakpo achikọtara ọnụ site na iji redio ụgbọ elu. Mmepe nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric na ihe ndị dị na United States na-edebe ụlọ ọrụ na mmepe nke mmalite oge agha n'ọhịa nke mmasị, na-echekwa patent bara uru maka ihe ọhụrụ.
Japan hụrụ ngwa ọhụrụ na uto nke ụlọ ọrụ piezoelectric United States wee mepụta ngwa ngwa nke ha. Ha na-ekekọrịta ozi ngwa ngwa wee mepụta barium titanate ma mesịa duzie ihe zirconate titanate nwere njirimara akọwapụtara maka ngwa ngwa.
Piezoelectricity abịala ogologo oge kemgbe achọpụtara ya na 1880, a na-ejikwa ya ugbu a n'ọtụtụ ngwa kwa ụbọchị. A na-ejikwa ya mee ọganihu na nyocha ihe, dị ka ultrasonic oge ngalaba reflectometer, nke na-eziga ultrasonic pulse site na ihe iji tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsịtụ ịchọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo ígwè na nkume nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa nchekwa dị mma.
Kedu ka Piezoelectricity si arụ ọrụ
Na ngalaba a, m ga-enyocha ka piezoelectricity si arụ ọrụ. M ga-eleba anya n'ịgbakọ ụgwọ eletrik na ihe siri ike, mmekọrịta elektrọnik nke linear, na usoro ntụgharị nke mebere ihe a. Aga m atụlekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke piezoelectricity na ngwa ya.
Mkpokọta chajị eletrik n'ime ihe siri ike
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nye nrụgide n'ọrụ arụ ọrụ, aha ya sitere na okwu Grik "piezein" (squeeze ma ọ bụ pịa) na "ēlektron" (amber).
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik n'ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, ebe nrụnye n'ime ime ihe na-esi na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Ọmụmatụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ihe gụnyere kristal zirconate titanate lead.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances. na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya nke mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị, yana ihe na-akpalite ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị n'ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-agbanye gas, na ngwa nri na ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na mmetụta pyroelectric, ebe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ nke a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie jikọtara ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru, nke mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity pụta. Ha nwere ike ibu amụma omume kristal ma gosipụta mmetụta dị na kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na nnu Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity. Diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru, na mgbanwe ọdịdị na-emebiga ihe ókè na ngosi Curies.
Ha nwere ike ibu amụma mmetụta piezoelectric converse, na mkparịta ụka mmetụta e ji mgbakọ na mwepụ depụtara site Gabriel Lippmann na 1881. The Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mmetụta, wee na-enweta quantitative akaebe nke zuru ezu reversibility nke electro-elasto-. Mechanical deformations na piezoelectric kristal.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike iji piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na nyocha tensor. Nke a bụ ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric, na sonar mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri nchọpụta.
Ihe nchọpụta ahụ nwere a transducer kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị mere nke ọma na-arapara na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site na-ebuli elu ugboro pulse sitere na transducer wee tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric. N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, a na-enyocha ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị ahụ, na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Cartridges ceramic phonograph mere ka imepụta ọkpụkpọ dị mfe ma mee ya maka ndị egwuregwu ndekọ dị ọnụ ala na nke ziri ezi bụ ndị dị ọnụ ala ijikwa ma dịkwa mfe ịrụ.
Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe.
Njikọ Electromechanical Linear
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe iji mepụta ụgwọ eletrik mgbe enwere nrụgide n'ibu. Ewetara okwu a site na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara “piakota ma obu pia” na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke putara “amber”, nke bu isi iyi nke eletriki n’oge ochie.
Achọpụtara Piezoelectricity na 1880 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France Jacques na Pierre Curie. Ọ dabere na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-esite na nrụnye nke ime ihe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Ọmụmatụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity enwere ike ịtụnye mgbe emechara site na nhazi ha kwụ ọtọ gụnyere kristal zirconate titanate lead. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe ma jiri ya na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ejirila Piezoelectricity maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, dịka:
• Mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda
• Piezoelectric inkjet obibi
• Ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu
• Igwe ọkụ ọkụ
• Ngwa eletrọnịkị
• Microbalances
• Na-anya ultrasonic nozzles
• Mgbakọ anya na-elekwasị anya na Ultrafine
• Na-etolite ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha iji dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm
• Ntugharị na ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị
• Na-akpalite na igwe eletrik ọgbara ọhụrụ
• Ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ iji mee ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku
• Ọkụ na ọkụ sịga
Piezoelectricity na-achọtakwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị na mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ nke a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, nnwale egosighi na ha enweghị isi.
Ilele kristal piezo na Curie compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ọ bụ ọrụ ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie nyochara ma kọwaa ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na-ejedebe na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity ma kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na nyocha tensor, na-eduga na ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric.
E mepụtara Sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mgbe Paul Langevin nke France na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ihe nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ultrasonic. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke nwere kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya jikọta na efere nchara, yana igwe ekwentị iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị nnukwu usu ugboro site na transducer. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe ihe dị anya, na-eji piezoelectricity. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọrụ a mere ka ọganihu dị ukwuu na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-eji ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a na-enyocha ma mepụta. Ngwaọrụ Piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, dị ka cartridges ceramic phonograph, nke mere ka imepụta ọkpụkpọ dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-egwu ndekọ dị ọnụ ala na nke ziri ezi karị, ma dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe iji wuo na idobe ya.
Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọọrọ onwe ha na United States, Russia, na Japan chọtara klas ọhụrụ nke ihe sịntetik a na-akpọ ferroelectrics, bụ nke gosipụtara piezoelectric constants ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Nke a butere nyocha siri ike iji mepụta barium titanate, ma mechaa duzie zirconate titanate, ihe nwere akụrụngwa akọwapụtara maka ngwa ngwa.
Ọmụmaatụ pụtara ìhè nke iji kristal piezoelectric sitere na ụlọ nyocha ekwentị Bell na-esochi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Frederick R. Lack, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba injinia telephony redio,
Usoro ntụgharị
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nke ihe ndị a na-etinye nrụgide n'ibu. Okwu 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein' nke putara 'squeeze' ma obu 'pịa' na 'ēlektron' nke putara 'amber', isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime, nke bụ n'ime ime ahụ nke eriri igwe na-esite na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Ọmụmatụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ihe gụnyere kristal zirconate titanate lead. Mgbe nhazi nke kristal ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe, ha na-alaghachi na akụkụ mbụ ha, ma n'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, ha na-agbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ, na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, ngwá electronic, microbalances, ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọtakwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka imepụta ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọwa ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, ebe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, na René Haüy mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma nke amber. Antoine César Becquerel kwuputara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide igwe na ụgwọ eletrik, mana nnwale egosighi na ọ nweghị njedebe.
Ndị ọbịa na Hunterian Museum na Glasgow nwere ike ịhụ Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem nke ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta nke kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Ndị Curies wepụrụ mgbanwe n'ụdị a nke ukwuu iji buo amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka. Gebriel Lippmann weputara mmetụta mkparịta ụka ahụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ site na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor.
E mepụtara ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric, dị ka sonar, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ya na-emepụta ihe nchọpụta okpuru mmiri ultrasonic. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya nyagide na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site n'iwepụta ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer wee tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe ihe ahụ dị. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar a gaa nke ọma. Ọrụ a mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric, na n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, a na-enyocha ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a. Ngwaọrụ piezoelectric
Kedu ihe na-ebute Piezoelectricity?
N'akụkụ a, m ga na-enyocha mmalite nke piezoelectricity na ihe dị iche iche na-egosipụta ihe a. Aga m ele anya okwu Grik 'piezein', isi iyi ọkụ eletrik oge ochie na mmetụta pyroelectricity. Aga m atụlekwa nchoputa nke Pierre na Jacques Curie na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric na narị afọ nke 20.
