ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hoʻoulu i ka uila i ka wā i hoʻokau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka hope. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo mai ka Greek piezo ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaomi, a me ka uila. Ua ʻike mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1880, akā ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo no ka manawa lōʻihi.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ka piezoelectricity he quartz, akā nui nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano. ʻO ka hoʻohana maʻamau o ka piezoelectricity ka hana ʻana o ka ultrasound.
Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā wau i ke ʻano o ka piezoelectricity, pehea e hana ai, a me kekahi o nā noi kūpono o kēia ʻano kupaianaha.
He aha ka piezoelectricity?
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻohua i ka uku uila i pane i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO ia kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea Piezoelectric no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, nā mea uila, nā microbalances, ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles, a me ka ultrafine focusing optical assemblies.
Aia nā mea piezoelectric i nā kristal, kekahi mau seramika, mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me DNA, a me nā protein. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika i kahi mea piezoelectric, hoʻopuka ia i kahi uku uila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia uku i nā mea mana a i ʻole e hana i kahi volta.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea piezoelectric i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me:
• Ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani
• Pa'i 'īnika piezoelectric
• Hoʻokumu i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe
• Nā mea hana uaki
• Nā mea uila
• Nā microbalance
• Hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles
• Nā hui optical e nānā pono ana
• Kiliʻi ʻoe no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila
• Nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila o kēia wā
• Ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea
• Nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana
• Nā lama a me nā mea puhi paka.
He aha ka moʻolelo o ka piezoelectricity?
Ua ʻike ʻia ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880 e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie. ʻO ia ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i loko o kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika a me nā mea olaola, i pane i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. 'O ka hua'ōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai ka hua'ōlelo Helene 'piezein', 'o ia ho'i, 'squeeze' a 'press', a 'elektron', 'o ia ho'i 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i hopena mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻike hui pū ʻana o nā Curies i ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar a me Rochelle paʻakai.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. I loko o nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity no nā noi pono he nui, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki a me nā mea uila, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies, a me nā ʻano kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes e hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ana o nā mana.
Loaʻa i ka Piezoelectricity ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i loko o nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi e hoʻohua ai kahi mea uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal piezoelectric i hoʻomohala ʻia e Bell Telephone Laboratories. Ua ʻae kēia i nā pūʻali ea Allied e komo i nā hoʻouka kaua lehulehu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lekiō mokulele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana piezoelectric a me nā mea waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mālama i nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua ma ke kahua o nā makemake, e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā patent pono no nā mea hou.
Ua ʻike ʻo Iapana i nā noi hou a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana piezoelectric ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a hoʻomohala koke i kā lākou iho. Ua kaʻana like lākou i ka ʻike a hoʻomohala i ka barium titanate a ma hope o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā mea zirconate titanate me nā waiwai kikoʻī no nā noi kūikawā.
Ua hele lōʻihi ka Piezoelectricity mai kona loaʻa ʻana i ka makahiki 1880, a ua hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa i nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā holomua i ka noiʻi waiwai, e like me ka ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ka mea e hoʻouna i ka pulse ultrasonic ma o kahi mea e ana i nā noʻonoʻo a me nā discontinuities e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Pehea e hana ai ka Piezoelectricity
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e ʻimi au i ka hana o ka piezoelectricity. E nānā ana au i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka uwila i loko o nā mea paʻa, ka pilina electromechanical linear, a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻohuli i hana i kēia ʻano. E kūkākūkā pū wau i ka mōʻaukala o ka piezoelectricity a me kāna mau noi.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka uku uila ma nā paʻa
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. He pane ia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻo kona inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "piezein" (squeeze or press) a me "ēlektron" (amber).
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o ka mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, kahi i loaʻa ai ka hana kūloko o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia me nā kristal zirconate titanate.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me ka microbalances. a hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic no ka nānā pono ʻana o nā hui optical. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila, a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā ai i ke kinoea, i nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi e hoʻohua ai kahi mea uila i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. Ua hoʻohui nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo, ka mea i hāpai i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity. Ua hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ke ʻano kristal a hōʻike i ka hopena i nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū i ka piezoelectricity. Hoʻopuka ka puʻupuʻu piezoelectric i ka volta ke hoʻololi ʻia, a hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano i ka hōʻikeʻike Curies.
Ua hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, a ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881. Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻike quantitative o ka reversibility piha o ka electro-elasto- nā deformations mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), ka mea i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau ma o ka nānā ʻana tensor. ʻO kēia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua kūkulu ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic.
ʻO ka mea ʻike he a ka transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) pulse mai ka transducer a ana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o na hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki ia lakou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity i mea e kūleʻa ai ka sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric. I loko o nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no nā mea, a ua loaʻa nā mea piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano āpau. Ua maʻalahi nā pahu phonograph ceramic i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani leo haʻahaʻa a pololei i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana a maʻalahi hoʻi ke kūkulu ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea.
Linear Electromechanical Interaction
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻohua i ka hoʻopiʻi uila i ka wā i hoʻokau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi" a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880 e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i kahi hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, kahi i loaʻa ai ka hana kūloko o nā ʻano mechanical mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia mai ko lākou ʻano paʻa me nā kristal zirconate titanate. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity no nā ʻano pono like ʻole, e like me:
• Ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani
• Pa'i 'īnika piezoelectric
• Hoʻokumu i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe
• mīkini hana uaki
• Nā mea uila
• Nā microbalance
• Hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles
• Nā hui optical e nānā pono ana
• Hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes e hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā ʻātoma
• ʻO nā kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila
• Nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou
• Ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea ma nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana
• Nā lama a me nā mea puhi paka
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hopena pyroelectric, he mea ia e hoʻoulu ai i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland he hōʻike ia o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. ʻO ia ka hana a nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie nāna i ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau ma o ka tensor analysis, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I, i ka wā i hoʻomohala ai ʻo Paul Langevin o Farani a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity. ʻO ka holomua o kēia papahana i hana i ka hoʻomohala ikaika a me ka hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, me nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea e ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia. Ua loaʻa nā hale Piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me nā pahu phonograph ceramic, ka mea i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani leo haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka pololei, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka maʻalahi o ke kūkulu ʻana a mālama.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻike nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Russia, a me Iapana i kahi papa hou o nā mea synthetic i kapa ʻia ʻo ferroelectrics, ka mea i hōʻike i nā piezoelectric constants i nā manawa he nui ma mua o nā mea kūlohelohe. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka noiʻi ikaika no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka barium titanate, a ma hope ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate, nā mea me nā waiwai kikoʻī no nā noi kūikawā.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal piezoelectric i hoʻomohala ʻia e Bell Telephone Laboratories ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO Frederick R. Lack, e hana ana ma ke keʻena ʻenekinia telephony radio,
Kaʻina Hoʻohuli
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. ʻO ia ka pane o kēia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. 'O ka hua'ōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai ka hua'ōlelo Helene 'piezein' 'o ia ho'i 'squeeze' a 'press' a me 'ēlektron' 'o ia ho'i 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka ho'ouka uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i hopena mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia me nā kristal zirconate titanate. Ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano paʻa o kēia mau kristal, hoʻi lākou i ko lākou ʻano kumu, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, hoʻololi lākou i ko lākou ʻano static, e hana ana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, nā mea uila, microbalance, e hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. ʻO ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i kahi mea uila i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi wela, ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, a me René Haüy i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o ka amber. Ua hōʻike ʻo Antoine César Becquerel i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka hoʻouka uila, akā ʻaʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
Hiki i ka poʻe kipa i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Glasgow ke nānā i ka Piezo Crystal Curie Compensator, kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā hale aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia me ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻoulu i ka volta i ka wā deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia hoʻololi i ke ʻano e ka Curies e wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse. Ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā loina thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe pono i nā piezoelectric mau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana tensor.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric, e like me ka sonar, i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua kūkulu ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer a me ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity e hoʻokō i kēia sonar. Ua hana kēia papahana i ka hoʻomohala ikaika a me ka hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric, a i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea. Nā mea hana piezoelectric
He aha ke kumu o ka Piezoelectricity?
