Nws ua li ntawd li cas? Lub suab tau li cas los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau tus neeg hais lus kom koj hnov nws?
Lub suab teeb liab yog ib qho hluav taws xob sawv cev ntawm lub suab hauv suab zaus Ntau yam ntawm 20 txog 20,000 Hz. Lawv tuaj yeem raug synthesized ncaj qha, los yog tuaj ntawm lub microphone lossis cov twj tso kua mis khaws cia. Lub teeb liab ntws yog txoj hauv kev los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau tus neeg hais lus, qhov twg lub suab teeb liab hloov mus rau hauv suab.
Cia saib seb lub teeb liab yog dab tsi thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas. Kuv tseem yuav tham txog ntau hom teeb liab ntws thiab yuav ua li cas teeb tsa lub teeb liab ntws rau lub tsev suab kaw lus.
Nkag siab txog kev ua suab paj nruag
Lub Suab Teeb Ua Haujlwm yog dab tsi?
Koj puas tau xav tias koj cov nkauj nyiam tuaj ua ke li cas? Zoo, nws yog tag nrho ua tsaug rau lub teeb liab ua tiav! Lub teeb liab ua tiav yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov suab rau hauv cov hom digital, tswj cov suab ntau zaus, thiab ntxiv cov teebmeem los tsim cov nkauj zoo meej. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv studios, ntawm PCs thiab laptops, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej kaw.
Pib nrog kev ua suab paj nruag
Yog tias koj xav kawm ntxiv txog kev ua suab paj nruag, Warren Koontz's Introduction to Audio Signal Processing yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws los pib. Nws npog lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab thiab analog suab signals, sampling thiab quantizing rau digital suab Cov teeb liab, lub sijhawm thiab zaus ua haujlwm, thiab txawm tias cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb xws li kev tsim vaj huam sib luag, tsim cov nyhuv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv compression.
Kawm Audio Signal Processing with MATLAB
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm phau ntawv no yog tias nws los nrog cov piv txwv thiab kev ua haujlwm uas siv MATLAB cov ntawv sau thiab ua haujlwm. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem ua cov suab hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm koj tus kheej lub PC thiab tau txais kev nkag siab zoo txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb liab li cas.
Hais txog qhov kev sau
Warren Koontz yog tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Rochester Institute of Technology. Nws muaj BS los ntawm University of Maryland, MS los ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology, thiab Ph.D. los ntawm Purdue University, tag nrho hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Nws tau siv sijhawm ntau dua 30 xyoo ntawm Bell Laboratories tsim cov tshuab xa hluav taws xob digital, thiab tom qab so haujlwm, nws tau koom nrog cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm RIT los pab tsim kev xaiv Audio Engineering Technology. Koontz tau txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam audio engineering thiab tau tshaj tawm thiab nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Tom Qab Kev Hloov Pauv
AC yog dab tsi?
Alternating Currents (AC) zoo li cov me nyuam qus ntawm hluav taws xob - lawv tsis nyob hauv ib qho chaw thiab lawv ib txwm hloov. Tsis zoo li Direct Current (DC) uas tsuas yog ntws mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, AC hloov mus tas li ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Qhov no yog vim li cas nws thiaj li siv rau hauv cov cim suab - nws tuaj yeem tsim cov suab nrov nrog qhov tseeb.
Nws Ua Haujlwm Li Cas?
AC audio signals tau hloov kho kom haum rau lub suab ntawm lub suab uas tau tsim dua tshiab, ib yam li lub suab tsis sib hloov ntawm qhov siab thiab qis. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev hloov ob qhov tseem ceeb - zaus thiab amplitude.
- Zaus: Ntau npaum li cas lub teeb liab hloov ntawm qhov zoo mus rau qhov tsis zoo.
- Amplitude: Qib lossis ntim ntawm lub teeb liab, ntsuas hauv decibels.
Vim li cas AC zoo heev?
AC zoo li tus superhero ntawm hluav taws xob - nws tuaj yeem ua tej yam uas lwm hom hluav taws xob ua tsis tau. Nws tuaj yeem siv cov suab nrov thiab tig mus rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob, thiab tom qab ntawd tig lawv rov qab los ua suab dua. Nws zoo li khawv koob, tab sis nrog kev tshawb fawb!