Okwu Grik Piezein
Piezoelectricity bụ nchikota nke ọkụ eletrik na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ na-akpata site na nzaghachi nke ihe ndị a na-etinye nrụgide n'ibu. Okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik "piezein", nke putara "piakota ma obu pịa", na "ēlektron", nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke oku eletrik oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, nke bụ n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esite na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe na bụ mmepụta nke ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-erigbu mmetụta piezoelectric maka ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances. , ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ihe eji eme kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-amụnye gas na ngwa nri na ikpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ ọgbọ nke ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na narị afọ nke 18, na-adọta na ihe ọmụma nke René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti. nrụgide n'ibu na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale enweghị njedebe.
N'ebe ngosi nka dị na Scotland, ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịhụ piezo crystal Curie compensator, ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na nnu Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz sitere na nnu Rochelle gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-ewepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. A na-ekwubiga okwu ókè n'ụdị mgbanwe a na ngosipụta Curies.
Ndị Curies gara n'ihu inweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity na kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na nyocha tensor.
Ngwa a bara uru nke piezoelectricity dugara n'ịzụlite sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic submarine detector. Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị mere nke ọma ejiri nlezianya rapagidesie ike na efere igwe, nke a na-akpọ hydrophone, iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụda ugo dị elu. Onye ntụgharị ahụ tụrụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe iji gbakọọ ebe ihe ahụ dị. Ojiji nke piezoelectricity na sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.
A na-enyocha ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric ihe ọhụrụ na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a, na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, nke mere ka ihe ọkpụkpọ ahụ dị mfe ma mee ka ọ dị ọnụ ala, ndị na-edekọ ihe dị ọnụ ala karịa nke dị ọnụ ala iji nọgide na-adị mfe ma dị mfe. iwu. Mmepe
Ebe ochie nke chaja eletrik
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ na-akpata site na nzaghachi nke ihe na-etinye nrụgide n'ọrụ. Okwu 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke putara 'mapia ma obu pịa', na okwu 'elektron', nke putara 'amber', ebe ochie na-esi enweta oku eletrik.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, nke bụ n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esite na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha dị iche iche na mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Achọpụtara mmetụta piezoelectric na 1880 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya nke mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ojiji a na-eme kwa ụbọchị n'ịkwanye ọkụ na-amụnye gas na ngwa nri na kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ mmepụta nke ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-adọta ihe ọmụma nke René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ígwè ọrụ igwe. nrụgide na ụgwọ eletrik. Agbanyeghị, nnwale ha enweghị isi.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ Curie na Hunterian Museum na Scotland na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ọ bụ ọrụ ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie nyochara ma kọwaa ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na-ejedebe na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ime piezoelectricity ma kọwaa nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na nyocha tensor, na-enye ohere maka ngwa ngwa nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric.
Onye France bụ Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ya rụpụtara Sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, bụ ndị mepụtara ihe nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ultrasonic. Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya nyagide na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site n'iwepụta ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer na tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ nkuku nke ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar a gaa nke ọma. Ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.
Pyroelectricity
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Ọ bụ njikọ elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Okwu a bu "piezoelectricity" sitere na okwu Grik "piezein", nke putara "piakota ma obu pịa", na okwu Grik "ēlektron", nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Achọpụtara mmetụta piezoelectric site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French Jacques na Pierre Curie na 1880. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta nke piezoelectric, nke bụ n'ime ime nke mmepụta ihe na-akpata site na ọkụ eletrik etinyere. Ọmụmatụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ihe gụnyere kristal zirconate titanate lead. Mgbe ihe owuwu kwụsiri ike, ọ na-alaghachi n'akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, a na-emepụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka mmepụta nke ebili mmiri nke ultrasound.
A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances, ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ bụkwa ihe ndabere maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị, yana ihe na-akpalite ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ihe eji eme kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-amụnye gas na ngwa nri na ikpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ mmepụta nke ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-adọta na ihe ọmụma nke René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta. n'etiti nrụgide n'ibu na ụgwọ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, nnwale egosighi na ha enweghị isi.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie Compensator Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie jikọtara ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta ha nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru iji mee ka nghọta nke pyroelectricity na ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Achọpụtara sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz ka ha na-egosipụta piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Ndị Curies wepụrụ nke a nke ukwuu iji buo amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka. Gabriel Lippmann weputara mmetụta nke mkparịta ụka ahụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ site na ụkpụrụ themodynamic bụ isi nke Gabriel Lippmann na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics).
Mmepe nke sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, a nyochara ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a. Ngwaọrụ Piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka cartridges ceramic phonograph, nke mere ka imewe ihe ọkpụkpọ dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-egwu ndekọ dị ọnụ ala, nke ziri ezi nke dị ọnụ ala iji nọgide na-adị mfe ma dị mfe ịrụ. Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma.
Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọọrọ onwe ha na United States, Russia, na Japan chọtara klas ọhụrụ nke ihe sịntetịt a na-akpọ ferroelectrics, bụ́ ndị gosipụtara piezoelectric constants bụ́ ndị e nwere.
Akụrụngwa Piezoelectric
N'akụkụ a, m ga-ekwurịta ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric, nke bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-agbakọ ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide ígwè ọrụ. Aga m ele kristal, seramiki, ihe gbasara ndu, ọkpụkpụ, DNA na protein, yana otu ha niile si emeghachi omume na mmetụta piezoelectric.
kristal
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara 'squeeze' ma obu 'press' na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke putara 'amber', isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie. Ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric gụnyere kristal, ceramik, ihe ndụ, ọkpụkpụ, DNA, na protein.
Piezoelectricity bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik kwụ ọtọ n'etiti steeti igwe na eletriki n'ihe kristal nwere symmetry ntụgharị. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe, nke bụ n'ime ime ahụ nke nsogbu n'ibu nke sitere na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity nwere ike ịtụnye gụnyere lead zirconate titanate kristal, nke nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ mbụ ha ma ọ bụ ọzọ, gbanwee akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe etinyere ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí. A maara nke a dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-ejikwa ya na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị otú ahụ. dị ka microbalances, ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectric pickups na ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite na ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ihe a na-eme kwa ụbọchị n'ịkwanye ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, yana ọkụ na ọkụ sịga. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ ọgbọ nke ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere na René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ígwè ọrụ igwe. nrụgide na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale iji gosi tiori a enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie jikọtara ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru iji mee ka amụma nke pyroelectricity pụta. Ha nwere ike ibu amụma omume kristal ma gosipụta mmetụta dị na kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na nnu Rochelle. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity. A piezoelectric diski na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru; mgbanwe na udi bụ nke ukwuu ikwubiga okwu ókè na Curies' ngosi.
Ha nwekwara ike ibu amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka ma jiri mgbakọ na mwepụ wepụta ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi n'azụ ya. Gabriel Lippmann mere nke a na 1881. Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka ahụ, wee nweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike iji piezoelectricity ma kọwaa nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor.
E mepụtara ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric na sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri detector. Ihe nchọpụta a nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị mere nke ọma na-arapara na efere nchara, nke a na-akpọ hydrophone, iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụda ugo dị elu. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ. Ojiji piezoelectricity a na sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ.
Egwurugwu
Ihe Piezoelectric bụ ihe siri ike na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik maka nzaghachi nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara 'squeeze' ma obu 'press' na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke putara 'amber', isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie. A na-eji ihe piezoelectric eme ihe na ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, na ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu.
A na-ahụ ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric na kristal, ceramik, ihe ndụ, ọkpụkpụ, DNA, na protein. Ceramics bụ ihe piezoelectric a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ngwa kwa ụbọchị. A na-eme ceramics site na ngwakọta nke ígwè oxides, dị ka lead zirconate titanate (PZT), nke a na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu iji mee ihe siri ike. Ceramics na-adịte aka nke ukwuu ma nwee ike iguzogide oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide.