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e ʻimi ana au i ke kumu o ka piezoelectricity a me nā mea like ʻole e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano. E nānā au i ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ke kumu kahiko o ka hoʻoili uila, a me ka hopena pyroelectricity. E kūkākūkā pū ana au i nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric i ke kenekulia 20.
Olelo Helene Piezein
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. Ma muli o ka pane ʻana o kēia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "piezein", ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi paha", a me "ēlektron", ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. He kaʻina hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ka poʻe physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā noi pono he nui, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me microbalances. , hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i loko o nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena o ka pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka hana o ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena. koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
Ma ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma Scotland, hiki i nā malihini ke nānā i ka piezo crystal Curie compensator, kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā hale aniani i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz mai ka paʻakai Rochelle i hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a ʻo kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua i ka volta i ka wā i deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Curies.
Ua hele ka Curies i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka hoʻohuli piha ʻana o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe pono i nā piezoelectric mau ma o ka nānā ʻana tensor.
ʻO kēia hoʻohana pono o ka piezoelectricity i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia ka mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, i kapa ʻia he hydrophone, e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe. Ua ana ka transducer i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o ka hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea e helu ai i ka mamao o ia mea. He kūleʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity i ka sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
Ua ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea, a ua loaʻa nā mea piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, ka mea i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani leo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama a maʻalahi. e kukulu. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana
Puna Kahiko o ka Uila Uila
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. Ma muli o ka pane ʻana o ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. 'O ka hua'ōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai ka hua'ōlelo Helene 'piezein', 'o ia ho'i, 'e kaomi a pa'i', a me ka hua'ōlelo 'elektron', 'o ia ho'i ka 'amber', kahi kumu o ka ho'ouka uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. He kaʻina hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static i kahi hopena piezoelectric inverse, e hana ana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i ka makahiki 1880 e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me ka microbalance a me ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles no ka ultrafine e kālele ana i nā hui optical. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā atom. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigakeke, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena o ka pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu uila e pane ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ka mechanical. ke kaumaha a me ka uku uila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo i kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
Hōʻike ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo a me ka uku Curie ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Hunterian ma Scotland i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. ʻO ia ka hana a nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie nāna i ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau ma o ka tensor analysis, e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo Sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I e Paul Langevin o Farani a me kāna mau hoa hana, nāna i hoʻomohala i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia ka mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer a me ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity e hoʻokō i kēia sonar. Ua hoʻokumu ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
Pyroelectricity
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. He pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "piezoelectricity" i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "piezein", ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi paha", a me ka huaʻōlelo Helene "ēlektron", ʻo ia hoʻi ka "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric e nā physicists Palani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka makahiki 1880. He kaʻina hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka mechanical strain i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia me nā kristal zirconate titanate. Ke hoʻololi ʻia kahi hale paʻa, hoʻi ia i kona ana kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, hoʻopuka ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, ka hopena i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā noi pono he nui, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, a me nā ultrafine focusing optical assemblies. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoponopono i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā atom. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila, a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa i ka Piezoelectricity ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i loko o nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena o ka pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu uila e pane ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina. ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo ma ka Curie Compensator Museum ma Scotland kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. Ua hui pū nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ko lāua ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ko lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo e hoʻāla ai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pyroelectricity a me ka wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. Ua ʻike ʻia ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz e hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua i ka volta i ka wā deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia e ka Curies e wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse. Ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse e nā kumu thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
He kūleʻa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻimi a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea. Ua loaʻa nā hale Piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me nā pahu phonograph ceramic, i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani leo ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana a maʻalahi hoʻi ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻike nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rusia, a me Iapana i kahi papa hana hou i kapa ʻia ʻo ferroelectrics, e hōʻike ana i nā piezoelectric mau.
Mea Piezoelectric
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e kamaʻilio wau i nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric, ʻo ia ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. E nānā ana au i nā kristal, nā seramika, nā mea olaola, nā iwi, DNA a me nā protein, a pehea lākou e pane ai i ka hopena piezoelectric.
he aniani la
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi ka 'squeeze' a i ʻole 'press' a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila. ʻO nā mea piezoelectric nā kristal, nā seramika, nā mea olaola, iwi, DNA, a me nā protein.
ʻO ka Piezoelectricity kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me nā kristal zirconate titanate, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ko lākou ʻano kumu a i ʻole, e hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me. e like me nā microbalances, hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā atom. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā piezoelectric pickups i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā ai i ke kinoea i nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, a me nā lama a me nā mea puhi paka. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ka mechanical. ke kaumaha a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua e hōʻoia i kēia manaʻo.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland he hōʻike ia o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. Ua hui pū nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ko lāua ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo e hoʻāla ai i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity. Ua hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ke ʻano kristal a hōʻike i ka hopena i nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū i ka piezoelectricity. Hoʻopuka ka puʻupuʻu piezoelectric i ka volta i ka wā e deformed; ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano ma ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Curies.
Hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse a unuhi makemakika i nā kumu thermodynamic kumu ma hope o ia. Ua hana ʻo Gabriel Lippmann i kēia ma 1881. Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ka noho ʻana o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantitative hōʻoia o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), ka mea i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric constants me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tensor analysis.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua kūkulu ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, i kapa ʻia he hydrophone, e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa o ka lohe ʻana i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. He kūleʻa kēia hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity i ka sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric i nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
pālolo
ʻO nā mea piezoelectric nā mea paʻa e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia ka 'squeeze' a i ʻole 'press' a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka hoʻouka uila. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea piezoelectric i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, a me ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe.