Signal Flow yog dab tsi?
tsim
Lub teeb liab ntws zoo li kev ua si hauv xov tooj, tab sis nrog lub suab. Nws yog txoj kev taug lub suab yuav siv los ntawm nws qhov chaw mus rau koj lub pob ntseg. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub sijhawm luv luv, zoo li thaum koj mloog koj cov nkauj nyiam ntawm koj lub tso suab hauv tsev. Los yog nws tuaj yeem yog txoj kev taug kev ntev, zoo li thaum koj nyob hauv lub studio kaw nrog txhua lub tswb thiab xuav.
Lub Nitty Gritty
Thaum nws los txog rau lub teeb liab ntws, muaj ntau qhov nres ntawm txoj kev. Lub suab yuav dhau los ntawm kev sib xyaw console, cov khoom siv suab sab nraud, thiab txawm tias chav sib txawv. Nws zoo li ib tug loj ol' suab relay haiv neeg!
Cov Kev Pab
Qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov teeb liab ntws yog tias nws tuaj yeem pab ua kom koj lub suab zoo dua. Nws tuaj yeem pab koj tswj cov ntim, ntxiv cov teebmeem, thiab tseem ua kom lub suab mus rau qhov chaw zoo. Yog li, yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav kom tau tshaj tawm ntawm koj lub suab, ces koj yuav xav paub txog cov teeb liab ntws.
Nkag siab cov teeb liab
Audio Signals yog dab tsi?
Cov cim suab zoo li cov lus ntawm koj cov neeg hais lus. Lawv yog cov uas qhia koj cov neeg hais tias yuav tsum hais dab tsi thiab hais kom nrov npaum li cas. Lawv yog cov uas ua rau koj lub suab paj nruag zoo txaus, koj cov yeeb yaj kiab suab nrov, thiab koj cov podcasts suab zoo li kev kaw suab.
Dab tsi Parameters Characterize Audio Signals?
Cov teeb liab suab tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm ob peb yam sib txawv:
- Bandwidth: Qhov no yog ntau zaus uas lub teeb liab nqa tau.
- Nominal Level: Qhov no yog theem nruab nrab ntawm lub teeb liab.
- Lub Hwj Chim Qib hauv Decibels (dB): Qhov no yog qhov ntsuas ntawm lub teeb liab lub zog txheeb ze rau qib siv.
- Voltage Level: Qhov no yog qhov ntsuas ntawm lub teeb liab lub zog txheeb ze rau impedance ntawm txoj kev teeb liab.
Dab tsi yog Qhov Sib txawv ntawm Cov Teeb Meem Suab?
Cov cim suab tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau theem nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov. Ntawm no yog ib tug ceev rundown ntawm feem ntau theem:
- Kab Qib: Qhov no yog qib txheem rau kev sib xyaw consoles.
- Consumer Level: Qhov no yog qib qis dua kab theem thiab yog siv rau cov neeg siv khoom siv suab.
- Qib Mic: Qhov no yog qib qis tshaj plaws thiab siv rau microphones.
Qhov no txhais li cas?
Hauv kev txiav txim siab, cov cim suab zoo li cov lus ntawm koj cov neeg hais lus. Lawv qhia koj cov neeg hais lus yuav hais li cas, hais kom nrov npaum li cas, thiab yuav ua li cas kom koj lub suab paj nruag, tsos, thiab podcasts suab zoo heev. Yog li yog tias koj xav kom koj lub suab ua suab zoo tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv thiab qib ntawm cov suab paj nruag.
Digital Audio yog dab tsi?
Yuav ua li cas yog nws?
Digital audio yog daim ntawv digital ntawm lub teeb liab suab. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua hom suab plug-ins thiab digital audio workstation (DAW) software. Yeej, nws yog cov ntaub ntawv uas dhau los ntawm DAW los ntawm lub suab khiav mus rau lub plug-in thiab tawm cov khoom siv tawm.
Nws thauj li cas?
Cov suab digital tuaj yeem xa mus rau ntau yam cables, suav nrog:
- kho qhov muag fiber
- Coaxial
- Sib ntswg
Ntxiv rau, kab code thiab kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv raug siv los ua cov teeb liab digital rau qhov nruab nrab kis. Qee qhov nrov tshaj plaws digital audio thauj khoom suav nrog:
- Kev lig kev cai
- TDIF
- TOS LIS
- S / PDIF
- AES3
- MADI
- Audio dhau Ethernet
- Audio dhau IP
Yog li ntawd txhais li cas?