Piezoelectric ceramics nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, gụnyere:
• Ịmepụta ọkụ na-amụnye gas maka nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, dị ka ọwa na ọkụ sịga.
• Ịmepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound maka onyonyo ahụike.
• Ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik dị elu maka ndị na-emepụta elekere na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị.
• Ịmepụta microbalances maka ojiji na nha nha nkenke.
• Ịkwọ ụgbọ ala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya nke mgbakọ anya.
• Ịmepụta ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm.
• Ntugharị maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
A na-eji seramiki Piezoelectric eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa, site na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa na onyonyo ahụike. Ha na-adịte aka nke ukwuu ma nwee ike iguzogide oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-eme ka ha dị mma maka iji ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche.
Ihe gbasara ndu
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. O sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke putara 'piakota' ma obu pịa', na 'ēlektron', nke putara 'amber', ebe ochie na-esi enweta oku eletrik.
Ihe dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ, DNA, na protein so na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric a na-atụgharị, nke bụ n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Ọmụmatụ nke ihe ndị a gụnyere lead zirconate titanate kristal, nke na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụala ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha dị iche iche, na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound site na mmetụta piezoelectric ntụgharị.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie mere nchọpụta nke piezoelectricity na 1880. E jiriwo ya mee ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, dị ka:
• Mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda
• Piezoelectric inkjet obibi
• Ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu
• Igwe ọkụ ọkụ
• Ngwa eletrọnịkị
• Microbalances
• Na-anya ultrasonic nozzles
• Mgbakọ anya na-elekwasị anya na Ultrafine
• Na-etolite ntọala nke microscopes nyocha nyocha
• dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm
• Ntugharị na ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị
• Na-akpalite na igwe eletrik ọgbara ọhụrụ
A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị dịka isi nri gas na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ mmepụta nke ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18. N'ịdabere na ihe ọmụma nke René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, ha gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletriki, mana nyocha ha enweghị isi.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie Compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem. Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie jikọtara ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta ha nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru iji mee ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ịkọ amụma kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Ndị Curies wepụrụ mmetụta a nke ukwuu iji buo amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka. Gebriel Lippmann weputara mmetụta mkparịta ụka ahụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ site na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics).
ọkpụkpụ
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Ọkpụkpụ bụ otu ihe dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta ihe a.
Ọkpụkpụ bụ ụdị ihe dị ndụ nke nwere protein na mineral, gụnyere collagen, calcium, na phosphorus. Ọ bụ piezoelectric kachasị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma nwee ike ịmepụta voltaji mgbe enwere nrụgide n'ibu.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na ọkpụkpụ bụ n'ihi nhazi ya pụrụ iche. Ọ bụ netwọk nke eriri collagen nke etinyere na matriks nke mineral. Mgbe ọkpụkpụ na-enwe nrụgide n'ibu, eriri collagen na-agagharị, na-eme ka mineral ghọọ polarized ma mepụta ụgwọ eletrik.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na ọkpụkpụ nwere ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru. A na-eji ya na nyocha ahụike, dị ka ultrasound na X-ray imaging, iji chọpụta mgbaji ọkpụkpụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma. A na-ejikwa ya na ihe enyemaka ntị na-eduzi ọkpụkpụ, nke na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric gbanwee ụda ụda ka ọ bụrụ akara eletrik nke ezigara ozugbo na ntị dị n'ime.
A na-ejikwa mmetụta piezoelectric dị n'ọkpụkpụ na-eme ihe na ọkpụkpụ orthopedic, dị ka nkwonkwo artificial na prosthetic aka. Ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric mee ka ike arụ ọrụ ghọọ ike eletrik, nke a na-eji eme ka ngwaọrụ ahụ dị ike.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-enyocha mmetụta piezoelectric na ọkpụkpụ maka iji na-emepụta ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-enyocha iji piezoelectricity na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eto eto ma mezie anụ ahụ mebiri emebi.
N'ozuzu, mmetụta piezoelectric na ọkpụkpụ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ọgwụ na nkà na ụzụ, a na-enyochakwa ya maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ.
DNA
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. DNA bụ otu ihe dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta mmetụta a. DNA bụ molekul dị ndụ dị n'ime ihe niile dị ndụ ma mejupụtara ntọala nucleotide anọ: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), na thymine (T).
DNA bụ molekul dị mgbagwoju anya nke enwere ike iji wepụta chaja eletrik mgbe enwere nrụgide n'ibu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ DNA nwere eriri abụọ nke nucleotide bụ nke njikọ hydrogen jikọtara ọnụ. Mgbe agbajichara nkekọ ndị a, a na-emepụta ụgwọ eletrik.
A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric nke DNA mee ihe na ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere:
• Ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik maka ntinye ahụike
• Ịchọta na ịlele ike igwe na sel
• Na-emepe ihe mmetụta nanoscale
• Ịmepụta biosensors maka usoro DNA
• Ịmepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound maka ịse foto
A na-enyochakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke DNA maka ike ya iji mepụta ihe ọhụrụ, dị ka nanowires na nanotubes. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a maka ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere nchekwa ike na nghọta.
Achọpụtala mmetụta piezoelectric nke DNA nke ọma wee chọpụta na ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nrụgide ọrụ. Nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ndị nchọpụta na ndị injinia na-achọ ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ.
N'ikpeazụ, DNA bụ ihe na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric, nke bụ ikike ịkwakọba ọkụ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide ọrụ arụ ọrụ. Ejila mmetụta a mee ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere ntinye ọgwụ, sensọ nanoscale, na usoro DNA. A na-enyochakwa ya maka iji ya na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, dị ka nanowires na nanotubes.
Ndị na-edozi
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric, dị ka protein, kristal, ceramics, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA, na-egosipụta mmetụta a. Ndị na-edozi ahụ, karịsịa, bụ ihe pụrụ iche piezoelectric, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere usoro mgbagwoju anya nke amino acid nke nwere ike imebi iji mepụta ụgwọ eletrik.
Protein bụ ụdị piezoelectric kachasị dị ukwuu, a na-ahụkwa ha n'ụdị dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịchọta ha n'ụdị enzymes, hormones, na ọgwụ mgbochi, yana n'ụdị protein dị ka collagen na keratin. A na-ahụkwa protein n'ụdị protein muscle, nke na-ahụ maka mkpụkọ akwara na izu ike.
Mmetụta piezoelectric nke ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ n'ihi na ha nwere usoro mgbagwoju anya nke amino acid. Mgbe amino acid ndị a mebiri emebi, ha na-emepụta chaja eletrik. Enwere ike iji chaja eletrik a rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka sensọ na ihe ndị na-eme ihe.
A na-ejikwa protein dị iche iche eme ihe n'ọgwụgwọ ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ha achọpụta ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ protein n'ime ahụ, nke a pụrụ iji chọpụta ọrịa. A na-ejikwa ha achọpụta ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ nje bacteria na nje, nke a pụrụ iji chọpụta ọrịa.
A na-ejikwa protein eme ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ha emepụta ihe mmetụta na ndị na-eme ihe maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị iche iche. A na-ejikwa ha emepụta ihe ndị a pụrụ iji rụọ ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ.
N'ikpeazụ, protein bụ ihe pụrụ iche piezoelectric nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe mejupụtara ha bụ usoro amino acid dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ike imebi iji mepụta ụgwọ eletrik, a na-ejikwa ha na ngwa ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche.
Owuwe ihe ubi site na Piezoelectricity
N'akụkụ a, m ga na-atụle ka a ga-esi jiri piezoelectricity wepụta ike. Aga m ele anya ngwa dị iche iche nke piezoelectricity, site na mbipụta piezoelectric inkjet ruo na ndị na-emepụta elekere na microbalances. Aga m enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke piezoelectricity, site na nchọpụta ya site n'aka Pierre Curie ruo na ojiji ya na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'ikpeazụ, m ga-atụle ọnọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ piezoelectric dị ugbu a yana ikike maka ọganihu ọzọ.
Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe iji mepụta ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu a bụ 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein' (ịpịa ma ọ bụ pịa) na 'elektron' (amber), isi iyi ọkụ eletrik oge ochie. A na-eji ihe piezoelectric, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA, na ngwa dị iche iche.
A na-eji piezoelectricity na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik dị elu, dị ka onye na-emepụta elekere, na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, na microbalances. A na-ejikwa ya na-ebugharị ultrasonic nozzles na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Piezoelectric inkjet obibi bụ ngwa na-ewu ewu nke teknụzụ a. Nke a bụ ụdị mbipụta nke na-eji piezoelectric kristal na-eme ka ụda olu dị elu dị elu, nke a na-eji chụpụ ụmụ irighiri ink na ibe.
Nchọpụta nke piezoelectricity malitere na 1880, mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara mmetụta ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru. A na-eji piezoelectricity eme ihe kwa ụbọchị dị ka nri gas na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na pickup na gita gbagoro n'ụzọ eletrọnịkị na ihe na-akpalite na ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na nyocha sayensị. Ọ bụ ihe ndabere maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi ihe onyonyo n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ atọm. A na-ejikwa ya na ultrasonic oge mpaghara reflectometer, nke na-eziga ultrasonic pulses n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche iji chọpụta nkwụsịtụ na ịchọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo ígwè na nkume.
Mmepe nke ngwaọrụ na ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric bụ mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ka mma na usoro nrụpụta dị mfe. Na United States, mmepe nke kristal quartz maka iji azụmahịa bụ isi ihe na-eto eto nke ụlọ ọrụ piezoelectric. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-emepụta Japan enwewo ike ịkekọrịta ozi ngwa ngwa ma mepụta ngwa ọhụrụ, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ngwa ngwa n'ahịa Japan.
Piezoelectricity agbanweela ka anyị si eji ike eme ihe, site na ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị dị ka ọkụ ọkụ ruo nyocha sayensị dị elu. Ọ bụ nkà na ụzụ dị iche iche nke nyere anyị aka ịchọpụta na ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ngwa ngwa, ọ ga-anọgide na-abụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ anyị ruo ọtụtụ afọ.
Ọgbọ nke High Voltage Electricity
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe siri ike ịkwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein' nke putara 'squeeze' ma obu 'pịa' na 'ēlektron' nke putara 'amber', isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie. Piezoelectricity bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik kwụ ọtọ n'etiti steeti igwe na eletriki n'ihe kristal nwere symmetry ntụgharị.
Mmetụta piezoelectric bụ usoro ntụgharị; ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, nke dị n'ime ime ahụ nke eriri igwe na-esi na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'èzí, ihe a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric inverse, nke a na-eji na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe na ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu. A na-eji ihe piezoelectric eme ihe na mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, na piezoelectric inkjet printing, na elekere eletrik, na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, na microbalances, na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya.
A na-ejikwa Piezoelectricity na ngwa ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ iji mee ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, na ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ihe mmetụta pyroelectric, nke na-emepụta ikike eletrik na nzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ mmetụta a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ígwè ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha ha enweghị isi.
Ihe ọmụma jikọtara ọnụ nke pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Nke a bụ nke ukwuu na ngosipụta nke Curies nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem.
Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie gara n'ihu inweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike iji piezoelectricity ma kọwaa nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor.
Ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric malitere site na mmepe nke sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic submarine detector. Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere transducer nke sitere na kristal quartz dị mkpa ejiri nlezianya nyagide na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site n'iwepụta ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer wee tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe ihe ahụ dị. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.
Achọpụtara ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a. Ngwaọrụ Piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, nke mere ka ihe ọkpụkpọ dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-egwu ndekọ dị ọnụ ala, nke ziri ezi nke dị ọnụ ala iji nọgide na-enwe ma dị mfe ịrụ. Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma.
Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ hụrụ otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọọrọ onwe ha na United States, Russia, na Japan chọtara klas ọhụrụ nke ihe sịntetịt a na-akpọ fer.
Igwe ọkụ ọkụ
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi na nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Ejila ihe omume a mepụta ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru, gụnyere ndị na-emepụta elekere. Ndị na-emepụta elekere bụ ngwaọrụ ndị na-eji piezoelectricity na-emepụta akara eletrik na oge ziri ezi.
A na-eji igwe na-emepụta elekere n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche, dị ka na kọmpụta, nkwukọrịta, na usoro ụgbọ ala. A na-ejikwa ha na ngwaọrụ ahụike, dị ka ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa, iji hụ na oge akara ọkụ eletrik ziri ezi. A na-ejikwa igwe na-emepụta elekere na automation ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na robotics, ebe kpọmkwem oge dị mkpa.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-adabere na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik na ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity nwekwara ike ịkpata nsogbu igwe mgbe etinyere ọkụ eletrik. A maara nke a dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe ma jiri ya mepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị na-emepụta elekere na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric a na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta akara eletrik na oge ziri ezi. A na-emezi ihe piezoelectric site na ọkụ eletrik, nke na-eme ka ọ na-ama jijiji n'otu oge. A na-atụgharịkwa ịma jijiji a ka ọ bụrụ akara ọkụ eletrik, nke a na-eji ewepụta mgbama oge ziri ezi.
A na-eji igwe na-emepụta elekere na ngwa dị iche iche, site na ngwaọrụ ahụike ruo na akpaaka ụlọ ọrụ. Ha bụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ndị ziri ezi ma dị mfe iji, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka ọtụtụ ngwa. Piezoelectricity bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, na ndị na-emepụta elekere bụ naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ngwa nke ihe a.
Ngwaọrụ eletrọniki
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe siri ike ịkwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. A na-eji ihe omume a, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric, n'ụdị ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị dị iche iche, site na pickups na guitars eletrọnịkị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-akpalite na ụda eletrik ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara "pịa" ma ọ bụ "pịa" na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke pụtara "amber", isi iyi ọkụ eletrik oge ochie. Ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric bụ kristal, ceramics, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na protein DNA, nke na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric.
Mmetụta piezoelectric bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik na ihe kristal nwere symmetry ntụgharị. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, nke bụ ihe dị n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'èzí, ihe a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric inverse, nke a na-eji na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Nchọpụta nke piezoelectricity bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem na 1880. Ihe ọmụma ha jikọtara ọnụ nke pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime kristal mere ka amụma nke mmetụta pyroelectric pụta, na ikike ịkọ amụma. E gosipụtara omume kristal site na mmetụta nke kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na nnu Rochelle.
A na-eji Piezoelectricity eme ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ihe mmetụta pyroelectric nke na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ nke a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, nnwale egosighị na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, ruo mgbe echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie compensator museum dị na Scotland gosipụtara mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Curie.
A na-eji Piezoelectricity n'ụdị ngwa eletrọnịkị dị iche iche, site n'ịkpọku na ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-akpalite na ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ. A na-ejikwa ya na mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, mbipụta piezoelectric inkjet, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, microbalances, ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Piezoelectricity bụkwa ihe ndabere maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm.
Microbalances
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe siri ike ịkwakọba ụgwọ eletrik na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein), nke putara "squeeze" ma obu "pịa", na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
A na-eji piezoelectricity eme ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-agbanye gas maka nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. A na-ejikwa ya na mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, na piezoelectric inkjet obibi.
A na-ejikwa Piezoelectricity na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ọ bụkwa ihe ndabere nke ndị na-emepụta elekere na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị dị ka microbalances. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na-ebugharị ultrasonic nozzles na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie kwadoro nchọpụta nke piezoelectricity na 1880. Ụmụnna Curie jikọtara ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta ha banyere ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru iji mee ka echiche nke piezoelectricity pụta. Ha nwere ike ibu amụma omume kristal ma gosipụta mmetụta dị na kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na nnu Rochelle.