Loaʻa nā mea piezoelectric i loko o nā kristal, seramika, mea olaola, iwi, DNA, a me nā protein. ʻO Ceramics nā mea piezoelectric maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā. Hana ʻia nā seramika mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā oxide metala, e like me ke alakaʻi zirconate titanate (PZT), i hoʻomehana ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe e hana i kahi paʻa. Paʻa loa nā seramika a hiki ke kū i nā wela a me nā pilikia.
He ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ceramics Piezoelectric, me:
• Ka hana ʻana i nā kukui e hoʻā ai i ke kinoea no ka kuke ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana, e like me nā lama a me nā mea puhi paka.
• Ka hana ʻana i nā hawewe ultrasound no ke kiʻi lāʻau.
• Hoʻopuka ʻana i ka uila uila no nā mea hana uaki a me nā mea uila.
• Hoʻokumu i nā microbalces no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaupaona pololei.
• Ke kalaiwa ʻana i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic no ka nānā pono ʻana o nā hui optical.
• Hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana.
• ʻO nā kiʻi no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia me ka uila a me nā mea hoʻokani no nā pahu uila hou.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics Piezoelectric i kahi ākea o nā noi, mai nā mea uila uila a hiki i ke kiʻi olakino. ʻO lākou ka lōʻihi loa a hiki ke pale i nā mahana wela a me nā puʻupuʻu, e kūpono iā lākou no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻanoʻoihana likeʻole.
Mea olaola
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ia mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ʻo ia hoʻi, 'e ʻomi a paʻi paha', a ʻo 'ēlektron', ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
ʻO nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi, DNA, a me nā protein kekahi o nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ke kaila mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau mea e pili ana i nā kristal zirconate titanate alakaʻi, e hoʻohua ana i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static, e hana ana i nā hawewe ultrasound ma o ka hopena piezoelectric inverse.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piezoelectricity ua hana ʻia e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, e like me:
• Ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani
• Pa'i 'īnika piezoelectric
• Hoʻokumu i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe
• mīkini hana uaki
• Nā mea uila
• Nā microbalance
• Hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles
• Nā hui optical e nānā pono ana
• Hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes
• Hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana
• ʻO nā kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila
• Nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā e like me ke kuke ʻana i ke kinoea a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigarette, a me nā mea hou aku. ʻO ka hopena pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela, ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18. Ma muli o ka ʻike o René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, ua hōʻike lākou i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila, akā ʻaʻole maopopo kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie Compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland he hōʻike ia o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei. Ua hui pū nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ko lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo e hoʻāla ai i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻoulu i ka volta i ka wā deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia hopena e ka Curies e wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse. Ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā loina thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
iwi
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO ka iwi kekahi mea e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano.
ʻO ka iwi kekahi ʻano mea olaola i haku ʻia me nā protein a me nā minela, me ka collagen, calcium, a me ka phosphorus. ʻO ia ka piezoelectric nui loa o nā mea olaola āpau, a hiki ke hoʻohua i ka volta i ka wā i hoʻokau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric i loko o ka iwi he hopena o kona ʻano kū hoʻokahi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia me kahi ʻupena o nā fiber collagen i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix o nā minerala. Ke hoʻokau ʻia ka iwi i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical, e neʻe ana nā kolagen fibers, e lilo ai nā minerala i polarized a hoʻoulu i ka uku uila.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric i loko o ka iwi he nui nā hana kūpono. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ke kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka ultrasound a me ke kiʻi X-ray, e ʻike i nā haʻihaʻi iwi a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻolohe hoʻolohe iwi, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka hopena piezoelectric e hoʻohuli i nā hawewe kani i nā hōʻailona uila e hoʻouna pololei ʻia i ka pepeiao o loko.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i ka iwi i nā implants orthopedic, e like me nā hui a me nā lālā prosthetic. Hoʻohana nā implants i ka hopena piezoelectric e hoʻololi i ka ikehu mechanical i ka ikehu uila, a laila hoʻohana ʻia e mana i ka hāmeʻa.
Eia kekahi, ke ʻimi ʻia nei ka hopena piezoelectric i ka iwi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou. No ka laʻana, ke noiʻi nei nā mea noiʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity e hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi a hoʻoponopono i ka ʻiʻo i poino.
ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric i loko o ka iwi he mea hoihoi loa me ka nui o nā noi kūpono. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻenehana, a ke ʻimi ʻia nei no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou.
DNA
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO DNA kekahi mea e hōʻike ana i kēia hopena. ʻO DNA kahi mole olaola i loaʻa i loko o nā mea ola a pau a ua haku ʻia ʻehā mau kumu nucleotide: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), a me thymine (T).
ʻO ka DNA he molekala paʻakikī hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila i ka wā e hoʻokau ʻia ai ka pilikia mechanical. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka haku ʻia ʻana o nā molekala DNA i ʻelua mau kaula nucleotides i paʻa pū ʻia e nā paʻa hydrogen. Ke wāwahi ʻia kēia mau mea paʻa, hoʻopuka ʻia ka uku uila.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric o DNA i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me:
• Hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila no nā mea kanu lāʻau
• ʻIke a ana ʻana i nā ikaika mechanical i loko o nā pūnaewele
• Ke hoʻomohala nei i nā mea ʻike nanoscale
• Ka hana ʻana i nā biosensors no ke kaʻina hana DNA
• Ka hana ʻana i nā hawewe ultrasound no ke kiʻi ʻana
Ke ʻimi ʻia nei ka hopena piezoelectric o DNA no kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou, e like me nā nanowires a me nā nanotubes. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea no nā noi like ʻole, me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka ʻike.
Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric o DNA a ua ʻike ʻia ua paʻakikī loa i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. He mea waiwai kēia no nā mea noiʻi a me nā ʻenekinia e ʻimi nei e hoʻomohala i nā mea hou a me nā ʻenehana.
I ka hopena, ʻo DNA kahi mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric, ʻo ia ka hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hopena i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me nā implants lapaʻau, nanoscale sensors, a me DNA sequencing. Ke ʻimi ʻia nei no kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou, e like me nā nanowires a me nā nanotubes.
Nā Paena
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO nā mea piezoelectric, e like me nā protein, nā kristal, nā seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me DNA, hōʻike i kēia hopena. ʻO nā protein, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mea piezoelectric kūʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ua haku ʻia lākou me kahi ʻano paʻakikī o nā waikawa amino hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻoulu i ka uku uila.