Nyob rau hauv layman cov ntsiab lus, cov suab digital yog ib txoj hauv kev xa cov suab paj nruag hla cables thiab hauv huab cua. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua hom suab plug-ins thiab digital audio workstation (DAW) software. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj yog ib tug kws ntaus nkauj, tsim kom muaj, lossis audio engineer, muaj feem yuav yog koj tau siv lub suab digital ntawm qee lub sijhawm hauv koj txoj haujlwm.
Manipulating Audio Signals
Kev Ua Teeb Meem yog dab tsi?
Kev ua cov teeb liab yog ib txoj hauv kev coj lub teeb liab, zoo li lub suab, thiab hloov nws hauv qee txoj kev. Nws zoo li siv lub suab, ntsaws rau hauv lub computer, thiab tom qab ntawd siv ib pawg ntawm cov pob qhov rooj thiab cov dials kom nws suab txawv.
Koj tuaj yeem ua dab tsi nrog kev teeb tsa?
Kev tsim cov teeb liab tuaj yeem siv los ua txhua yam txias txias nrog lub suab. Nov yog qee qhov ua tau:
- High lossis tsawg zaus tuaj yeem lim tawm.
- Qee zaus tuaj yeem hais qhia lossis txo qis nrog qhov sib npaug.
- Harmonic overtones tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog distortion.
- Amplitude tuaj yeem tswj tau nrog lub compressor.
- Cov teebmeem suab paj nruag xws li reverb, chorus, thiab ncua tuaj yeem ntxiv.
- Tag nrho qib ntawm lub teeb liab tuaj yeem hloov kho nrog lub fader lossis amplifier.
- Ntau lub teeb liab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lub tshuab tov khoom.
Qhov no txhais li cas?
Hauv kev txiav txim siab, kev ua cov teeb liab yog ib txoj hauv kev coj lub suab thiab ua rau nws lub suab sib txawv kiag li. Koj tuaj yeem ua kom nrov lossis softer, ntxiv cov teebmeem, lossis tseem muab ntau lub suab rau hauv ib qho. Nws zoo li muaj chaw ua si sonic ua si hauv!
Transduction yog dab tsi?
tsim
Transduction yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov suab rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tig suab nthwv dej rau hauv 0s thiab 1s. Nws zoo li tus choj tej yam yees siv ntawm lub cev thiab lub ntiaj teb digital.
Cov Neeg Ua Si
Muaj ob lub ntsiab players hauv kev sib tw kis las:
- Microphones: Cov transducers no coj lub suab nthwv dej thiab tig mus rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob.
- Cov neeg hais lus: Cov transducers no coj cov teeb liab hluav taws xob thiab tig mus rau hauv lub suab tsis.
Cov Hom
Thaum nws los txog rau kev hloov pauv, muaj ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab: analog thiab digital. Analog yog thawj lub suab nthwv dej, thaum digital yog 0s thiab 1s version.
cov txheej txheem
Cov txheej txheem ntawm transduction yog zoo nkauj yooj yim. Ua ntej, lub suab nthwv dej tau ntsib los ntawm lub microphone capsule. Cov tshuaj capsule no ces converts lub zog txhua yam ntawm kev co mus rau hauv hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tam sim no tam sim no yog amplified thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov teeb liab digital. Thaum kawg, cov teeb liab digital no tau hloov mus rau hauv lub suab nthwv dej los ntawm tus neeg hais lus.
Lub Funky Science
Peb pob ntseg kuj hloov lub suab mus rau hauv hluav taws xob cov teeb liab, tab sis cov no yog auditory signals, tsis yog suab signals. Auditory signals yog rau kev hnov lus, thaum lub suab teeb liab yog rau kev siv tshuab.
Yog li ntawd koj muaj nws - cov lus qhia ceev thiab yooj yim rau kev hloov pauv. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj cov phooj ywg zoo siab nrog koj txoj kev paub txog cov txheej txheem khawv koob ntawm kev tig suab tsis zoo rau hauv 0s thiab 1s!