A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ngwa bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda. Mmepe nke sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ bụ nnukwu ọganihu n'iji piezoelectricity. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọọrọ onwe ha na United States, Russia, na Japan chọtara klas ọhụrụ nke ihe sịntetịt a na-akpọ ferroelectrics, bụ nke gosipụtara piezoelectric nọgidere ihe ruru okpukpu iri karịa ihe ndị e kere eke.
Nke a mere ka nyocha siri ike na mmepe nke barium titanate na mgbe e mesịrị na-edu zirconate titanate ihe, nke nwere ihe ụfọdụ maka ngwa ngwa. Emepụtara ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke iji kristal piezoelectric na ụlọ nyocha ekwentị Bell na-esochi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.
Frederick R. Lack, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba injinia telephony redio, mepụtara kristal ịkpụ nke na-arụ ọrụ n'elu oke okpomọkụ. kristal enweghị achọghị ngwa dị arọ nke kristal gara aga, na-eme ka ojiji ya na ụgbọ elu. Mmepe a mere ka ndị agha ikuku jikọrọ aka tinye aka na mwakpo achikọtara ọnụ site na iji redio ụgbọ elu.
Mmepe nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric na ihe ndị dị na United States na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa, na mmepe nke kristal quartz na-ere ahịa. A na-eji ihe piezoelectric eme ihe na ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere nyocha ahụike, nhicha ultrasonic, na ndị ọzọ.
Ụgbọ ala Ultrasonic Nozzle
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nye nrụgide n'ọrụ na-esite na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke pụtara 'squeeze' ma ọ bụ 'pịa', na 'elektron', nke pụtara 'amber', isi iyi ọkụ eletrik oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric a na-atụgharị, nke bụ n'ime ime nke nsogbu n'ibu nke sitere na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Ihe atụ nke nke a bụ kristal zirconate titanate, bụ nke na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụnye ya mgbe a na-agbanwe usoro ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha dị iche iche, na-eme ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke bụ mmepụta nke ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880 ma ejirila ya mee ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda. Piezoelectricity na-achọtakwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka imepụta ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọwa ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ.
Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, na n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide n'ibu na ọkụ eletrik. Nnwale iji gosi nke a enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie Compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na ịghọta ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma pyroelectricity pụta ma kwe ka ha buru amụma omume kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta nke kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Ndị Curies wepụrụ nke a nke ukwuu iji buo amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka, nke Gabriel Lippmann weputara na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie n'ọrụ ha ịchọpụta na ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity. Nke a mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike ime piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na nyocha tensor.
Ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric malitere na sonar, bụ nke e mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ya na-emepụta ihe nchọpụta okpuru mmiri ultrasonic. Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị mere nke ọma ejiri nlezianya rapagidesie ike na efere igwe, nke a na-akpọ hydrophone, iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụda ugo dị elu. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ogologo ihe ahụ. Ojiji piezoelectricity a na sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara nnukwu mmepe na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.
A na-enyocha ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric ihe ọhụrụ na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a, na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ dị n'ọhịa dị ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, bụ nke mere ka ihe ọkpụkpọ ahụ dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-edekọ ihe dị ọnụ ala, ndị na-edekọ ihe dị ọnụ ala karịa ma dị mfe iji wuo. . Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Ultrasonic oge ngalaba reflectometer na-eziga ultrasonic usu site na ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na nkume.
Mgbakọ anya nke Ultrafine
Piezoelectricity bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-akwakọba ụgwọ eletrik mgbe enwere nrụgide n'ibu. Ọ bụ njikọ elektrọnik linear n'etiti steeti eletrik na igwe arụ ọrụ nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry ntụgharị. Piezoelectricity bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric dị n'ime ya, nke bụ n'ime ọgbọ nke nsogbu n'ibu nke sitere na mpaghara eletrik etinyere.
A na-eji Piezoelectricity mee ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, na ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu. A na-ejikwa Piezoelectricity na mbipụta inkjet, ndị na-emepụta elekere, ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, microbalances, draịva ultrasonic nozzles, na mgbakọ anya anya ultrafine.
Achọpụtara Piezoelectricity na 1880 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France Jacques na Pierre Curie. A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe na ngwa bara uru, dị ka mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, na ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu. A na-ejikwa mbipụta inkjet Piezoelectric, yana ndị na-emepụta elekere, ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, microbalances, draịva ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya.
Piezoelectricity achọtala ụzọ ya n'ime ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-agbanye gas maka nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ihe mmetụta pyroelectric nke na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ mmetụta a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere na René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie Compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. N'ịgwakọta na ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta ha banyere ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru, ha mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu.
Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, na quartz na Rochelle nnu gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe e mebiri emebi, n'agbanyeghị na mgbanwe ọdịdị ahụ dị oke egwu. The Curies buru amụma na converse piezoelectric mmetụta, na converse mmetụta e mgbakọ na mwepụ depụtara site na isi thermodynamic ụkpụrụ site Gabriel Lippmann na 1881. Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke converse mmetụta, wee na-enweta quantitative akaebe nke zuru ezu reversibility nke electro-. elasto-mechanical deformations na piezoelectric kristal.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity ma kọwaa nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor maka ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric.
Mmepe nke sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric. Ọtụtụ iri afọ ka e mesịrị, a nyochara ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a. Ngwaọrụ Piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka katriji phonograph seramiiki, bụ nke mere ka ndị na-egwu egwuregwu dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-edekọ ihe dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe ijikwa ma wuo ya. Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma.
A na-echekwa mmalite nke ubi nke mmasị piezoelectricity site na ikikere bara uru nke ihe ọhụrụ emepụtara site na kristal quartz, bụ nke a na-ere ahịa dị ka ihe piezoelectric. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ ihe dị elu arụmọrụ, na n'agbanyeghị ọganihu na ihe na maturation nke mmepụta usoro, United States ahịa adịghị eto ngwa ngwa. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-emepụta Japan na-ekesa ozi ngwa ngwa na ngwa ọhụrụ maka uto na ụlọ ọrụ piezoelectric United States tara ahụhụ dị iche na ndị na-emepụta Japanese.
Piezoelectric moto
N'akụkụ a, m ga-ekwu maka otu esi eji piezoelectricity eme ihe na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Site na nyocha microscopes nyocha nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm gaa na pickups maka gita eletrọnịkị na-ebuwanye ibu na ihe na-akpali maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ, piezoelectricity aghọwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ. Aga m enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke piezoelectricity yana otu esi eji ya na ngwa dị iche iche.
Ụdị ndabere nke microscopes nyocha nyocha
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi maka nrụgide n'ọrụ, na okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke pụtara "pịa" ma ọ bụ "pịa" na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke pụtara "amber", isi iyi nke ọkụ eletrik oge ochie.
Piezoelectric Motors bụ ngwaọrụ ndị na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric na-emepụta mmegharị. Mmetụta a bụ mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti steeti igwe na eletrik n'ime ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric nke dị n'ime ya, nke bụ ihe dị n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta piezoelectricity nwere ike ịtụnye bụ kristal zirconate titanate lead.
A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe na ngwa bara uru, dị ka mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm.
Achọpụtara Piezoelectricity na 1880 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France Jacques na Pierre Curie. Enwere ike ịhụ echiche nke kristal piezo na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ Curie na Hunterian Museum na Scotland, nke bụ ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie.
Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta ha banyere ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity pụta, nke mere ka ha buru amụma omume kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, na quartz na Rochelle nnu gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe ọ nwere nkwarụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị Curies na-emebiga ihe ókè.
Ha buru amụma mmetụta piezoelectric converse, na nke a bụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na-enweta site na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi site n'aka Gabriel Lippmann na 1881. The Curies kwadoro ozugbo ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka ahụ, wee nweta ihe akaebe nke quantitative nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke electro-elasto- Mechanical deformations na piezoelectric kristal.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ nke Crystal Physics), bụ nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike iji piezoelectricity ma kọwaa nke ọma piezoelectric constants na nyocha tensor.