ʻO nā protein ka mea nui loa o nā mea piezoelectric, a loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ke ʻano o nā enzymes, nā hormones, a me nā antibodies, a me ke ʻano o nā protein structural like collagen a me keratin. Loaʻa ʻia nā protein ma ke ʻano o nā protein muscle, nona ke kuleana no ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hoʻomaha.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric o nā protein ma muli o ka mea i haku ʻia lākou i kahi ʻano paʻakikī o nā waikawa amino. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia mau amino acids, hoʻopuka lākou i ka uku uila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia uku uila no ka mana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me nā sensor a me nā mea hana.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā protein i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e ʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau protein i loko o ke kino, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā maʻi. Hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou e ʻike i ka hele ʻana o kekahi mau bacteria a me nā maʻi maʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā maʻi.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā protein i nā ʻano hana ʻenehana. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hana i nā sensor a me nā mea hana no nā ʻano hana ʻoihana like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hana i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mokulele a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe.
I ka hopena, ʻo nā protein kahi mea piezoelectric kūʻokoʻa i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano noi. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou me kahi ʻano paʻakikī o nā waikawa amino hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻohua ai i ka uku uila, a hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana.
ʻOhi ʻana me ka Piezoelectricity
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e kūkākūkā wau pehea e hoʻohana ai ka piezoelectricity e ʻohi i ka ikehu. E nānā au i nā noi like ʻole o ka piezoelectricity, mai ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet a hiki i nā mea hana uaki a me nā microbalance. E ʻimi ana au i ka mōʻaukala o ka piezoelectricity, mai kona ʻike ʻia ʻana e Pierre Curie a hiki i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO ka hope, e kūkākūkā ana au i ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka ʻoihana piezoelectric a me ka hiki ke ulu hou.
Paʻi Piezoelectric Inkjet
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻohua i ka uku uila i pane i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein' (e kaomi a kaomi paha) a me 'elektron' (amber), kahi kumu kahiko o ka hoʻouka uila. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea piezoelectric, e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me DNA, i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka piezoelectricity no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, ma ke ʻano he mea hana uaki, i nā mea uila, a me nā microbalance. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻokele i nā nozzles ultrasonic a me nā hui optical ultrafine. ʻO ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet kahi noi kaulana o kēia ʻenehana. He ʻano paʻi kēia e hoʻohana ana i nā kristal piezoelectric e hana i ka haʻalulu kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā kulu inika ma kahi ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piezoelectricity mai ka makahiki 1880, i ka wā i ʻike ai nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka hopena. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā ʻano hana pono. Hoʻohana ʻia ka piezoelectricity i nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā e like me ke kuke ʻana i ke kinoea a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā pickups i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka piezoelectricity i ka noiʻi ʻepekema. ʻO ia ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kiʻi ma kahi pālākiō o nā mana. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o ka ultrasonic time domain reflectometers, ka mea e hoʻouna i nā pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i nā noʻonoʻo e ʻike i nā discontinuities a loaʻa nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku.
Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric a me nā mea e pono ai ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kristal quartz no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kālepa he mea nui ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana piezoelectric. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ua hiki i nā mea hana Kepani ke kaʻana wikiwiki i ka ʻike a hoʻomohala i nā noi hou, e alakaʻi ana i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana i ka mākeke Iapana.
Ua hoʻololi ka Piezoelectricity i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, mai nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā e like me nā kukui a hiki i ka noiʻi ʻepekema holomua. He ʻenehana loea i hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi a hoʻomohala i nā mea hou a me nā noi, a e hoʻomau ʻia ia i mea nui o ko mākou ola no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Hanana o ka Uila Voltage Kiekie
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea paʻa ke hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo 'piezein' ʻo ia ka 'squeeze' a i ʻole 'press' a ʻo 'ēlektron' ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila. ʻO ka Piezoelectricity kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric kahi hana hoʻohuli; ʻO nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ka hana kūloko o ke kaila mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea Piezoelectric i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, i ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, i nā mea hana uaki, i nā mea uila, i nā microbalances, i ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles, a me nā ultrafine focusing optical assemblies.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, i nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hopena pyroelectric, e hoʻoulu ai i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia hopena e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike hui pū ʻana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o nā hale aniani i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua ai i ka volta i ka wā i deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Curies i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei.
Ua hele nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka hoʻohuli piha ʻana o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), ka mea i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric constants me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tensor analysis.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia ka mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia mai nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer a me ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity i mea e kūleʻa ai ka sonar, a ua hoʻokumu ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Ua ʻimi a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea. Ua loaʻa nā hale Piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani leo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana a maʻalahi hoʻi ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ua ʻike ke Kaua Honua II i nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rūsia, a me Iapana e ʻike i kahi papa hou o nā mea synthetic i kapa ʻia ʻo fer.
Mea hana uaki
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hanana no ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau noi pono, me nā mea hana uaki. ʻO nā mea hana uaki he mau mea hana e hoʻohana ai i ka piezoelectricity e hana i nā hōʻailona uila me ka manawa kūpono.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana uaki i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, e like me nā kamepiula, kelepona, a me nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā mea lapaʻau, e like me nā pacemakers, e hōʻoia i ka manawa kūpono o nā hōʻailona uila. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana uaki i ka automation ʻoihana a me nā robotics, kahi e pono ai ka manawa kūpono.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me nā uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke hoʻohua i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical ke kau ʻia kahi kahua uila. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Hoʻohana nā mea hana uaki i kēia hopena piezoelectric inverse e hana i nā hōʻailona uila me ka manawa kūpono. Hoʻololi ʻia ka mea piezoelectric e kahi māla uila, kahi e hoʻolulu ai i kahi alapine kikoʻī. Hoʻololi ʻia kēia haʻalulu i hōʻailona uila, i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i kahi hōʻailona manawa pololei.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana uaki i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, mai nā mea lapaʻau a hiki i ka automation ʻoihana. He hilinaʻi lākou, pololei, a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i koho kaulana no nā noi he nui. ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana hou, a ʻo nā mea hana uaki kekahi o nā noi he nui o kēia ʻano.
Uila uila
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea paʻa ke hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hanana, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric, i nā ʻano mea uila like ʻole, mai nā pickups i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a hiki i nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ʻia ka piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi ka "squeeze" a i ʻole "press" a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila. ʻO nā mea piezoelectric nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me nā protein DNA, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o ka mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka mechanical strain i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piezoelectricity ua hāʻawi ʻia i nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie, nāna i hōʻike i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei i ka makahiki 1880. ʻO kā lākou ʻike hui ʻana i ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale kristal lalo i hāʻawi i ka wānana o ka hopena pyroelectric, a me ka hiki ke wānana. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano aniani me ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hopena pyroelectric e hoʻoulu ai i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua, akā naʻe, a hiki i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi aniani piezo ma ka hale hōʻikeʻike ʻo Curie compensator ma Scotland i hōʻike i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikuaʻana Curie.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka piezoelectricity i nā ʻano mea uila like ʻole, mai nā pickups i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a hiki i nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, nā microbalances, ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles, a me ka ultrafine focusing optical assemblies. ʻO ka piezoelectricity ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana.