Nkag siab txog Decibel Scale
Decibel yog dab tsi?
Thaum koj saib lub teeb liab ntsuas, koj tab tom saib cov ntaub ntawv decibel. Decibels ntsuas qhov nrov lossis amplitude ntawm lub suab. Nws yog logarithmic scale, tsis yog ib tug linear, uas txhais tau hais tias nws muaj peev xwm ntsuas ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm suab hwj chim theem. Tib neeg pob ntseg yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo kawg nkaus uas tuaj yeem ntes lub suab ntawm tus pin poob ze ntawm, nrog rau lub suab nrov ntawm lub tshuab dav hlau nyob deb.
Noise Measurement Units
Thaum koj ntsuas cov suab nrov nrog lub ntsuas suab, koj ntsuas qhov kev siv suab nrov hauv decibel units (dB). Lub suab ntsuas siv lub vijtsam nrog ntau qhov decibel thiab kev daws teeb meem los kwv yees rau lub pob ntseg qhov ntau yam. Nws yuav nyuaj rau tsim lub suab ntsuas ntsuas uas muaj qhov ua tau zoo, yog li siv lub logarithmic nplai, siv 10 ua lub hauv paus.
Decibel Levels of Common Sounds
Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev cov qib decibel ntawm cov suab nrov:
- Ze-tag nrho kev ntsiag to - 0 dB
- Suab nrov - 15 dB
- Lub tsev qiv ntawv - 45 dB
- Kev sib tham ib txwm - 60 dB
- Kev tso dej tawm - 75-85 dB
- Tsev noj mov nrov - 90 dB
- Lub suab nrov ntawm lub tsev kho mob pawg ntseeg - 100 dB
- Tus me nyuam quaj - 110 dB
- Dav hlau cav - 120 dB
- Porsche 911 Carrera RSR Turbo 2.1-138 dB
- Balloon popping - 157 dB
Hom Decibels
Thaum nws los txog rau suab, muaj ntau hom decibels:
- SPL (Sound Pressure Levels): ntsuas lub ntiaj teb tiag (tsis yog lub teeb liab) lub suab, ntsuas nrog lub ntsuas SPL tshwj xeeb.
- dBFS (Decibels Full Scale): yuav ua li cas cov teeb liab theem ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm 0s thiab 1s, qhov siab tshaj plaws teeb liab zog = 0 ntawm lub 'meter'.
- dBV (Decibels Volt): feem ntau yog siv hauv cov khoom siv analog lossis digital software uas ua raws li cov iav analog. VU meters sau npe nruab nrab suab theem, as opposed to ncov meters, uas qhia tsuas yog lub nrov nrov momentary ncov signals. Thaum ntxov ntawm cov suab analog, daim kab xev sib nqus tsis muaj peev xwm sau tau ntau lub suab teeb liab piv rau cov kab xev sib nqus uas tsim tau ntau xyoo tom qab, yog li nws tau lees paub los sau ntau dua 0 nyob ntawm daim kab xev siv, mus txog +3 lossis +6. los yog siab dua.
Nkag siab cov hom ntawv suab
Lub Suab Format yog dab tsi?
Thaum koj kaw suab, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb nws yuav khaws cia li cas. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias xaiv lub suab zoo, qhov tob me ntsis, thiab tus nqi piv txwv. Nws zoo li xaiv lub koob yees duab zoo rau kev yees duab. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv JPEG qhov zoo (tsawg, nruab nrab, siab) lossis sau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntaub ntawv RAW.
Cov hom suab zoo li cov duab hom – .png, .tif, .jpg, .bmp, .svg – tab sis rau suab. Ib hom suab txhais tau hais tias siv cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas los sawv cev rau lub suab, txawm tias nws yog compressed los yog tsis, thiab hom ntaub ntawv twg yog siv.
Uncompressed Suab
Thaum nws los txog rau kev tsim tawm suab, koj feem ntau yuav xav lo nrog cov suab tsis muaj suab nrov. Ua li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem tswj tau li cas lub suab faib tawm. Txawm hais tias koj tab tom siv lub platform zoo li Vimeo, YouTube, lossis Spotify, koj yuav xav ua tus tswv lub suab hauv hom ntawv tsis txaus siab ua ntej.