Nke a mere ka ngwa ngwa nke piezoelectric ngwa ngwa, dị ka sonar, nke e mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic submarine detector. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke nwere kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya jikọta na efere nchara, yana igwe ekwentị iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị nnukwu usu ugboro site na transducer. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe ihe ahụ dị. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar a nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.
Achọpụtara ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric ihe ọhụrụ na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a, na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, bụ nke mere ka ihe ọkpụkpọ ahụ dị mfe ma mee ka ndị na-edekọ ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke ziri ezi dị ọnụ ala iji nọgide na-adị mfe ma dị mfe. iwu. Mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers kwere ka ọ dị mfe nha nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri na ihe siri ike, na-akpata nnukwu ọganihu na nchọpụta ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma.
N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, otu nyocha onwe ha na United
Kpebie onyogho n'ọkwa nke atọm
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nye nrụgide n'ọrụ arụ ọrụ wee nweta ya site na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke pụtara ịpịa ma ọ bụ pịa. Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik na ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion.
Piezoelectricity bụ usoro ntụgharị, na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke bụ ihe dị n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esite na ọkụ eletrik etinyere. Ọmụmaatụ nke a gụnyere kristal zirconate titanate lead, nke na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụala n'usoro ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha dị iche iche mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe ma jiri ya na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka. microbalances na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm.
A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na ngwa kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18. N'ịdabere na ihe ọmụma nke René Haüy na Antoine César Becquerel, ha gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ígwè ọrụ na ụgwọ eletriki, ma nnwale ha enweghị isi.
Ndị ọbịa na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Hunterian dị na Glasgow nwere ike ịhụ piezo crystal Curie compensator, ihe ngosi nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem site n'aka ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ejikọtara ya na ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru, ha mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, na quartz na Rochelle nnu gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe e mebiri emebi, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe n'ụdị na-emebiga ihe ókè. Ndị Curies nwere ike ibu amụma mmetụta piezoelectric converse, na mkparịta ụka e nwetara site na mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi nke Gabriel Lippmann na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ nke Crystal Physics).
Ndị na-ebunye gita ọkụ eletrọnịkị
Piezoelectric Motors bụ igwe eletriki na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric mee ka ike eletrik ghọọ ike igwe. Mmetụta piezoelectric bụ ikike nke ụfọdụ ihe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik mgbe enwere nrụgide ọrụ. A na-eji moto Piezoelectric eme ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche, site na ịgbanye obere ngwaọrụ dị ka elekere na elekere ruo na ikenye nnukwu igwe dị ka robots na akụrụngwa ahụike.
A na-eji moto piezoelectric eme ihe n'ịkọpụta ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị. Ndị a pickups na-eji piezoelectric mmetụta na-agbanwe vibration nke ụdọ guitar ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik. A na-emeziwanye mgbaama a ma ziga ya na amplifier, nke na-emepụta ụda guitar. A na-ejikwa piezoelectric pickups na igwe eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ, ebe a na-eji ha achọpụta mkpọtụ nke isi ụgbụ ahụ wee gbanwee ha ka ọ bụrụ akara ọkụ eletrik.
A na-ejikwa moto piezoelectric na-enyocha microscopes nyocha, nke na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric na-ebugharị obere nyocha gafee elu. Nke a na-enye ohere maka microscope iji dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa moto piezoelectric na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ inkjet, ebe a na-eji ha na-ebugharị isi mbipụta azụ na azụ n'ofe ibe ahụ.
A na-eji moto Piezoelectric n'ụdị ngwa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ngwaọrụ ahụike, akụrụngwa ụgbọ ala, na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa. A na-ejikwa ha na ngwa mmepụta ihe, dị ka mmepụta nke akụkụ ndị ziri ezi na mgbakọ nke ihe mgbagwoju anya. A na-ejikwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-emepụta ebili mmiri nke ultrasound, nke a na-eji na-ahụ maka ahụike na nchọpụta ihe na-adịghị mma na ihe.
N'ozuzu, a na-eji moto piezoelectric eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa dị iche iche, site n'ịkwanye obere ngwaọrụ ruo na-arụ ọrụ igwe buru ibu. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ịkọpta gita gbasiri ike na eletrọnịkị, ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ, microscopes nyocha, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ inkjet, ngwaọrụ ahụike, akụrụngwa ụgbọ ala, na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa. A na-ejikwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ebili mmiri nke ultrasound na nchọpụta nke adịghị ike na ihe.
Na-akpalite Ịgba eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ
Piezoelectricity bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ ihe siri ike dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nke ihe ndị a na-etinye nrụgide n'ibu. Okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik "piezein", nke putara "piakota ma obu pịa", na okwu "elektron", nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Piezoelectric Motors bụ ngwaọrụ ndị na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric na-emepụta mmegharị. Mmetụta a na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti ọnọdụ igwe na eletriki nke ihe crystalline nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro ntụgharị, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric a na-atụgharị, nke bụ n'ime ime nke nsogbu n'ibu nke sitere na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Ihe atụ nke nke a bụ kristal zirconate titanate, bụ nke na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụnye ya mgbe a na-agbanwe usoro ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'èzí, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ, na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
A na-eji moto piezoelectric eme ihe n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche kwa ụbọchị, dịka:
• Ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ iji mee ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku
• Ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ihe mmetụta pyroelectric
• Ịmepụta ikike eletrik na nzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ
• Mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda
• Piezoelectric inkjet obibi
• Ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu
• Igwe ọkụ ọkụ na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị
• Microbalances
• Na-anya ultrasonic nozzles na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya
• Na-etolite ntọala nke microscopes nyocha nyocha
• dozie onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm
• Na-ebuli ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị
• Na-akpalite ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Nlegharị anya Electromechanical nke ndị ntụgharị Piezoelectric
N'akụkụ a, m ga na-enyocha ihe nlegharị anya eletrọnịkị nke transducers piezoelectric. M ga-eleba anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchọpụta nke piezoelectricity, nnwale ndị gosipụtara ịdị adị ya, na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ na ihe ndị dị na piezoelectric. Aga m atụlekwa onyinye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie, Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy na Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann na Woldemar Voigt.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe eletrọnịkị na-agbakọba n'ụfọdụ ihe siri ike dịka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. A na-ebute ụgwọ a na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke putara 'piakota ma obu pịa', na 'elektron', nke putara 'amber', isi iyi nke oku eletrik oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik n'ihe nwere symmetry ntụgharị. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe a na-emepụta mmepụta nke n'ime ime ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-emeghachi omume na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, kristal na-agbanwe akụkụ ha dị iche iche, na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound na usoro a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Na 1880, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọpụtara mmetụta piezoelectric na kemgbe ejirila ya mee ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na electronic ngwaọrụ dị ka microbalances na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọtakwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka imepụta ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọwa ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, ebe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-adọta na ihe ọmụma nke René Hauy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti. nrụgide n'ibu na ụgwọ eletrik, n'agbanyeghị na nnwale ha enweghị isi.
Site na ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru, ndị Curies nwere ike ịmalite amụma nke pyroelectricity ma buru amụma omume nke kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity. Diski piezoelectric na-ewepụta voltaji mgbe oruru, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-ekwubiga okwu ókè na ngosipụta Curies. Ha nwekwara ike ibu amụma mmetụta piezoelectric na-akparịta ụka na mgbakọ na mwepụ na-ewepụ ya na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi nke Gabriel Lippmann na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics).