Microbalance
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki i kekahi mau mea paʻa ke hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila i ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ʻia ka piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene πιέζειν (piezein), ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻomi" a i ʻole "paomi", a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā ai i ke kinoea no ka kuke ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, a me ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity e hoʻoulu i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ia ke kumu o nā mea hana uaki a me nā mea uila e like me nā microbalances. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity e hoʻokele i nā nozzles ultrasonic a me nā hui optical ultrafine.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piezoelectricity ua hāʻawi ʻia i nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hui nā kaikunāne Curie i ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ko lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka piezoelectricity. Ua hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ke ʻano kristal a hōʻike i ka hopena i nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā noi pono, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua he mea nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻike nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rusia, a me Iapana i kahi papa hou o nā mea synthetic i kapa ʻia ʻo ferroelectrics, i hōʻike i nā piezoelectric mau a hiki i ʻumi mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea kūlohelohe.
Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka noiʻi ikaika a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka barium titanate a ma hope o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā mea zirconate titanate, nona nā waiwai kikoʻī no nā noi kūikawā. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal piezoelectric i kūkulu ʻia ma Bell Telephone Laboratories ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II.
ʻO Frederick R. Lack, e hana ana ma ke keʻena ʻenekinia telephony radio, ua hoʻomohala i kahi aniani i ʻoki ʻia e hana ana ma luna o nā ʻano wela. ʻAʻole pono ka Lack's crystal i nā mea koʻikoʻi o nā kristal mua, e maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mokulele. Ua ʻae kēia hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūʻali ea Allied e komo i nā hoʻouka kaua lehulehu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lekiō mokulele.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana piezoelectric a me nā mea waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mālama i kekahi mau ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kristal quartz i ke kālepa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea Piezoelectric i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me ke kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ultrasonic, a me nā mea hou aku.
Holoi Ultrasonic Nozzle
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. He pane ia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia a loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ʻo ia hoʻi ka 'squeeze' a i ʻole 'press', a me 'elektron', ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka hoʻoiho uila.
ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o ka mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ke alakaʻi zirconate titanate crystals, ka mea e hoʻohua ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ana i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi kahua uila waho, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static, ka hopena i ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, ʻo ia ka hana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880 a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani. Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku.
Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, ʻo Carl Linnaeus, Franz Aepinus, a me ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel ka hopena pyroelectric, ka hopena pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka mana uila i pane i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela. uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua e hōʻoia i kēia.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie Compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a hiki iā lākou ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia me ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻoulu i ka volta i ka wā deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia e nā Curies e wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, i unuhi ʻia me ka makemakika mai nā kumu kumu thermodynamic e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie i kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia ma ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), nāna i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau ma o ka tensor analysis.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric me ka sonar, i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia ka mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, i kapa ʻia he hydrophone, e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. He kūleʻa kēia hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity i ka sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
Ua ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea, a ua loaʻa nā mea piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā kula e like me nā pahu phonograph ceramic, i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani moʻolelo ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana a maʻalahi hoʻi ke kūkulu. . ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic ma o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku.
Nā Hui Optical Ultrafine Focusing
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka hiki o kekahi mau mea e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila ke kau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO ia kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina uila a me nā mechanical o nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi kaʻina hana hoʻohuli, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, a me ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i ka paʻi inkjet, nā mea hana uaki, nā mea uila, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, a me ka ultrafine focusing optical assemblies.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880 e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i nā noi pono, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, a me ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, a me nā mea hana uaki, nā mea uila, microbalances, drive ultrasonic nozzles, a me ka ultrafine focusing optical assemblies.
Ua loaʻa i ka Piezoelectricity kona ala i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā kukui e hoʻā i ke kinoea no ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hopena pyroelectric e hoʻohua ai i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia hopena e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i ka Curie Compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. Hoʻohui pū ʻia me ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ko lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo, ua hāʻawi lākou i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai.
ʻO ka Sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, a me ka quartz a me ka paʻakai Rochelle i hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua i ka volta i ka wā i deformed, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano. Ua wānana nā Curies i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, a ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā kumu thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881. Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantitative hōʻoia o ka reversibility piha o ka electro- nā deformations elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tensor analysis no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sonar he hana kūleʻa i hana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric. He mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻimi a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea. Ua loaʻa i nā mea Piezoelectric nā hale ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e like me nā pahu phonograph ceramic, ka mea i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea pāʻani. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kahua o ka makemake piezoelectricity me nā patent pono o nā mea hou i hoʻomohala ʻia mai nā kristal quartz, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea piezoelectric. Ua ʻimi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe aʻe, a ʻoiai ka holomua o nā mea hana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻina hana, ʻaʻole i ulu wikiwiki ka mākeke o ʻAmelika. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua haʻi wikiwiki nā mea hana Kepani i ka ʻike a me nā noi hou no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻoihana piezoelectric o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hana Iapana.
Piezoelectric Motors
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e kamaʻilio wau e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻenehana hou. Mai ka scanning probe microscopes hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila o kēia wā, ua lilo ka piezoelectricity i mea nui o nā mea hana he nui. E ʻimi au i ka mōʻaukala o ka piezoelectricity a pehea i hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā noi like ʻole.
Nā ʻano kumu o ka nānā ʻana i nā Microscopes Probe
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. ʻO ia ka pane i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻomi" a i ʻole "paʻi" a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
ʻO nā mīkini piezoelectric nā mea hana e hoʻohana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hana i ka neʻe. ʻO kēia hopena ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka mechanical strain i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ana ʻia he mau kristal zirconate titanate.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i nā noi pono, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me ka microbalances a me ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles no ka ultrafine focusing optical assemblies. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880 e nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo a me ka uku uku Curie ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Hunterian ma Scotland, kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ko lākou ʻike ʻana i nā hale aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity, i hiki ai iā lākou ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, a me ka quartz a me ka paʻakai Rochelle i hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻoulu ai i ka volta i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia e nā Curies.
Ua wānana pū lākou i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, a ua unuhi ʻia kēia mai nā kumu thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881. Ua hōʻoia koke nā Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻike quantitative o ka reversibility piha o ka electro-elasto- nā deformations mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), ka mea i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i ka piezoelectric mau a me ka nānā ʻana tensor.
Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric, e like me ka sonar, i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa o ka lohe ʻana i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity i mea e kūleʻa ai kēia sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric no nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
Ua ʻimi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea, a ua loaʻa nā mea piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me ka ceramic phonograph cartridges, ka mea i maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana ʻia no nā mea pāʻani moʻolelo ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama a maʻalahi. e kukulu. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā transducers kani ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, ka hopena i ka holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma United
E hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka Scale of Atoms
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. He pane ia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻomi a paʻi paha. Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry.
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi kaʻina hoʻohuli, a ʻo nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia me nā kristal zirconate titanate alakaʻi, e hoʻohua ana i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ana i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me microbalance a hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā noi o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui paka, a me nā mea hou aku. ʻO ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela, ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18. Ma muli o ka ʻike o René Haüy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, ua hōʻike lākou i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila, akā ʻaʻole maopopo kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
Hiki i ka poʻe kipa i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Hunterian ma Glasgow ke ʻike i ka piezo crystal Curie compensator, kahi hōʻike o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. Hoʻohui pū ʻia me ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o nā hale aniani, ua hāʻawi lākou i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, a me ka quartz a me ka paʻakai Rochelle i hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a me ka piezoelectric disk e hoʻohua ai i ka volta ke hoʻololi ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano. Ua hiki i nā Curies ke wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, a ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā kumu thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Pickups Electronically Amplified Guitars
ʻO nā mīkini piezoelectric nā kaʻa uila e hoʻohana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i ka ikehu mechanical. ʻO ka hopena piezoelectric ka hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻohua i ka uku uila ke kau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini piezoelectric i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā wati a me nā uaki a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkini nui e like me nā robots a me nā mea lapaʻau.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻa piezoelectric i nā pickups electronically amplified guitars. Hoʻohana kēia mau pickups i ka hopena piezoelectric e hoʻololi i nā haʻalulu o nā kaula kīkā i hōʻailona uila. Hoʻonui ʻia kēia hōʻailona a hoʻouna ʻia i kahi amplifier, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i ke kani o ke kīkā. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā piezoelectric pickups i nā pahu uila hou, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai e ʻike i nā haʻalulu o nā poʻo pahu a hoʻololi iā lākou i hōʻailona uila.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā motika piezoelectric i ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, e hoʻohana ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e neʻe i kahi ʻimi liʻiliʻi ma luna o kahi ʻili. ʻAe kēia i ka microscope e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā motika piezoelectric i nā mīkini paʻi inkjet, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou e hoʻoneʻe i ke poʻo paʻi i hope a i waho o ka ʻaoʻao.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini Piezoelectric i nā ʻano noiʻi ʻē aʻe, me nā mea lapaʻau, nā ʻāpana automotive, a me nā mea uila uila. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā noi ʻoihana, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī a me ka hui ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hemahema o nā mea.
Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini piezoelectric i kahi ākea o nā noi, mai ka mana ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka mana ʻana i nā mīkini nui. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i loko o nā pickups electronically amplified guitars, modern electronic drums, scanning probe microscopes, inkjet printers, medical devices, automotive parts, and consumer electronics. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hemahema o nā mea.
Hoʻomaka i nā pahu uila o kēia wā
ʻO ka piezoelectricity ka uku uila e hōʻiliʻili ai i kekahi mau mea paʻa e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. ʻO ia ka pane o kēia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "piezein", ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi paha", a me ka huaʻōlelo "elektron", ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
ʻO nā mīkini piezoelectric nā mea hana e hoʻohana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hana i ka neʻe. Loaʻa kēia hopena mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. He kaʻina hana hoʻohuli ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric reverse, ʻo ia ka hanauna kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ke alakaʻi zirconate titanate crystals, ka mea e hoʻohua ai i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ana i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static, e hana ana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā motika piezoelectric i nā ʻano hana o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me:
• Ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea ma nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana
• ʻO nā lama, nā kukui paka, a me nā mea hana pyroelectric
• Hoʻopuka i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi wela
• Ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani
• Pa'i 'īnika piezoelectric
• Hoʻokumu i ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe
• mīkini hana uaki a me nā mea uila
• Nā microbalance
• E hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic a me nā hui optical ultrafine
• Hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes
• Hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana
• Hoʻopili i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia me ka uila
• Hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou.
Hoʻohālike Electromechanical o Piezoelectric Transducers
Ma kēia ʻāpana, e ʻimi ana au i ka hoʻohālike electromechanical o nā transducers piezoelectric. E nānā au i ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piezoelectricity, nā hoʻokolohua i hōʻoia i kona ola ʻana, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea hana piezoelectric a me nā mea. E kūkākūkā pū ana au i nā haʻawina a nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie, ʻo Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus, Rene Hauy a me Antoine Cesar Becquerel, Gabriel Lippmann, a me Woldemar Voigt.
ʻO nā kānaka lapaʻau Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa e like me nā kristal, keramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia uku no ka pane ʻana i kahi koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia. 'O ka hua'ōlelo 'piezoelectricity' mai ka hua'ōlelo Helene 'piezein', 'o ia ho'i 'e kaomi a pa'i', a me 'elektron', 'o ia ho'i 'amber', he kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o ka mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, kahi i hana ʻia ai ka hana kūloko o ka mechanical strain i pane i kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, hoʻololi nā kristal i ko lākou ʻano static, e hana ana i nā hawewe ultrasound i ke kaʻina i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse.
I ka makahiki 1880, ua ʻike ka physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka hopena piezoelectric a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, piezoelectric inkjet printing, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me ka uila. nā mea e like me nā microbalances a me ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles no nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i nā mea kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i kahi mea uila i ka pane ʻana i ka ikehu uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o René Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka hoʻouka uila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o nā hale aniani, ua hiki i nā Curies ke hāpai i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a wānana i ke ʻano o nā kristal. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū i ka piezoelectricity. Hoʻopuka ka piezoelectric disk i ka volta i ka wā i hoʻopōʻino ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia i ka hōʻikeʻike Curies. Ua hiki nō iā lākou ke wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse a unuhi makemakika mai nā loina thermodynamic kumu a Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's 'Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik' (Textbook of Crystal Physics).
Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole maopopo
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. ʻO ia ka pane i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo 'piezoelectricity' i loaʻa mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ʻo ia hoʻi, 'e ʻomi a paʻi', a ʻo 'ēlektron', ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka hoʻoiho uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka symmetry inversion. He kaʻina hoʻohuli; ʻO nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila e like me ka microbalances. , hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila, a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka Piezoelectricity i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigakeke, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi mea e hoʻohua ai i ka ikehu uila e pane aku ai i ka ʻike o René Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina. ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike hui pū ʻana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo i hāʻawi i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ke ʻano o nā kristal. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua ai i ka volta i ka wā i deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Curies i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei.