Compressed Suab
Yog tias koj ua haujlwm nrog cov suab paj nruag, koj yuav tsum tau ntim cov ntaub ntawv suab yog tias nws loj dhau rau lub platform faib. Piv txwv li, Distrokid tsuas lees txais cov ntaub ntawv txog li 1GB. Yog li yog tias koj zaj nkauj ntev heev, koj yuav tsum tau compress nws.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev tsim suab paj nruag yog WAV thiab FLAC. FLAC yog ib tug lossless compression hom, uas yog zoo dua mp3s. Spotify pom zoo siv AAC hom.
Exporting Suab
Thaum koj tab tom xa tawm suab ua ib feem ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab, feem ntau koj yuav muaj ob peb presets xaiv los ntawm (xws li YouTube, Vimeo, Txawb, Web, Apple Pro Res.). Lub suab yuav tau compressed nrog rau cov yees duab raws li koj export chaw.
Yog tias koj muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv uas tsis haum cov presets, koj tuaj yeem ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv hauv online txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov ntaub ntawv loj sib piv
Nov yog qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau thiab tsawg ntawm ntau hom suab:
- WAV: Loj
- FLAC: Nruab nrab
- MP3: Me me
Yog li ntawd, koj muaj nws! Tam sim no koj paub txhua yam txog lub hom ntawv.
Bit Depth yog dab tsi?
Qhov tob me ntsis yog ib lub ntsiab lus uas siv los piav txog qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub suab waveform. Nws yog me ntsis zoo li tus lej ntawm cov lej lej siv los sawv cev rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv suab, thiab nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab tag nrho qhov zoo thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub suab.
Lub hauv paus ntawm ntsis qhov tob
Qhov tob me ntsis yog txhua yam hais txog ntau yam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb uas siv los sawv cev rau lub suab nrov tshaj plaws thiab ntsiag to tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem kaw hauv qhov nruab nrab digital. Ntawm no yog ib tug ceev rundown ntawm lub hauv paus:
- Qhov qhov tob me ntsis sawv cev rau qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub suab lub waveform.
- Qhov tob me ntsis kuj txhais tau tias tag nrho cov lej ntawm cov lej lej rau tag nrho 0s thiab 1s siv los sawv cev rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv suab.
- Cov qauv me ntsis qhov tob tshaj plaws yog 16-ntsis thiab 24-ntsis. Cov khoom siv ntau dua, qhov loj dua cov ntaub ntawv suab, thiab qhov siab dua qhov zoo lossis kev daws teeb meem nws yuav yog.
- CD suab txhais tau tias yog 16-ntsis nruab nrab, thaum DVDs tuaj yeem ua si 16, 20 lossis 24-ntsis suab.
Qhov tob me ntsis raws li Creative Parameter
Qhov tob me ntsis tsis yog lub ntsiab lus kev tshaj lij - nws kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov muaj tswv yim zoo. Piv txwv li, muaj tag nrho ib hom ntawm cov suab paj nruag hluav taws xob hu ua Chiptune uas ua raws li txoj kev suab nrov thaum ua si ntawm cov computers yav dhau los nrog 8-ntsis processors.
Yog li yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav ntxiv me ntsis ntawm lo-fi tsw rau koj lub suab, qhov tob me ntsis yog qhov yuav tsum xav txog. Tsuas yog nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv ntau dua, qhov loj dua cov ntaub ntawv suab thiab qhov siab dua qhov zoo lossis kev daws teeb meem nws yuav yog.
xaus
Tam sim no koj paub txhua yam txog lub suab teeb liab raws li kev REPRESENTATION ntawm lub suab raws li lub teeb liab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob los yog mechanical vibrations. Nws yog qhov peb hnov suab paj nruag thiab peb kaw nws li cas. Nws yog qhov peb qhia nws rau lwm tus thiab peb nyiam nws li cas ntawm peb cov khoom siv.
Yog li, tsis txhob ntshai pib nrog nws thiab muaj kev lom zem!
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Neaera thiab tus neeg lag luam cov ntsiab lus, txiv, thiab nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab nrog guitar ntawm lub siab ntawm kuv txoj kev mob siab rau, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg, Kuv tau tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm blog txij li xyoo 2020. los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus thiab cov lus qhia guitar.