Nnwale egosiri na enweghị njedebe
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe omume eletrọnịkị nke na-agbakọba n'ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nzaghachi nye nrụgide n'ọrụ n'ọrụ, na okwu ahụ bụ 'piezoelectricity' sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke pụtara 'ịpịa ma ọ bụ pịa', na 'Elektron', nke pụtara 'amber', isi iyi ọkụ eletrik oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear dị n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Ọ bụ usoro mgbanwe; ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke bụ n'ime ime ihe na-emepụta ihe na-esi na mpaghara eletrik arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke a na-eji na-emepụta ebili mmiri nke ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic dị ka microbalances. , ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị, yana ihe na-akpalite ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Piezoelectricity na-achọta ojiji a na-eme kwa ụbọchị n'ịkwanye ọkụ na-amụnye gas na ngwa nri na kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, nke ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na narị afọ nke 18, na-adọta na ihe ọmụma nke René Hauy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta. n'etiti nrụgide n'ibu na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale enweghị njedebe.
Ihe ọmụma jikọtara ọnụ nke pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà nke kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Nke a bụ nke ukwuu na ngosipụta nke Curies nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem.
Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie buru amụma mmetụta piezoelectric converse, na mkparịta ụka mmetụta e ji mgbakọ na mwepụ na-enwetara site na isi thermodynamic ụkpụrụ site Gabriel Lippmann na 1881. Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mmetụta, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta quantitative akaebe nke zuru ezu. mgbanwe nke electro-elasto-mechanical deformations na piezoelectric kristal.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, mana ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor. Nke a bụ ngwa mbụ bara uru nke transducers piezoelectric, na sonar mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri detector.
Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe eletrọnịkị nke na-agbakọba n'ụfọdụ ihe siri ike dịka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. A na-ebute ụgwọ a maka nzaghachi nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara "ipia ma obu pịa" na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe, nke bụ n'ime ime ahụ nke nsogbu n'ibu nke sitere na mpaghara eletrik etinyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, nke a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe ma jiri ya na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Na 1880, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French Jacques na Pierre Curie chọpụtara mmetụta piezoelectric na kemgbe ejirila ya mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, ngwaọrụ eletrik, microbalances. , ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ntọala maka nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke a na-eji edozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na-akpalite maka ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
A na-ahụkwa Piezoelectricity na ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ịmepụta ọkụ ọkụ iji mee ka gas na-esi nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na mmetụta pyroelectric, nke bụ mgbe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ mmetụta a n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere n'aka René Hauy na Antoine César Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ígwè ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha ha enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem nke ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz sitere na Rochelle nnu gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe ọ nwere nkwarụ, n'agbanyeghị na nke a na-ekwubiga okwu ókè na ngosipụta Curies.
Amụma nke converse piezoelectric mmetụta na mgbakọ na mwepụ ya na isi thermodynamic ụkpụrụ bụ nke Gabriel Lippmann mere na 1881. The Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mmetụta, wee na-enweta quantitative akaebe nke zuru ezu reversibility nke electro-elasto-. Mechanical deformations na piezoelectric kristal. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere na-achọ ịmata ihe ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie, bụ ndị ji ya nyochaa ma kọwaa ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity. Nke a mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike ime piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor.
Ngwa a bara uru nke ndị transducers piezoelectric dugara n'ịzụlite sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri nchọpụta. Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere transducer nke nwere kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya jikọta na efere nchara, yana igwe ekwentị iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ wepụtasịrị ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe ihe ahụ dị. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar a nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric.
Rene Hauy na Antoine Cesar Becquerel
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe eletrọnịkị nke na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramics, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA, na-akwakọba ụgwọ ọkụ eletrik na nzaghachi nrụgide arụ ọrụ. Piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik 'piezein', nke putara 'piakota' ma obu pịa', na 'elektron', nke putara 'amber', isi iyi oku eletrik oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik n'ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta mmetụta piezoelectric na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric a na-atụgharị, ma ọ bụ n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'èzí, na-ebute mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmepụta nke ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọpụtara mmetụta piezoelectric na 1880. E jiriwo mmetụta a mee ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic. dị ka microbalances, ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles, na ultrafine na-elekwasị anya mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. A na-ejikwa piezoelectricity na pickups maka ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị, yana ihe na-akpalite ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Mmetụta piezoelectric bụ nke mbụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ na etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere na Rene Hauy na Antoine Cesar Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, nnwale egosighi na ha enweghị isi. Ejikọtara ya na ihe ọmụma nke pyroelectricity, na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru, nke a mere ka amụma pyroelectricity pụta, na ikike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Mmetụta a bụ nke ukwuu na ngosipụta nke Curies na Museum of Scotland, nke gosipụtara mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem.
Ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie gara n'ihu inweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha, ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ a nyochara ma kọwaa ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity, na-ejedebe na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics).
Ngwa ngwa ndị Curies kwadoro ịdị adị nke mmetụta mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na mgbakọ na mwepụ wepụta ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi nke mmetụta mkparịta ụka. Nke a bụ Gabriel Lippmann mere na 1881. Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji Piezoelectricity emepụta sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri nchọpụta. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya nyagide na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site n'iwepụta ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer na tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ.
Ndị ụlọ nyocha ekwe ntị Bell kwalitere iji kristal piezoelectric na-esochi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Frederick R. Lack, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba injinia telephony redio, mepụtara kristal ịkpụ nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'elu oke okpomọkụ. kristal enweghị achọghị ngwa dị arọ nke kristal gara aga, na-eme ka ojiji ya na ụgbọ elu. Mmepe a mere ka ndị agha ikuku jikọrọ aka tinye aka na mbuso agha achikọtara, na-eji redio ụgbọ elu. Mmepe nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric na ihe ndị dị na United States na-edebe ụlọ ọrụ na mmepe nke mmalite oge agha n'ọhịa, na mmasị n'inweta patent bara uru maka ihe ọhụrụ emepụtara. A na-eji kristal quartz eme ihe n'ahịa dị ka ihe piezoelectric, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọkwara ihe ndị dị elu na-arụ ọrụ. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu na ihe na maturation nke mmepụta usoro, United States
Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe omume eletrọnịkị nke na-agbakọba n'ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. Ọ bụ nsonaazụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti steeti igwe na eletriki n'ime ihe nwere symmetry ntụgharị. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị France bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọtara nke mbụ Piezoelectricity na 1880.
Ejirila Piezoelectricity maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta ụda, mbipụta inkjet piezoelectric, na ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu. Piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik πιέζειν (piezein) nke putara "ipia ma obu pịa" na ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe, bụ nke n'ime ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ntinye nke ọkụ eletrik. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik dị n'èzí, usoro a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe agbanwe. Enwere ike iji usoro a mepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
A na-amụ mmetụta piezoelectric kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 18, mgbe Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus, na-adọta ihe ọmụma nke René Hauy na Antoine César Becquerel, gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ọrụ na ụgwọ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, nnwale egosighi na ha enweghị isi. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe nchikota ihe ọmụma nke pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime kristal mere ka amụma pyroelectricity pụta na ndị nchọpụta nwere ike ịkọ àgwà kristal. E gosipụtara nke a site na mmetụta kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu.
Gabriel Lippmann, na 1881, na mgbakọ na mwepụ wepụrụ ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi nke mmetụta piezoelectric converse. Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric.
Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, piezoelectricity nọgidere bụrụ ọchịchọ ịmata ụlọ nyocha ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre na Marie Curie. Ọrụ ha inyocha na kọwapụta ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics). Nke a kọwara klaasị kristal eke nwere ike ị nweta piezoelectricity wee jiri nyocha tensor kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric.