Ua wānana nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka hopena piezoelectric converse, a ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā kumu thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881. ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe pono i nā piezoelectric mau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana tensor. ʻO kēia ka hoʻohana pono mua o nā transducers piezoelectric, a ua kūkulu ʻia ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic.
ʻO Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. Hana ʻia kēia uku no ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi" a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, ʻo ia ka hana kūloko o ka hana mechanical i loaʻa mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
I ka makahiki 1880, ua ʻike ka physicists Farani ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie i ka hopena piezoelectric a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā noi pono he nui, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, piezoelectric inkjet paʻi, ka hana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, nā mea uila, microbalance. , hoʻokele i nā nozzles kani ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā microscopes probe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonā i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā atom. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Loaʻa ka piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me ka hopena pyroelectric, ʻo ia ka manawa e hoʻohua ai kahi mea i ka mana uila i ka pane ʻana i kahi hoʻololi wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia hopena e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai René Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i loko o ka Curie compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland he hōʻike ia o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā hale aniani i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz mai ka paʻakai ʻo Rochelle i hōʻike i ka piezoelectricity, a ʻo kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua i ka volta i ka wā i hoʻopōʻino ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia i ka hōʻikeʻike Curies.
ʻO ka wānana o ka hopena piezoelectric converse a me kāna unuhi makemakika mai nā kumu thermodynamic kumu i hana ʻia e Gabriel Lippmann ma 1881. Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantitative hōʻoia o ka reversibility piha o electro-elasto- nā deformations mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie, nāna i hoʻohana iā ia e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity. Ua hoʻopau kēia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), nāna i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana tensor.
ʻO kēia hoʻohana pono o nā transducers piezoelectric i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia ka mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa o ka lohe ʻana i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity i mea e kūleʻa ai kēia sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i nā mea piezoelectric.
ʻO Rene Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine Cesar Becquerel
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical i loaʻa i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā kristal, seramika, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me DNA, e hōʻiliʻili i ka uku uila no ka pane ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. Loaʻa ʻia ka piezoelectricity mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'piezein', ʻo ia hoʻi 'e kaomi a paʻi paha', a ʻo 'elektron', ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 'amber', kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o ka mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hopena piezoelectric e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hana mechanical ma muli o kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, ka hopena i ka hopena piezoelectric inverse a me ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka hopena piezoelectric i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hopena no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila. e like me nā microbalances, hoʻokele i nā nozzle ultrasonic, a me nā hui optical ultrafine. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma kahi pālākiō o nā mana. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Piezoelectricity i nā pickups no nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia i ka uila, a me nā mea hoʻoulu no nā pahu uila hou.
Ua aʻo mua ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai Rene Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine Cesar Becquerel, nāna i kuhikuhi i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka ʻike o ka pyroelectricity, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i lalo, ua hāʻawi kēia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity, a me ka hiki ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. ʻO ka sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻohua ai i ka volta i ka wā i deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia hopena i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Curies ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Scotland, kahi i hōʻike i ka hopena piezoelectric pololei.
Ua hele nā kaikunāne ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka hoʻohuli piha ʻana o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi hale hana, a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. Ua ʻimi a wehewehe kēia hana i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity, e hoʻopau ana i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Puke kikokiko o Crystal Physics).
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola ʻana o ka hopena converse, a ua hoʻomau i ka makemakika i nā loina thermodynamic kumu o ka hopena converse. Ua hana ʻia kēia e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Piezoelectricity e hoʻomohala i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua kūkulu ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer a me ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e paʻi ana mai kahi mea, hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea.
Ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal piezoelectric e Bell Telephone Laboratories ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO Frederick R. Lack, e hana ana ma ke keʻena ʻenekinia telephony radio, ua hoʻomohala i kahi aniani i ʻoki ʻia e hiki ke hana ma luna o nā ʻano wela. ʻAʻole pono ka Lack's crystal i nā mea koʻikoʻi o nā kristal mua, e maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mokulele. Ua ʻae kēia hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūʻali ea Allied e komo i nā hoʻouka kaua lehulehu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lekiō mokulele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana piezoelectric a me nā mea waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mālama i nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua ma ke kula, a me nā makemake i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā patent pono no nā mea hou i kūkulu ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal Quartz ma ke ʻano he mea piezoelectric, a ua ʻimi nā ʻepekema i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiai ka holomua o nā mea waiwai a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻina hana, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
Gabriel Lippmann
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. ʻO ia ka hopena o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila i nā mea me ka inversion symmetry. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka Piezoelectricity e nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka makahiki 1880.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Piezoelectricity no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, a me ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa ka piezoelectricity mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene πιέζειν (piezein) ʻo ia hoʻi "e ʻomi a paʻi paha" a me ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) ʻo ia hoʻi "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i ka hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, kahi i loaʻa ai ka hana kūloko o ka mechanical strain mai ka noi ʻana i kahi kahua uila. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi māla uila waho, kahi hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana e hana i nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric mai ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ʻo Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike o René Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine César Becquerel, i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me ka uku uila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo nā hoʻokolohua. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻike hui pū ʻana o ka pyroelectricity a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hale aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity i hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke wānana i ka ʻano aniani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai.
ʻO Gabriel Lippmann, i ka makahiki 1881, ua unuhi makemakika i nā loina thermodynamic kumu o ka hopena piezoelectric converse. Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric.
No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i kahi ʻimi noiʻi a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre lāua ʻo Marie Curie. ʻO kā lākou hana e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani i hōʻike ʻia i ka piezoelectricity i hoʻopau ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics). Ua wehewehe kēia i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau me ka nānā ʻana tensor.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka sonar i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. Ma ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer a me ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, ua hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ka mea. He kūleʻa kēia hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity no ka sonar, a ua hoʻokumu ka papahana i kahi hoihoi hoʻomohala ikaika i nā mea piezoelectric. I loko o nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua ʻimi a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea piezoelectric hou a me nā noi hou no kēia mau mea. Ua loaʻa nā mea Piezoelectric i nā hale ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, mai nā pahu phonograph ceramic i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mea pāʻani a hana i nā mea pāʻani maʻalahi, nā mea hoʻopaʻa moʻo pololei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana a maʻalahi hoʻi e kūkulu, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā transducers ultrasonic i ʻae ʻia no ke ana maʻalahi o ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o nā wai. a me nā mea paʻa, e loaʻa ana i nā holomua nui i ka noiʻi waiwai. Hoʻouna ʻo Ultrasonic time domain reflectometers i ka pulse ultrasonic i loko o kahi mea a ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana e ʻike i nā hemahema i loko o nā mea metala a me nā mea pōhaku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka palekana o ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻike nā hui noiʻi kūʻokoʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rusia, a me Iapana i kahi papa hou o nā mea synthetic i kapa ʻia ʻo ferroelectrics e hōʻike ana i nā piezoelectric mau a hiki i ʻumi mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea kūlohelohe. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka noiʻi ikaika no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka barium titanate, a ma hope ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate, nā mea me nā waiwai kikoʻī no nā noi kūikawā. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal piezoelectric
Woldemar Voigt
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana electromechanical kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka uku uila i kekahi mau mea paʻa, e like me nā crystals, ceramics, a me nā mea olaola e like me ka iwi a me ka DNA. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia uku no ka pane ʻana i kahi koʻikoʻi mechanical i hoʻohana ʻia. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo piezoelectricity mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "piezein", ʻo ia hoʻi "e kaomi a paʻi paha", a me "elektron", ʻo ia hoʻi ka "amber", kahi kumu kahiko o ka uku uila.
Loaʻa ka hopena piezoelectric mai kahi pilina electromechanical linear ma waena o nā mokuʻāina mechanical a me ka uila o nā mea crystalline me ka inversion symmetry. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity e hōʻike pū ana i kahi hopena piezoelectric hoʻohuli, kahi i loaʻa ai ka hana kūloko o ka mīkini hana mai kahi kahua uila i noi ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke alakaʻi i ka zirconate titanate crystals e hoʻohua i ka piezoelectricity hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou ʻano paʻa mai kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, hiki i nā kristal ke hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano static ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua uila waho, kahi mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena piezoelectric inverse, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā hawewe ultrasound.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā physicists Farani ʻo Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie i ka piezoelectricity i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena piezoelectric no nā ʻano hana pono like ʻole, e like me ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani, ka paʻi piezoelectric inkjet, ka hana ʻana o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana uaki, a me nā mea uila. e like me ka microbalances a me ka hoʻokele ultrasonic nozzles no ka nānā ʻana i ka ultrafine o nā hui optical. Hoʻokumu pū ia i ke kumu o ka scanning probe microscopes, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā kiʻi ma ka pālākiō o nā mana. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana nā pickups i nā kīkā i hoʻonui ʻia a me nā mea hoʻoulu i nā pahu uila hou i ka hopena piezoelectric.
Loaʻa nō hoʻi ka Piezoelectricity i nā hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hana ʻana i nā huna ahi e hoʻā ai i ke kinoea i ka kuke ʻana a me nā mea hoʻomehana, i nā lama, nā kukui cigareti, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua aʻo ʻia e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus e Carl Linnaeus lāua ʻo Franz Aepinus i ka waena o ke kenekulia 18, ka hopena pyroelectric, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i kahi mea uila i ka pane ʻana i ka mana uila, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻike mai Rene Hauy lāua ʻo Antoine Cesar Becquerel, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ka mechanical. ke kaumaha a me ka uku uila. ʻAʻole maopopo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻoia i kēia pilina.
ʻO ka ʻike o kahi aniani piezo i loko o ka Curie compensator ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hunterian ma Scotland he hōʻike ia o ka hopena piezoelectric pololei e nā kaikunāne Pierre lāua ʻo Jacques Curie. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ko lākou ʻike o ka pyroelectricity me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wānana o ka pyroelectricity, ka mea i ʻae iā lākou e wānana i ke ʻano kristal a lākou i hōʻike ai i ka hopena o nā kristal e like me tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, a me Rochelle paʻakai. . ʻO ka sodium a me ka potassium tartrate tetrahydrate a me ka quartz i hōʻike pū ʻia i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi disk piezoelectric e hoʻoulu i ka volta i ka wā deformed. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka Curies, a ua hele lākou e wānana i ka hopena piezoelectric converse. Ua unuhi ʻia ka hopena converse mai nā loina thermodynamic kumu e Gabriel Lippmann i ka makahiki 1881.
Ua hōʻoia koke ka Curies i ke ola o ka hopena converse, a hele i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻoia nui o ka reversibility piha o nā deformations electro-elasto-mechanical i nā kristal piezoelectric. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka piezoelectricity i ka ʻimi noiʻi hale hana, a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea hana nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polonium a me ka radium e Pierre Marie Curie, nāna i hoʻohana iā ia e ʻimi a wehewehe i nā hale aniani e hōʻike ana i ka piezoelectricity. Ua hoʻopau kēia i ka paʻi ʻana o Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook of Crystal Physics), nāna i wehewehe i nā papa aniani kūlohelohe hiki ke piezoelectricity a wehewehe paʻa i nā piezoelectric mau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana tensor.
Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea piezoelectric, e like me ka sonar, i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I. Ma Farani, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Paul Langevin a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi mea ʻike submarine ultrasonic. Aia kēia mea ʻike i kahi transducer i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz lahilahi i hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā papa kila, a me kahi hydrophone e ʻike ai i ka leo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pulse alapine kiʻekiʻe mai ka transducer. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa e lohe ai i ka leo o nā hawewe kani e lele ana mai kahi mea, hiki iā lākou ke helu i ka mamao o ia mea. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka piezoelectricity i mea e kūleʻa ai kēia sonar, a ua hana ka papahana i kahi hoʻomohala ikaika a hoihoi i.
Nā pilina koʻikoʻi
- Piezoelectric Actuators: ʻO Piezoelectric actuators nā mea hana e hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i ka neʻe mechanical. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā robotics, nā mea lapaʻau, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe kahi e koi ʻia ai ka mana o ka neʻe.
- Nā Piezoelectric Sensors: Hoʻohana ʻia nā sensor Piezoelectric e ana i nā ʻāpana kino e like me ke kaomi, ka wikiwiki, a me ka haʻalulu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā noi ʻoihana a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea uila uila.
- ʻO ka Piezoelectricity i ke Natura: ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi hanana kūlohelohe i kekahi mau mea, a loaʻa i nā mea ola he nui. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e kekahi mau mea ola e ʻike i ko lākou kaiapuni a e kamaʻilio pū me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
Panina
ʻO ka piezoelectricity kahi mea kupaianaha i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano noi like ʻole, mai ka sonar a i nā pahu phonograph. Ua aʻo ʻia mai ka waena o 1800s, a ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka hopena nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou. Ua ʻimi kēia pou blog i ka mōʻaukala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piezoelectricity, a ua hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia hanana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou. No ka poʻe makemake e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka piezoelectricity, he wahi hoʻomaka maikaʻi kēia pou.
ʻO wau ʻo Joost Nusselder, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu iā Neaera a me kahi mea kūʻai aku ʻike, makuakāne, a makemake hoʻi e hoʻāʻo i nā mea hana hou me ka guitar ma ka puʻuwai o koʻu makemake, a me kaʻu hui, ua hana wau i nā ʻatikala blog hohonu mai 2020 e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hoʻopaʻa leo a me nā kīkā.