Ngwa bara uru nke ngwaọrụ piezoelectric malitere site na mmepe sonar n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic okpuru mmiri detector. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya nyagide na efere nchara, yana igwe igwe iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ. Site n'iwepụta ụda ugo dị elu site na transducer wee tụọ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ. Ojiji piezoelectricity a maka sonar bụ ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmasị mmepe siri ike na ngwaọrụ piezoelectric. N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, a na-enyocha ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ piezoelectric na ngwa ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị a. Ngwaọrụ Piezoelectric chọtara ụlọ n'ụdị dị iche iche, site na ceramic phonograph cartridges nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpọ ọkpụkpọ dị mfe ma mee ka ọnụ ala, ndị na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ziri ezi dị ọnụ ala iji nọgide na-enwe ma dị mfe iji wuo, na mmepe nke ultrasonic transducers nke na-enye ohere maka nlele dị mfe nke viscosity na elasticity nke mmiri. na ihe siri ike, na-ebute ọganihu dị ukwuu na nyocha ihe. Oge oge Ultrasonic reflectometers na-eziga usu ultrasonic n'ime ihe ma tụọ ntụgharị uche na nkwụsị iji chọta ntụpọ n'ime ihe nkedo na ihe nkume, na-eme ka nchekwa dị mma.
Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọọrọ onwe ha na United States, Russia, na Japan chọtara klas ọhụrụ nke ihe sịntetik nke a na-akpọ ferroelectrics nke gosipụtara piezoelectric nọgidere ihe ruru okpukpu iri karịa ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Nke a butere nyocha siri ike iji mepụta barium titanate, ma mechaa duzie zirconate titanate, ihe nwere akụrụngwa akọwapụtara maka ngwa ngwa. E mepụtara ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke iji kristal piezoelectric
Woldemar Voigt
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe omume eletrọnịkị nke na-agbakọba n'ụfọdụ ihe siri ike, dị ka kristal, ceramik, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkpụkpụ na DNA. A na-ebute ụgwọ a na nzaghachi maka nrụgide arụ ọrụ etinyere. Okwu piezoelectricity sitere na okwu Grik "piezein", nke putara "piakota ma obu pịa", na "elektron", nke putara "amber", isi iyi nke eletriki oge ochie.
Mmetụta piezoelectric na-esite na mmekọrịta elektrọnik linear n'etiti igwe na steeti eletrik nke ihe kristal nwere symmetry inversion. Mmetụta a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ihe ndị na-egosipụta piezoelectricity na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta piezoelectric na-agbanwe, ebe n'ime ime nke eriri igwe na-esi na ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kristal zirconate titanate lead na-emepụta piezoelectricity a na-atụtu ya mgbe arụrụ arụ ọrụ ha kwụ ọtọ site na akụkụ mbụ ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, kristal nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ ha kwụ ọtọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik n'èzí, ihe a maara dị ka mmetụta piezoelectric inverse, nke a na-eji na-emepụta ebili mmiri ultrasound.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Pierre na Jacques Curie chọpụtara piezoelectricity na 1880. A na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric eme ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere mmepụta na nchọpụta nke ụda, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik dị elu, ndị na-emepụta elekere, na ngwá electronic. dị ka microbalances na ụgbọala ultrasonic nozzles maka ultrafine na-elekwasị anya nke mgbakọ anya. Ọ na-etolitekwa ndabere nke nyocha microscopes nyocha, nke nwere ike idozi onyonyo n'ogo nke atọm. N'ịgbakwụnye, ntụtụ na ụbọ akwara eletrọnịkị na ihe na-akpalite na ịgbà eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji mmetụta piezoelectric.
Piezoelectricity na-ahụkwa ihe eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị n'ịkwanye ọkụ na-amụnye gas n'ime nri na ngwaọrụ kpo oku, n'ọwa ọkụ, ọkụ sịga, na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta pyroelectric, ebe ihe na-emepụta ike eletrik na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, bụ Carl Linnaeus na Franz Aepinus mụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 18, na-enweta ihe ọmụma sitere na Rene Hauy na Antoine Cesar Becquerel, bụ ndị gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ígwè ọrụ igwe. nrụgide na ụgwọ eletrik. Nnwale iji gosi mmekọrịta a enweghị njedebe.
Echiche nke kristal piezo na Curie compensator na Hunterian Museum na Scotland bụ ngosipụta nke mmetụta piezoelectric kpọmkwem nke ụmụnna Pierre na Jacques Curie. Ijikọta ihe ọmụma ha banyere pyroelectricity na nghọta nke ihe owuwu kristal dị n'okpuru mere ka amụma nke pyroelectricity pụta, bụ nke nyere ha ohere ịkọ àgwà kristal ha gosipụtara na mmetụta nke kristal dị ka tourmaline, quartz, topaz, sugar cane, na Rochelle nnu. . Sodium na potassium tartrate tetrahydrate na quartz gosikwara piezoelectricity, na diski piezoelectric na-emepụta voltaji mgbe oruru. Mgbanwe a n'ụdị dị oke njọ na ngosipụta Curies, ha gara n'ihu ịkọ mmetụta piezoelectric mkparịta ụka. Gebriel Lippmann weputara mmetụta mkparịta ụka ahụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ site na ụkpụrụ thermodynamic bụ isi na 1881.
Ndị Curies ozugbo kwadoro ịdị adị nke mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka, wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta ihe akaebe nke ọnụọgụ nke ngbanwe zuru oke nke nrụrụ electro-elasto-mechanical na kristal piezoelectric. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, piezoelectricity nọgidere na-achọ ịmata ihe ụlọ nyocha, ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa na nchọpụta nke polonium na radium site n'aka Pierre Marie Curie, bụ onye ji ya nyochaa ma kọwaa ihe owuwu kristal nke gosipụtara piezoelectricity. Nke a mechiri na mbipụta nke Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Akwụkwọ edemede nke Crystal Physics), nke kọwara klas kristal eke nwere ike ime piezoelectricity wee kọwapụta nke ọma piezoelectric constants site na iji nyocha tensor.
Nke a mere ka ngwa ngwa nke piezoelectric ngwa ngwa, dị ka sonar, nke e mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na France, Paul Langevin na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ultrasonic submarine detector. Ihe nchọta a nwere transducer nke nwere kristal quartz dị gịrịgịrị ejiri nlezianya jikọta na efere nchara, yana igwe ekwentị iji chọpụta nkwughachi azụghachi azụ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị nnukwu usu ugboro site na transducer. Site n'ịtụ oge ọ na-ewe iji nụ ụda ebili mmiri na-awụpụ ihe, ha nwere ike gbakọọ ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ. Ha jiri piezoelectricity mee ka sonar a nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mmepe siri ike na mmasị na ya.
Mmekọrịta dị mkpa
- Piezoelectric actuators: Piezoelectric actuators bụ ngwaọrụ na-agbanwe ike eletrik ka ọ bụrụ nrụgharị igwe. A na-ejikarị ha na robotics, ngwaọrụ ahụike na ngwa ndị ọzọ ebe achọrọ njikwa ngagharị.
- Sensọ Piezoelectric: A na-eji ihe mmetụta piezoelectric tụọ oke anụ ahụ dị ka nrụgide, osooso, na ịma jijiji. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahụike, yana na ngwá electronic.
- Piezoelectricity na okike: Piezoelectricity bụ ihe na-emekarị na ụfọdụ ihe, a na-ahụkwa ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji ya aghọta gburugburu ha na iji soro ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekwurịta okwu.
mmechi
Piezoelectricity bụ ihe dị ịtụnanya ejirila n'ụdị ngwa dị iche iche, site na sonar ruo katriji phonograph. A mụọla ya kemgbe etiti afọ 1800, a na-ejikwa ya mee ihe dị ukwuu na mmepe nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Bọọgụ blọgụ a enyochala akụkọ ihe mere eme na ojiji nke piezoelectricity, ma gosipụta mkpa ihe a dị na mmepe nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Maka ndị nwere mmasị ịmụtakwu banyere piezoelectricity, post a bụ nnukwu mmalite.
Abụ m Joost Nusselder, onye nchoputa Neaera na onye na-ere ọdịnaya, nna, ma hụ n'anya ịnwale akụrụngwa ọhụrụ na guitar n'obi oke agụụ m, yana ndị otu m, anọ m na-ekepụta akụkọ blọgụ miri emi kemgbe 2020 iji nyere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe aka na ndekọ na ndụmọdụ guitar.
